Richard Lewis
I am now working on Open World which seeks to answer some fundamental questions: How did the universe evolve? What is the fundamental nature of matter? How does the brain work? How should society organise economically? What are the fundamental ethical principles? How can we achieve personal, national and international peace?
The books are now available on Amazon price $10 or £7.50 in the uk. The Evolution of the Universe, The Nature of Matter, The Conscious Brain, The Global Economic System.
I was born in the UK in 1946 and educated at Forest School and Cambridge University (St Catharine's College) where I read mathematics between 1964 and 1967.
I worked for the Marconi company for two years completing the graduate training program and then I worked on real time programming on the Myriad computer.
In 1969 I joined Northern Electric in Toronto Canada working on the real time programming of the No1 ESS telephone exchange. I joined Bell Northern Research in Ottawa in 1971 soon after its formation from Northern Electric and Bell Canada to work on the SL-1 digital telephone exchange where I led the software development for that product.
Returning to the UK in 1977, I worked for Nortel providing technical support for sales in Europe and the Middle East. I worked for three years in the city of London for Kleinwort Benson in the department responsible for providing telephone and data communications to the group.
I have always taken a keen interest in theoretical physics and cosmology and I have made use of published research on the internet, particularly from NASA (NED) and Wikipedia.
The papers on Academia have been published since retirement and I have obtained useful information from books and YouTube videos which describe the unexplained issues of physics and cosmology.
I am now working on Open World which seeks to answer some fundamental questions: How did the universe evolve? What is the fundamental nature of matter? How does the brain work? How should society organise economically? What are the fundamental ethical principles? How can we achieve personal, national and international peace?
Supervisors: Cannon Waddams (1964 to 1967) and Professor Nick Handy (1964 to 1967)
Address: Marlow
The books are now available on Amazon price $10 or £7.50 in the uk. The Evolution of the Universe, The Nature of Matter, The Conscious Brain, The Global Economic System.
I was born in the UK in 1946 and educated at Forest School and Cambridge University (St Catharine's College) where I read mathematics between 1964 and 1967.
I worked for the Marconi company for two years completing the graduate training program and then I worked on real time programming on the Myriad computer.
In 1969 I joined Northern Electric in Toronto Canada working on the real time programming of the No1 ESS telephone exchange. I joined Bell Northern Research in Ottawa in 1971 soon after its formation from Northern Electric and Bell Canada to work on the SL-1 digital telephone exchange where I led the software development for that product.
Returning to the UK in 1977, I worked for Nortel providing technical support for sales in Europe and the Middle East. I worked for three years in the city of London for Kleinwort Benson in the department responsible for providing telephone and data communications to the group.
I have always taken a keen interest in theoretical physics and cosmology and I have made use of published research on the internet, particularly from NASA (NED) and Wikipedia.
The papers on Academia have been published since retirement and I have obtained useful information from books and YouTube videos which describe the unexplained issues of physics and cosmology.
I am now working on Open World which seeks to answer some fundamental questions: How did the universe evolve? What is the fundamental nature of matter? How does the brain work? How should society organise economically? What are the fundamental ethical principles? How can we achieve personal, national and international peace?
Supervisors: Cannon Waddams (1964 to 1967) and Professor Nick Handy (1964 to 1967)
Address: Marlow
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The corresponding paper is to be found at:
https://www.academia.edu/44467185/The_Explanation_for_Dark_Matter_and_Dark_Energy_IJPMS_
https://www.academia.edu/44384782/THE_UNIFICATION_OF_PHYSICS_IJRAP
Similarly we know that the Andromeda galaxy is moving towards the Milky Way galaxy at 110 km/s and is at a distance of 2.5 million light years. Starting from a distance of separation of X light years where the galaxies are at rest in expanding space the initial recession velocity is given by Hubble’s law. Then the effect of the expansion of space and gravitational acceleration is calculated using a spreadsheet where each row in the spreadsheet corresponds to an elapsed time.
