Physical Education

Introduction: In India at present ISL and I-League is most popular soccer league where as the world's soccer leagues like La Liga, Premier League, Sari-A, Bundeshliga, Lige-1, UEFA Champions league Copa-America etc. also achieved higher popularity in India as well as in Bengal. Purpose: Present study was design to find out the football coverage of the leading newspapers of the Bengal for the Indian football as well as for the world football. Methodology: For this purpose the sports coverage on football of the two leading daily news papers (Bengali and English) published in Bengal were considered. Daily Indian football news coverage and world football news coverage of consecutive two months of two newspapers were examined for this purpose. Indian football coverage (IFC) and world football coverage (WFC) were considered as criterion measure in this study. Simple geometric scale was used as tool for this study. Mean and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistics and independent t-test was used to judge the significance of difference between two means. Only 0.05 level of confidence was considered and all statistical calculation was done with standard statistical software (Excell-2010). Results: Result revealed that mean value for WFC in the news papers was higher (Mn=651.19cm 2) than the IFC mean value (Mn=487.52 cm 2). The t-value (t=2.37) indicated that the group difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Study also revealed that the mean value for WFC (774.18cm 2) in English news paper was higher than the mean value of WFC in Bengali news paper (507.73cm 2). This difference was also found statistically significant (t=2.78) in 0.05 level. But in case of publication of IFC in the English and Bengali news paper no significant difference (t=1.03) was found. Conclusions: Results revealed that daily news papers in Bengal published significantly higher amount of news coverage on world football (WFC) than the Indian Football (IFC). English news paper cover significantly higher amount of news on world football (WFC) than the Bengali news paper but for the Indian football (IFC) both published same amount of news coverage.

Health is essential to achieve great success in education and future life. Active participation in physical education activity is extremely helpful to achieve good health and physical fitness among school boys. But at present the students became more engaged in computers and smart phone than outdoor activities. Many of the school children are engaged more in e-games. Present study was designed to put spotlight on the health and physical fitness issues among the school going children of two different categories. A total of 51 school going boys of mean age 13.56 years were selected randomly. The subjects were divided into G1 (field game group) and G2 (e-game group). Height, Weight, BMI, SSF, TSF and PBF were considered as Health criterion in this study and flexibility RGS, LGS, and MSE were considered as physical fitness criterion in this study. All parameters were measured using standard tools and equation in this study. Two independent group design was used in this study. Independent t-test was used to calculate the significance of difference between two group means. Only 0.05 level of significance was used in this study and all statistical calculations were done using standard statistical software (Excel, 2010). Findings revealed that the G2 boys have significantly higher body weight, BMI, SSF and percent PBF than the G1 boys whereas the G1 boys have significantly higher flexibility and MSE than the G2 boys. From the findings it was concluded that overall health status and physical fitness of G2 boys was significantly lower than the G1 boys.

Menarche is the occurrence of a first menstrual period in the female adolescent. The average age of onset of menarche is 12.4 years. Menarche signals maturation of the adolescent female body. It commonly is associated with the ability to ovulate and reproduce. The purpose of the present study was to find out the changes on body composition, health status and somatotype of the girls before and after menarche stage and its comparison. A total of 100 girls in between the age of 11 to 15 years were selected randomly for this study. Among them 50 were in pre-menarche stage (Group-A) and rest 50 were in post-menarche stage (Group-B). Weight, Height, Body Mass Index (BMI), Chest, Waist and Hip circumference, WHR, PBF and Somatotype were considered as criterion measure in this study. Standard tools and instruments were used to collect data. Mean and standard deviation have been used as descriptive statistics and significance of difference between two group means was computed by using independent t-test. Only 0.01 level of significance was considered in this study. All statistical calculations have done by the standard statistical software. Present study found significantly higher mean value for height, weight, chest circumference, waist circumference and hip circumference among Gr-B than the Gr-A. Finding shows that all the anthropometric and body composition changes significantly among the girls reached after menarche stage. Present study have also revealed that both the pre and post menarche girls had ectomorph-endomorph body type but G2 group had significantly higher value of the endomorphy and mesomorphy than G1 group. From the findings it was concluded that the post menarche girls have higher amount of muscle and body fat than pre menarche girls.

