SemaConcept.cpp

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//===-- SemaConcept.cpp - Semantic Analysis for Constraints and Concepts --===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//  This file implements semantic analysis for C++ constraints and concepts.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
 
#include "clang/Sema/SemaConcept.h"
#include "TreeTransform.h"
#include "clang/AST/ASTLambda.h"
#include "clang/AST/DeclCXX.h"
#include "clang/AST/ExprConcepts.h"
#include "clang/Basic/OperatorPrecedence.h"
#include "clang/Sema/EnterExpressionEvaluationContext.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Initialization.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Overload.h"
#include "clang/Sema/ScopeInfo.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Sema.h"
#include "clang/Sema/SemaInternal.h"
#include "clang/Sema/Template.h"
#include "clang/Sema/TemplateDeduction.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/PointerUnion.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
#include <optional>
 
using namespace clang;
using namespace sema;
 
namespace {
class LogicalBinOp {
  SourceLocation Loc;
  OverloadedOperatorKind Op = OO_None;
  const Expr *LHS = nullptr;
  const Expr *RHS = nullptr;
 
public:
  LogicalBinOp(const Expr *E) {
    if (auto *BO = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(E)) {
      Op = BinaryOperator::getOverloadedOperator(BO->getOpcode());
      LHS = BO->getLHS();
      RHS = BO->getRHS();
      Loc = BO->getExprLoc();
    } else if (auto *OO = dyn_cast<CXXOperatorCallExpr>(E)) {
      // If OO is not || or && it might not have exactly 2 arguments.
      if (OO->getNumArgs() == 2) {
        Op = OO->getOperator();
        LHS = OO->getArg(0);
        RHS = OO->getArg(1);
        Loc = OO->getOperatorLoc();
      }
    }
  }
 
  bool isAnd() const { return Op == OO_AmpAmp; }
  bool isOr() const { return Op == OO_PipePipe; }
  explicit operator bool() const { return isAnd() || isOr(); }
 
  const Expr *getLHS() const { return LHS; }
  const Expr *getRHS() const { return RHS; }
  OverloadedOperatorKind getOp() const { return Op; }
 
  ExprResult recreateBinOp(Sema &SemaRef, ExprResult LHS) const {
    return recreateBinOp(SemaRef, LHS, const_cast<Expr *>(getRHS()));
  }
 
  ExprResult recreateBinOp(Sema &SemaRef, ExprResult LHS,
                           ExprResult RHS) const {
    assert((isAnd() || isOr()) && "Not the right kind of op?");
    assert((!LHS.isInvalid() && !RHS.isInvalid()) && "not good expressions?");
 
    if (!LHS.isUsable() || !RHS.isUsable())
      return ExprEmpty();
 
    // We should just be able to 'normalize' these to the builtin Binary
    // Operator, since that is how they are evaluated in constriant checks.
    return BinaryOperator::Create(SemaRef.Context, LHS.get(), RHS.get(),
                                  BinaryOperator::getOverloadedOpcode(Op),
                                  SemaRef.Context.BoolTy, VK_PRValue,
                                  OK_Ordinary, Loc, FPOptionsOverride{});
  }
};
}
 
bool Sema::CheckConstraintExpression(const Expr *ConstraintExpression,
                                     Token NextToken, bool *PossibleNonPrimary,
                                     bool IsTrailingRequiresClause) {
  // C++2a [temp.constr.atomic]p1
  // ..E shall be a constant expression of type bool.
 
  ConstraintExpression = ConstraintExpression->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
 
  if (LogicalBinOp BO = ConstraintExpression) {
    return CheckConstraintExpression(BO.getLHS(), NextToken,
                                     PossibleNonPrimary) &&
           CheckConstraintExpression(BO.getRHS(), NextToken,
                                     PossibleNonPrimary);
  } else if (auto *C = dyn_cast<ExprWithCleanups>(ConstraintExpression))
    return CheckConstraintExpression(C->getSubExpr(), NextToken,
                                     PossibleNonPrimary);
 
  QualType Type = ConstraintExpression->getType();
 
  auto CheckForNonPrimary = [&] {
    if (!PossibleNonPrimary)
      return;
 
    *PossibleNonPrimary =
        // We have the following case:
        // template<typename> requires func(0) struct S { };
        // The user probably isn't aware of the parentheses required around
        // the function call, and we're only going to parse 'func' as the
        // primary-expression, and complain that it is of non-bool type.
        //
        // However, if we're in a lambda, this might also be:
        // []<typename> requires var () {};
        // Which also looks like a function call due to the lambda parentheses,
        // but unlike the first case, isn't an error, so this check is skipped.
        (NextToken.is(tok::l_paren) &&
         (IsTrailingRequiresClause ||
          (Type->isDependentType() &&
           isa<UnresolvedLookupExpr>(ConstraintExpression) &&
           !dyn_cast_if_present<LambdaScopeInfo>(getCurFunction())) ||
          Type->isFunctionType() ||
          Type->isSpecificBuiltinType(BuiltinType::Overload))) ||
        // We have the following case:
        // template<typename T> requires size_<T> == 0 struct S { };
        // The user probably isn't aware of the parentheses required around
        // the binary operator, and we're only going to parse 'func' as the
        // first operand, and complain that it is of non-bool type.
        getBinOpPrecedence(NextToken.getKind(),
                           /*GreaterThanIsOperator=*/true,
                           getLangOpts().CPlusPlus11) > prec::LogicalAnd;
  };
 