From this calculation using different starting values of X it is shown that the currently observed distance and velocity of approach must correspond to an initial separation of 2.44 million light years, followed by a maximum separation of nearly 5 million light years . .(Researchgate for full text)
The results of the analysis show that the progress of the galaxies counts with distance does not at all correspond to what one would expect from the Big Bang theory. The galaxies seem to have formed as part of the progress of galaxy formation events taking place at increasing distance. If the galaxies had formed from a widespread cloud of gas and dust throughout the universe then one would expect much more randomness in the galaxy counts due to statistical variation . . (For a full description see Researchgate)
When a particle of material in the outer region of this dust cloud falls under gravity towards the centre of mass of the cloud, this particle could not then go into a circular orbit but must continue a trajectory into the centre of the solar system to form the sun.
Conservation of angular momentum must apply throughout any process and it is significant to note that within the Milky Way galaxy at least 30% of stars are in binary or multiple star systems. Depending on the angular momentum . . . (Description cut due to character limit. See Researchgate for full description)
Papers by Richard Lewis
The last paragraph of the talk reads as follows:
“Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it.”
So it is clear that Einstein is confirming the requirement for the existence of an Ether and he equates this to the medium of space. However, Special Relativity requires that this medium cannot be considered as an absolute frame of reference. By making the assumption that light travels at the same speed in every inertial frame of reference, we are giving up on the idea of light as a wave in the medium of space. Thus Special Relativity takes a big step away from the possibility of unification of gravitation and electromagnetism.
Abstract:
The following assumptions of the Big Bang theory are challenged and found to be false: the cosmological principle, the assumption that all matter formed at the same time and the assumption regarding the cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The evolution of the universe is described based on the conclusion that the universe is finite with a space boundary. This conclusion is reached by ruling out the possibility of an infinite universe or a universe which is finite with no boundary. In a finite universe, the centre of the universe can be located with reference to our home galaxy (The Milky Way) using the speed relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) rest frame and Hubble's law. This places our home galaxy at a distance of approximately 26 million light years from the centre of the universe. Because we are making observations from a point relatively close to the centre of the universe, the universe appears to be isotropic and homogeneous but this is not the case. The CMB is coming from a source located within the event horizon of the universe. There is sufficient mass in the universe to create an event horizon at the Schwarzschild radius. Galaxies form over time due to the energy released by the expansion of space. Conservation of energy must consider total energy which is mass (+ve) plus energy (+ve) plus spacetime curvature (-ve) so that the total energy of the universe is always zero. The predominant position of galaxy formation moves over time from the centre of the universe towards the boundary so that today the majority of new galaxy formation is taking place beyond our horizon of observation at 14 billion light years. Keywords-Cosmic microwave background, dark energy, dark matter, evolution of the universe.
The Unification of Physics
The objective is to find a unified description of physical properties which applies at the small (atomic) scale and at the large (cosmological) scale. The starting point is the General Theory of Relativity. Light is described as a wave disturbance of spacetime propagating through space.
The light interference experiment is discussed in detail considering light as a real physical wave passing through the apparatus and interacting with the detector so that probabilistic effects take place at the point of detection.
The nature of mass and the nature of charge are explained. The concepts of force and field are shown to be dependent attributes and all properties are shown to be derived from spacetime.
The nature of protons, neutrons and electrons as looped waves in spacetime is analysed with the implications for experimental observations.
The unification of the four fundamental forces is achieved by recognising that the property "force" is not fundamental. The forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear) arise as a result of differences in energy between possible positions of objects in spacetime. The forces arise in each case due to the context in which they occur.
The Theory of Everything (TOE) or master theory question is resolved by showing that the core theory equations are the Einstein equations of GR with a cosmological constant of zero.
Note: This paper as published will not be changed but the original paper on Academia will be updated with corrections. For example: Appendix 5, last paragraph the sentence should be: "This creates the bond to form the hydrogen molecule."
To benefit from the enhanced global economic system the national government must be elected by the people, be free of corruption and dedicated to the freedom and human rights of the individual.
The 'hard' problem of consciousness is addressed by considering the ability of the brain to control focus of attention. The control of focus of attention has a neuronal network functional equivalent which is the ability of the brain to use the wave patterns generated within the brain to focus and select other specific functional areas of the brain. The wave patterns detected from brain activity are not just the results of brain activity but play an active role in the operation of the brain.
The individual can focus attention on visual, auditory or other sensory inputs or focus on internal thought processes. This has implications for the process of learning which requires focus of attention and also for the process of recall.