Health is essential to achieve great success in education and future life. Active participation in physical education activity is extremely helpful to achieve good health and physical fitness among school boys. But at present, the students became more engaged in computers and smartphone than outdoor activities. Many of the school children are engaged more in e-games. Present study was designed to put spotlight on the health and physical fitness issues among the school going children of two different categories. A total of 51 school going boys of mean age 13.56 years were selected randomly. The subjects were divided into G1 (field game group) and G2 (e-game group). Height, Weight, BMI, SSF, TSF and PBF were considered as Health criterion in this study and flexibility RGS, LGS, and MSE were considered as physical fitness criterion in this study. All parameters were measured using standard tools and equation in this study. Two independent group design was used in this study. An Independent t-test was used to calculate the significance of difference between two group means. Only 0.05 level of significance was used in this study and all statistical calculations were done using standard statistical software (Excel, 2010). Findings revealed that the G2 boys have significantly higher body weight, BMI, SSF and PBF than the G1 boys whereas the G1 boys have significantly higher flexibility and MSE than the G2 boys. From the findings, it was concluded that the overall health status and physical fitness of G2 boys was significantly lower than the G1 boys.

Menarche is the occurrence of a first menstrual period in the female adolescent. The average age of onset of menarche is 12.4 years. Menarche signals maturation of the adolescent female body. It commonly is associated with the ability to ovulate and reproduce. The purpose of the present study was to find out the changes on body composition, health status and somatotype of the girls before and after menarche stage and its comparison. A total of 100 girls in between the age of 11 to 15 years were selected randomly for this study. Among them 50 were in pre-menarche stage (Group-A) and rest 50 were in post-menarche stage (Group-B). Weight, Height, Body Mass Index (BMI), Chest, Waist and Hip circumference, WHR, PBF and Somatotype were considered as criterion measure in this study. Standard tools and instruments were used to collect data. Mean and standard deviation have been used as descriptive statistics and significance of difference between two group means was computed by using independent t-test. Only 0.01 level of significance was considered in this study. All statistical calculations have done by the standard statistical software. Present study found significantly higher mean value for height, weight, chest circumference, waist circumference and hip circumference among Gr-B than the Gr-A. Finding shows that all the anthropometric and body composition changes significantly among the girls reached after menarche stage. Present study have also revealed that both the pre and post menarche girls had ectomorph-endomorph body type but G2 group had significantly higher value of the endomorphy and mesomorphy than G1 group. From the findings it was concluded that the post menarche girls have higher amount of muscle and body fat than pre menarche girls.

Menopause is a stage of every woman's life when normal menstrual cycles permanently ceased due to aging. This phase of life typically occurs between 45 to 55 years of age. Several changes occur in woman's body after attending the menopause stage. Present study also designed to find out the changes occurred on selected physiological health parameters among women after attending the menopausal stage. A total of 30 women in between the age of 40 to 50 years were selected randomly for this study. Among them 15 were in pre-menopause stage and aged between 40-45 years (group-A) and rest 15 were selected in between 45-50 years (group-B) who were in post menopausal stage. Selected anthropometric and physiological health parameters were considered for comparison. All parameters were measured by standard tools and procedures. Mean and standard deviation have used as descriptive statistics and significance of difference between mean was computed by using t-test. Only 0.01 level of significance was considered in this study. Results revealed that the difference in the mean value for weight, chest circumference, waist circumference and hip circumference were higher for Gr-A than the mean value of Gr-B and were statistically significant. The mean value for BMI of Gr-A were also higher than the Gr-B and the t-value found also significant. But the difference in mean values for WHR and PBF of Gr-A were not significant statistically. In physiological parameters studies reported no-significantly difference in RHR and systolic and diastolic blood pressure between pre and post menopausal women.

Yogic practices have become increasingly popular at present, as a method of coping with health problems, stress and as a means of exercise and fitness training. The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of yogic practice on selected physiological health parameters on sedentary college women. For this purpose, a total of 15 college women students in (mean age 25.4 years) were agreed to take part as subject. Blood pressures (systolic & diastolic), resting heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation were considered as criterion in this study. All parameters were measured by the standard tools and procedures. Four weeks training was provided to the subjects and selection of yoga and training schedule was fixed by the consultation with the experts on Yoga. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyzed the data and 0.05 level of significance was considered. Results revealed that no significant difference on selected parameters between pre test and post test value (P>0.05). It was concluded that the four weeks yogic practice have no significant effects on RHR, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation among sedentary college women students.

