Papers by Jerome Cybulski
Canadian Journal of …, Jan 1, 1981
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By Gary Coupland, David Bilton, Terence Clark, Jerome S. Cybulski, Gay Frederick, Alyson Holland,... more By Gary Coupland, David Bilton, Terence Clark, Jerome S. Cybulski, Gay Frederick, Alyson Holland, Bryn Letham, and Gretchen Williams
Archaeologists working in the Salish Sea (Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound) region of the Pacific Northwest have unearthed
human burials and non-mortuary features dated to 4000–3500 cal B.P. containing tens and even hundreds of thousands of
stone and shell disc beads. Several sites are reported here, including burials recently excavated from site DjRw–14 located
in the territory of the shíshálh Nation. We argue that the disc beads constituted an important form of material wealth at this
time, based on the amount of labor that would have been required to produce them and the capacity for beads to accrue in
value after their production. A model of material wealth-based inequality is developed for a period much older than many
archaeologists working in the region have previously thought.
SpringerBriefs in Archaeology, 2014
Pioneers and Prospects, 2012
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The Routledge Handbook of the Bioarchaeology of Human Conflict, 2008
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013
British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 1978
Northeast Historical Archaeology, 2014
We analyzed two mid-Holocene (w5000 years before present) individuals from North America that bel... more We analyzed two mid-Holocene (w5000 years before present) individuals from North America that belong to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup M, a common type found in East Asia, but one that has never before been reported in ancient or living indigenous populations in the Americas. This study provides evidence that the founding migrants of the Americas exhibited greater genetic diversity than previously recognized, prompting us to reconsider the widely accepted five-founder model that posits that the Americas were colonized by only five founding mtDNA lineages. Additional genetic studies of prehistoric remains in the Americas are likely to reveal important insights into the early population history of Native Americans. However, the usefulness of this information will be tempered by the ability of researchers to distinguish novel founding lineages from contamination and, as such, we recommend strategies to successfully accomplish this goal.
Science (New York, N.Y.), Jan 21, 2015
How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wid... more How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we find that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (KYA), and after no more than 8,000-year isolation period in Beringia. Following their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 KYA, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other is restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative…
International Journal of Paleopathology, 2015
Science, 2014
The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively... more The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (~3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions. Furthermore, the genetic continuity characterizing the Paleo-Eskimo period was interrupted by the arrival of a new population, representing the ancestors of present-day Inuit, with evidence of past gene flow between these lineages. Despite periodic abandonment of major Arctic regions, a single Paleo-Eskimo metapopulation likely survived in near-isolation for more than 4000 years, only to vanish around 700 years ago.
PLoS Genetics, 2014
The initial contact of European populations with indigenous populations of the Americas produced ... more The initial contact of European populations with indigenous populations of the Americas produced diverse admixture processes across North, Central, and South America. Recent studies have examined the genetic structure of indigenous populations of Latin America and the Caribbean and their admixed descendants, reporting on the genomic impact of the history of admixture with colonizing populations of European and African ancestry. However, relatively little genomic research has been conducted on admixture in indigenous North American populations. In this study, we analyze genomic data at 475,109 single-nucleotide polymorphisms sampled in indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest in British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, populations with a well-documented history of contact with European and Asian traders, fishermen, and contract laborers. We find that the indigenous populations of the Pacific Northwest have higher gene diversity than Latin American indigenous populations. Among the Pacific Northwest populations, interior groups provide more evidence for East Asian admixture, whereas coastal groups have higher levels of European admixture. In contrast with many Latin American indigenous populations, the variance of admixture is high in each of the Pacific Northwest indigenous populations, as expected for recent and ongoing admixture processes. The results reveal some similarities but notable differences between admixture patterns in the Pacific Northwest and those in Latin America, contributing to a more detailed understanding of the genomic consequences of European colonization events throughout the Americas.
PLoS ONE, 2013
To gain a better understanding of North American population history, complete mitochondrial genom... more To gain a better understanding of North American population history, complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) were generated from four ancient and three living individuals of the northern Northwest Coast of North America, specifically the north coast of British Columbia, Canada, current home to the indigenous Tsimshian, Haida, and Nisga'a. The mitogenomes of all individuals were previously unknown and assigned to new sub-haplogroup designations D4h3a7, A2ag and A2ah. The analysis of mitogenomes allows for more detailed analyses of presumed ancestor-descendant relationships than sequencing only the HVSI region of the mitochondrial genome, a more traditional approach in local population studies. The results of this study provide contrasting examples of the evolution of Native American mitogenomes. Those belonging to sub-haplogroups A2ag and A2ah exhibit temporal continuity in this region for 5000 years up until the present day. Of possible associative significance is that archaeologically identified house structures in this region maintain similar characteristics for this same period of time, demonstrating cultural continuity in residence patterns. The individual dated to 6000 years before present (BP) exhibited a mitogenome belonging to sub-haplogroup D4h3a. This sub-haplogroup was earlier identified in the same general area at 10300 years BP on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, and may have gone extinct, as it has not been observed in any living individuals of the Northwest Coast. The presented case studies demonstrate the different evolutionary paths of mitogenomes over time on the Northwest Coast.
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2007
We analyzed two mid-Holocene (w5000 years before present) individuals from North America that bel... more We analyzed two mid-Holocene (w5000 years before present) individuals from North America that belong to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup M, a common type found in East Asia, but one that has never before been reported in ancient or living indigenous populations in the Americas. This study provides evidence that the founding migrants of the Americas exhibited greater genetic diversity than previously recognized, prompting us to reconsider the widely accepted five-founder model that posits that the Americas were colonized by only five founding mtDNA lineages. Additional genetic studies of prehistoric remains in the Americas are likely to reveal important insights into the early population history of Native Americans. However, the usefulness of this information will be tempered by the ability of researchers to distinguish novel founding lineages from contamination and, as such, we recommend strategies to successfully accomplish this goal.
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Papers by Jerome Cybulski
Archaeologists working in the Salish Sea (Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound) region of the Pacific Northwest have unearthed
human burials and non-mortuary features dated to 4000–3500 cal B.P. containing tens and even hundreds of thousands of
stone and shell disc beads. Several sites are reported here, including burials recently excavated from site DjRw–14 located
in the territory of the shíshálh Nation. We argue that the disc beads constituted an important form of material wealth at this
time, based on the amount of labor that would have been required to produce them and the capacity for beads to accrue in
value after their production. A model of material wealth-based inequality is developed for a period much older than many
archaeologists working in the region have previously thought.
Archaeologists working in the Salish Sea (Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound) region of the Pacific Northwest have unearthed
human burials and non-mortuary features dated to 4000–3500 cal B.P. containing tens and even hundreds of thousands of
stone and shell disc beads. Several sites are reported here, including burials recently excavated from site DjRw–14 located
in the territory of the shíshálh Nation. We argue that the disc beads constituted an important form of material wealth at this
time, based on the amount of labor that would have been required to produce them and the capacity for beads to accrue in
value after their production. A model of material wealth-based inequality is developed for a period much older than many
archaeologists working in the region have previously thought.