Atomic electrons emit photons and this then leads to the hypothesis that particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons are looped wave disturbances of spacetime. The Spacetime Wave theory is a wave based theory of physics. This replaces the particle based description of reality implicit in the Standard Model of Particle Physics and Quantum Theory. A set of seven postulates is proposed for the Spacetime Wave Theory and a description of the structure of the atom is presented.
In the Spacetime Wave Theory, the quantisation of light is explained as caused by the quantisation of atomic electrons. The quantisation of atomic electrons is explained as caused by the nature of electric charge in which each wavelength of the electron comprises a positive charge followed by a slightly larger negative charge. This causes the electron wave to adopt a range of possible stable states as the looped wave aligns with adjacent loops.
The corresponding paper is to be found at:
https://www.academia.edu/44467185/The_Explanation_for_Dark_Matter_and_Dark_Energy_IJPMS_
https://www.academia.edu/44384782/THE_UNIFICATION_OF_PHYSICS_IJRAP
Similarly we know that the Andromeda galaxy is moving towards the Milky Way galaxy at 110 km/s and is at a distance of 2.5 million light years. Starting from a distance of separation of X light years where the galaxies are at rest in expanding space the initial recession velocity is given by Hubble’s law. Then the effect of the expansion of space and gravitational acceleration is calculated using a spreadsheet where each row in the spreadsheet corresponds to an elapsed time.
From this calculation using different starting values of X it is shown that the currently observed distance and velocity of approach must correspond to an initial separation of 2.44 million light years, followed by a maximum separation of nearly 5 million light years . .(Researchgate for full text)
The results of the analysis show that the progress of the galaxies counts with distance does not at all correspond to what one would expect from the Big Bang theory. The galaxies seem to have formed as part of the progress of galaxy formation events taking place at increasing distance. If the galaxies had formed from a widespread cloud of gas and dust throughout the universe then one would expect much more randomness in the galaxy counts due to statistical variation . . (For a full description see Researchgate)
When a particle of material in the outer region of this dust cloud falls under gravity towards the centre of mass of the cloud, this particle could not then go into a circular orbit but must continue a trajectory into the centre of the solar system to form the sun.
Conservation of angular momentum must apply throughout any process and it is significant to note that within the Milky Way galaxy at least 30% of stars are in binary or multiple star systems. Depending on the angular momentum . . . (Description cut due to character limit. See Researchgate for full description)
The last paragraph of the talk reads as follows:
“Recapitulating, we may say that according to the general theory of relativity space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an ether. According to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable; for in such space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility of existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor therefore any space-time intervals in the physical sense. But this ether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of parts which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it.”
So it is clear that Einstein is confirming the requirement for the existence of an Ether and he equates this to the medium of space. However, Special Relativity requires that this medium cannot be considered as an absolute frame of reference. By making the assumption that light travels at the same speed in every inertial frame of reference, we are giving up on the idea of light as a wave in the medium of space. Thus Special Relativity takes a big step away from the possibility of unification of gravitation and electromagnetism.
Abstract:
The following assumptions of the Big Bang theory are challenged and found to be false: the cosmological principle, the assumption that all matter formed at the same time and the assumption regarding the cause of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The evolution of the universe is described based on the conclusion that the universe is finite with a space boundary. This conclusion is reached by ruling out the possibility of an infinite universe or a universe which is finite with no boundary. In a finite universe, the centre of the universe can be located with reference to our home galaxy (The Milky Way) using the speed relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) rest frame and Hubble's law. This places our home galaxy at a distance of approximately 26 million light years from the centre of the universe. Because we are making observations from a point relatively close to the centre of the universe, the universe appears to be isotropic and homogeneous but this is not the case. The CMB is coming from a source located within the event horizon of the universe. There is sufficient mass in the universe to create an event horizon at the Schwarzschild radius. Galaxies form over time due to the energy released by the expansion of space. Conservation of energy must consider total energy which is mass (+ve) plus energy (+ve) plus spacetime curvature (-ve) so that the total energy of the universe is always zero. The predominant position of galaxy formation moves over time from the centre of the universe towards the boundary so that today the majority of new galaxy formation is taking place beyond our horizon of observation at 14 billion light years. Keywords-Cosmic microwave background, dark energy, dark matter, evolution of the universe.