Health is essential to achieve great success in education and future life. Active participation in physical education activity is extremely helpful to achieve good health and physical fitness among school boys. But at present the students became more engaged in computers and smart phone than outdoor activities. Many of the school children are engaged more in e-games. Present study was designed to put spotlight on the health and physical fitness issues among the school going children of two different categories. A total of 51 school going boys of mean age 13.56 years were selected randomly. The subjects were divided into G1 (field game group) and G2 (e-game group). Height, Weight, BMI, SSF, TSF and PBF were considered as Health criterion in this study and flexibility RGS, LGS, and MSE were considered as physical fitness criterion in this study. All parameters were measured using standard tools and equation in this study. Two independent group design was used in this study. Independen...

Menarche is the occurrence of a first menstrual period in the female adolescent. The average age of onset of menarche is 12.4 years. Menarche signals maturation of the adolescent female body. It commonly is associated with the ability to ovulate and reproduce. The purpose of the present study was to find out the changes on body composition, health status and somatotype of the girls before and after menarche stage and its comparison. A total of 100 girls in between the age of 11 to 15 years were selected randomly for this study. Among them 50 were in pre-menarche stage (Group-A) and rest 50 were in post-menarche stage (Group-B). Weight, Height, Body Mass Index (BMI), Chest, Waist and Hip circumference, WHR, PBF and Somatotype were considered as criterion measure in this study. Standard tools and instruments were used to collect data. Mean and standard deviation have been used as descriptive statistics and significance of difference between two group means was computed by using indepe...

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to find out the effectiveness of six weeks of aerobic dance exercises with music on Selected Health-Related Fitness Parameters among Adolescent School Girls.
Materials and Methods: A total of 20 adolescent girls students were randomly chosen from class VIII of a Govt. secondary school in Kolkata. The age of the student was in between 13 to 14 years. The body fat percentage (PBF), muscular strength (MS), and muscular endurance (ME) were considered as the criterion measures of this study. The instruments and tools used in this study to collect the data were AAHPERD Health-Related Physical Fitness Test and skinfold calipers. The aerobic dance exercise program was scheduled on five days per week basis for a period of six weeks continuously. The exercise set was repeated 4 times each day. The duration of the exercise program was 45 minutes per day. A single experimental group design was adopted for this study. The mean and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistics. The difference between post-test means and pre-test mean was computed by t-test. Only a 0.05 level of significance was considered in this study. All calculations were done using Excel 2007 software.
Results: Results revealed that the pre-test mean values for PBF, MS, and ME were 25.27, 22.52 Kg, and 21.04 t/m respectively. The post-test mean value for PBF, MS, and ME were 24.06, 27.61 Kg, and 26.43 t/m respectively. The statistical calculations revealed that both the t-value for MS (t=2.30) and ME (t=2.47) for pre and post-test were statistically significant (p<0.05). But the computed t-value for PBF (t=0.33) between pre and post-test was found statistically insignificant (p>0.05).
Conclusion: On the basis of results the study concluded that six-week aerobics dance practice has a significant effect on muscular strength and muscular endurance but has an insignificant effect on body fat percentage among adolescent school girls.

Anxiety is a psychological condition which changes the internal state of the body. During competition of games and sports the anxiety level is increased and might influence the performance of an athlete. The purpose of the study was to study the competition anxiety of National level basketball players and to find out the difference in competition anxiety level among the players played for different position. A total of 62 national level basketball players within the age of 15-19 years were selected randomly as subject for this study. Positional competition anxiety was studied by measuring the competition anxiety of players who played in different position and bear separate responsibility in basketball match. Competition anxiety level was the criterion measure in this study. Competition anxiety was measured by Illinois Competition Anxiety Test Questionnaire (1977) Mean and standard deviation was used as descriptive statistics and coefficient of correlation was calculated by product m...

The purpose of the study investigated the rate and magnitude of age-associated changes of hand grip strength and abdominal strength endurance in 10 to 14 years old rural boys. For this purpose a total of 500 boys were selected randomly from different rural areas of CoochBehar district. The age of the boys was from 10 years to 14 years. Multiple group design with five independent groups (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5) was formed for the present study and each age group had 100 boys within it. Hand grip strength was measured by grip dynamometer and abdominal strength endurance was assessed by one minute bent knee sit ups. Maximum and minimum value, mean value and standard deviation were computed for each parameter as descriptive statistics. To find out the inter group difference in hand grip strength and abdominal strength endurance analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in this study. Significance level set for the study was only 0.05 level of confidence. Results revealed that hand grip stren...