  // An atomic constraint!
  if (ConstraintExpression->isTypeDependent()) {
    CheckForNonPrimary();
    return true;
  }
 
  if (!Context.hasSameUnqualifiedType(Type, Context.BoolTy)) {
    Diag(ConstraintExpression->getExprLoc(),
         diag::err_non_bool_atomic_constraint) << Type
        << ConstraintExpression->getSourceRange();
    CheckForNonPrimary();
    return false;
  }
 
  if (PossibleNonPrimary)
      *PossibleNonPrimary = false;
  return true;
}
 
namespace {
struct SatisfactionStackRAII {
  Sema &SemaRef;
  bool Inserted = false;
  SatisfactionStackRAII(Sema &SemaRef, const NamedDecl *ND,
                        const llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &FSNID)
      : SemaRef(SemaRef) {
      if (ND) {
      SemaRef.PushSatisfactionStackEntry(ND, FSNID);
      Inserted = true;
      }
  }
  ~SatisfactionStackRAII() {
        if (Inserted)
          SemaRef.PopSatisfactionStackEntry();
  }
};
} // namespace
 
static bool
DiagRecursiveConstraintEval(Sema &S, llvm::FoldingSetNodeID &ID,
                            const NamedDecl *Templ, const Expr *E,
                            const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL) {
  E->Profile(ID, S.Context, /*Canonical=*/true);
  for (const auto &List : MLTAL)
    for (const auto &TemplateArg : List.Args)
      TemplateArg.Profile(ID, S.Context);
 
  // Note that we have to do this with our own collection, because there are
  // times where a constraint-expression check can cause us to need to evaluate
  // other constriants that are unrelated, such as when evaluating a recovery
  // expression, or when trying to determine the constexpr-ness of special
  // members. Otherwise we could just use the
  // Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::isAlreadyBeingInstantiated function.
  if (S.SatisfactionStackContains(Templ, ID)) {
    S.Diag(E->getExprLoc(), diag::err_constraint_depends_on_self)
        << const_cast<Expr *>(E) << E->getSourceRange();
    return true;
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
static ExprResult EvaluateAtomicConstraint(
    Sema &S, const Expr *AtomicExpr, const NamedDecl *Template,
    SourceLocation TemplateNameLoc, const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  EnterExpressionEvaluationContext ConstantEvaluated(
      S, Sema::ExpressionEvaluationContext::ConstantEvaluated,
      Sema::ReuseLambdaContextDecl);
 
  // Atomic constraint - substitute arguments and check satisfaction.
  ExprResult SubstitutedExpression;
  {
    TemplateDeductionInfo Info(TemplateNameLoc);
    Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(
        S, AtomicExpr->getBeginLoc(),
        Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintSubstitution{},
        // FIXME: improve const-correctness of InstantiatingTemplate
        const_cast<NamedDecl *>(Template), Info, AtomicExpr->getSourceRange());
    if (Inst.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();
 
    llvm::FoldingSetNodeID ID;
    if (Template &&
        DiagRecursiveConstraintEval(S, ID, Template, AtomicExpr, MLTAL)) {
      Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = false;
      Satisfaction.ContainsErrors = true;
      return ExprEmpty();
    }
 
    SatisfactionStackRAII StackRAII(S, Template, ID);
 
    // We do not want error diagnostics escaping here.
    Sema::SFINAETrap Trap(S);
    SubstitutedExpression =
        S.SubstConstraintExpr(const_cast<Expr *>(AtomicExpr), MLTAL);
 
    if (SubstitutedExpression.isInvalid() || Trap.hasErrorOccurred()) {
      // C++2a [temp.constr.atomic]p1
      //   ...If substitution results in an invalid type or expression, the
      //   constraint is not satisfied.
      if (!Trap.hasErrorOccurred())
        // A non-SFINAE error has occurred as a result of this
        // substitution.
        return ExprError();
 
      PartialDiagnosticAt SubstDiag{SourceLocation(),
                                    PartialDiagnostic::NullDiagnostic()};
      Info.takeSFINAEDiagnostic(SubstDiag);
      // FIXME: Concepts: This is an unfortunate consequence of there
      //  being no serialization code for PartialDiagnostics and the fact
      //  that serializing them would likely take a lot more storage than
      //  just storing them as strings. We would still like, in the
      //  future, to serialize the proper PartialDiagnostic as serializing
      //  it as a string defeats the purpose of the diagnostic mechanism.
      SmallString<128> DiagString;
      DiagString = ": ";
      SubstDiag.second.EmitToString(S.getDiagnostics(), DiagString);
      unsigned MessageSize = DiagString.size();
      char *Mem = new (S.Context) char[MessageSize];
      memcpy(Mem, DiagString.c_str(), MessageSize);
      Satisfaction.Details.emplace_back(
          new (S.Context) ConstraintSatisfaction::SubstitutionDiagnostic{
              SubstDiag.first, StringRef(Mem, MessageSize)});
      Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = false;
      return ExprEmpty();
    }
  }
 
  if (!S.CheckConstraintExpression(SubstitutedExpression.get()))
    return ExprError();
 