The Unification of Physics
The objective is to find a unified description of physical properties which applies at the small (atomic) scale and at the large (cosmological) scale. The starting point is the General Theory of Relativity. Light is described as a wave disturbance of spacetime propagating through space.
The light interference experiment is discussed in detail considering light as a real physical wave passing through the apparatus and interacting with the detector so that probabilistic effects take place at the point of detection.
The nature of mass and the nature of charge are explained. The concepts of force and field are shown to be dependent attributes and all properties are shown to be derived from spacetime.
The nature of protons, neutrons and electrons as looped waves in spacetime is analysed with the implications for experimental observations.
The unification of the four fundamental forces is achieved by recognising that the property "force" is not fundamental. The forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear) arise as a result of differences in energy between possible positions of objects in spacetime. The forces arise in each case due to the context in which they occur.
The Theory of Everything (TOE) or master theory question is resolved by showing that the core theory equations are the Einstein equations of GR with a cosmological constant of zero.
Note: This paper as published will not be changed but the original paper on Academia will be updated with corrections. For example: Appendix 5, last paragraph the sentence should be: "This creates the bond to form the hydrogen molecule."
To benefit from the enhanced global economic system the national government must be elected by the people, be free of corruption and dedicated to the freedom and human rights of the individual.
The 'hard' problem of consciousness is addressed by considering the ability of the brain to control focus of attention. The control of focus of attention has a neuronal network functional equivalent which is the ability of the brain to use the wave patterns generated within the brain to focus and select other specific functional areas of the brain. The wave patterns detected from brain activity are not just the results of brain activity but play an active role in the operation of the brain.
The individual can focus attention on visual, auditory or other sensory inputs or focus on internal thought processes. This has implications for the process of learning which requires focus of attention and also for the process of recall.
Atomic electrons emit photons and this then leads to the hypothesis that particles such as electrons, protons and neutrons are looped wave disturbances of spacetime. The Spacetime Wave theory is a wave based theory of physics. This replaces the particle based description of reality implicit in the Standard Model of Particle Physics and Quantum Theory. A set of seven postulates is proposed for the Spacetime Wave Theory and a description of the structure of the atom is presented.
In the Spacetime Wave Theory, the quantisation of light is explained as caused by the quantisation of atomic electrons. The quantisation of atomic electrons is explained as caused by the nature of electric charge in which each wavelength of the electron comprises a positive charge followed by a slightly larger negative charge. This causes the electron wave to adopt a range of possible stable states as the looped wave aligns with adjacent loops.
The light interference experiment is discussed in detail considering light as a real physical wave passing through the apparatus and interacting with the detector so that probabilistic effects take place at the point of detection.
The nature of mass and the nature of charge are explained. The concepts of force and field are shown to be dependent attributes and all properties are shown to be derived from spacetime.
The nature of protons, neutrons and electrons as looped waves in spacetime is analysed with the implications for experimental observations.
The cause of the quantisation of electron states is explained and this leads to the cause for the quantisation of light as electrons change energy level.
The unification of the four fundamental forces is achieved by recognising that the property "force" is not fundamental. The forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, strong and weak nuclear) arise as a result of differences in energy between possible positions of objects in spacetime. The forces arise in each case due to the context in which they occur.
The Theory of Everything (TOE) or master theory question is resolved by showing that the core theory equations are the Einstein equations of GR with a cosmological constant of zero.
The evolution of the universe is described based on the conclusion that the universe is finite with a space boundary. The CMBR is coming from a source located within the event horizon of the universe. There is sufficient mass in the universe to create an event horizon at the Schwarzschild radius.
Galaxies form over time due to the energy released by the expansion of space. When a galaxy forms the matter formation is in the form of neutrons. Pairs of neutrons bond to form dark matter (dineutrons) and single neutrons decay to form protons and electrons which combine to form hydrogen.
Conservation of energy must consider total energy which is mass (+ve) plus energy (+ve) plus spacetime curvature (-ve) so that the total energy of the universe is always zero. The predominant position of galaxy formation moves over time from the centre of the universe towards the boundary so that today the majority of new galaxy formation is taking place beyond our horizon of observation at 14 billion light years.
The distribution of galaxies in a finite universe is such that there is a variation in gravitational acceleration depending on the distance from the centre of the universe. This gravitational acceleration results in the difference in the recession velocity of galaxies previously attributed to dark energy.