Introduction: Attending College can be a stressful time for many students. In addition to coping with academic pressure, some students have to deal with the stressful tasks of separation and individuation from their family of origin while some may have to attend to numerous work and family responsibilities. Some of they may have mental disorders. So therefore the mood state of the students might be different. Purpose: Purpose of the study was to analyze the mood state of college male and female students and comparison between them. Material and Methods: A total of 77 students were selected randomly from two different college of Kolkata among them 14 were male and 63 were female. The average ages of the students were 25.57 year (±3.87) for male and 25.21 years (±2.40) for girls. The students were from different socioeconomic status which was a limitation factor in this study. Mood states were the criterion measure in this study. POMS Mood State Questionnaire was used as tool in this ...

Humans regulate heat generation and preservation to maintain internal core body temperature. The human body regulates temperature by keeping a tight balance between heat gain and heat loss. During all types of exercise heat is produced as a bi-product of increased metabolism. The purposes of the study were to find out the maximum changes in skin temperature following an exercise bout and to study the recovery period of skin temperature after completing an exercise bout in three categories of women obese, normal and lean. A total of 13 young adult female within the age of 21-30 years were volunteered as subject for this study. Skin temperature was considered as criterion of the present study. Skin temperature was measured by Non-Contact Digital Thermometer. Standard stop watch was used for time specification. Step up and Down for five minutes was used as exercise protocol. All data for the present study was collected at average 25.21 0 C temperature and 63.33% humidity. Multiple grou...

Yogic practices have become increasingly popular at present, as a method of coping with health problems, stress and as a means of exercise and fitness training. The purpose of the present study was to find out the effect of yogic practice on selected physiological health parameters on sedentary college women. For this purpose, a total of 15 college women students in (mean age 25.4 years) were agreed to take part as subject. Body weight, three skin fold body fat and psychological stress were considered as criterion in this study. All parameters were measured by the standard tools and procedures. Four weeks training was provided to the subjects and selection of yoga and training schedule was fixed by the consultation with the experts on Yoga. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data and 0.05 level of significance was considered. Results revealed that no significant difference on selected parameters between pre-test and post-test value (P&gt;0.05). It was co...

Introduction: Walking is now considered a good exercise to maintain health and fitness for old age person and a numbers of them are participating this exercise regularly. Purpose: Present study was conducted to find out the flexibility, fat mass percentage (PFM) and fat free mass (FFM) of aged women (Mean age=55.23 yrs; ±8.95) who are participating walk at morning regularly for at least six months. Materials and Methods: For this purpose a total of 17 old aged women were selected randomly in this study. These women were performing walking exercise at morning regularly for at least six months. Flexibility, fat mass percentage (PFM) and fat free mass (FFM) were considered as variables in this study. Weigh machine, skin fold caliper and modified sit and reach test were used as tools. Single group design was adopted in this study. Mean and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistics. All calculations were done using standard statistical software. Results and findings: Result ...

The concept of joint family is decreasing in Indian democracy. As a result, the gerontocratic influence is gradually dying away. This creates problems not only for childhood but also for old age people. The old aged men and women are facing adjustment problems in the important spheres of their social life. The purpose of the present study was to find out the magnitude of social adjustments of old age people of Bengal in different shears of modern life and compare them between two genders. A total of 50 old aged people were randomly selected for the study among them 28 was men and 22 were women. Their age was in between 60 to 80 years. Social adjustments were the criterion in this study. Shamsad-Jasbir Oldage Adjustment Inventory (SJOAI, 1995) was used to measure the variables. All statistical analyses were done using standard statistical software. Only 0.05 level of confidence was considered in this study. Result revealed that the old age men and women of Bengal were below the 50 pe...

The digit ratio is the ratio of the lengths of different digits or fingers typically measured from the midpoint of bottom crease where the finger joins the hand to the tip of the finger [5]. The 2D:4D ratio is calculated by dividing the length of the index finger of the right hand by the length of the ring finger of the right hand. Personality is defined as the set of habitual behaviors, cognitions and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors [1]. It is a characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The main purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) with different personality traits among young adult women. Methodology: A total of 73 young adult women college students having the age of 21 to 30 years were selected randomly as subjects for the present study. All the subjects were studying in college level. Criterion measure for this study were length of index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) of right ha...