  // [temp.constr.atomic]p3: To determine if an atomic constraint is
  // satisfied, the parameter mapping and template arguments are first
  // substituted into its expression.  If substitution results in an
  // invalid type or expression, the constraint is not satisfied.
  // Otherwise, the lvalue-to-rvalue conversion is performed if necessary,
  // and E shall be a constant expression of type bool.
  //
  // Perform the L to R Value conversion if necessary. We do so for all
  // non-PRValue categories, else we fail to extend the lifetime of
  // temporaries, and that fails the constant expression check.
  if (!SubstitutedExpression.get()->isPRValue())
    SubstitutedExpression = ImplicitCastExpr::Create(
        S.Context, SubstitutedExpression.get()->getType(), CK_LValueToRValue,
        SubstitutedExpression.get(),
        /*BasePath=*/nullptr, VK_PRValue, FPOptionsOverride());
 
  return SubstitutedExpression;
}
 
static UnsignedOrNone EvaluateFoldExpandedConstraintSize(
    Sema &S, const CXXFoldExpr *FE, const NamedDecl *Template,
    SourceLocation TemplateNameLoc, const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
 
  // We should ignore errors in the presence of packs of different size.
  Sema::SFINAETrap Trap(S);
 
  Expr *Pattern = FE->getPattern();
 
  SmallVector<UnexpandedParameterPack, 2> Unexpanded;
  S.collectUnexpandedParameterPacks(Pattern, Unexpanded);
  assert(!Unexpanded.empty() && "Pack expansion without parameter packs?");
  bool Expand = true;
  bool RetainExpansion = false;
  UnsignedOrNone NumExpansions = FE->getNumExpansions();
  if (S.CheckParameterPacksForExpansion(
          FE->getEllipsisLoc(), Pattern->getSourceRange(), Unexpanded, MLTAL,
          /*FailOnPackProducingTemplates=*/true, Expand, RetainExpansion,
          NumExpansions) ||
      !Expand || RetainExpansion)
    return std::nullopt;
 
  if (NumExpansions && S.getLangOpts().BracketDepth < *NumExpansions) {
    S.Diag(FE->getEllipsisLoc(),
           clang::diag::err_fold_expression_limit_exceeded)
        << *NumExpansions << S.getLangOpts().BracketDepth
        << FE->getSourceRange();
    S.Diag(FE->getEllipsisLoc(), diag::note_bracket_depth);
    return std::nullopt;
  }
  return NumExpansions;
}
 
static ExprResult calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
    Sema &S, const Expr *ConstraintExpr, const NamedDecl *Template,
    SourceLocation TemplateNameLoc, const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction);
 
static ExprResult calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
    Sema &S, const Expr *LHS, OverloadedOperatorKind Op, const Expr *RHS,
    const NamedDecl *Template, SourceLocation TemplateNameLoc,
    const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  size_t EffectiveDetailEndIndex = Satisfaction.Details.size();
 
  ExprResult LHSRes = calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
      S, LHS, Template, TemplateNameLoc, MLTAL, Satisfaction);
 
  if (LHSRes.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();
 
  bool IsLHSSatisfied = Satisfaction.IsSatisfied;
 
  if (Op == clang::OO_PipePipe && IsLHSSatisfied)
    // [temp.constr.op] p3
    //    A disjunction is a constraint taking two operands. To determine if
    //    a disjunction is satisfied, the satisfaction of the first operand
    //    is checked. If that is satisfied, the disjunction is satisfied.
    //    Otherwise, the disjunction is satisfied if and only if the second
    //    operand is satisfied.
    // LHS is instantiated while RHS is not. Skip creating invalid BinaryOp.
    return LHSRes;
 
  if (Op == clang::OO_AmpAmp && !IsLHSSatisfied)
    // [temp.constr.op] p2
    //    A conjunction is a constraint taking two operands. To determine if
    //    a conjunction is satisfied, the satisfaction of the first operand
    //    is checked. If that is not satisfied, the conjunction is not
    //    satisfied. Otherwise, the conjunction is satisfied if and only if
    //    the second operand is satisfied.
    // LHS is instantiated while RHS is not. Skip creating invalid BinaryOp.
    return LHSRes;
 
  ExprResult RHSRes = calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
      S, RHS, Template, TemplateNameLoc, MLTAL, Satisfaction);
  if (RHSRes.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();
 
  bool IsRHSSatisfied = Satisfaction.IsSatisfied;
  // Current implementation adds diagnostic information about the falsity
  // of each false atomic constraint expression when it evaluates them.
  // When the evaluation results to `false || true`, the information
  // generated during the evaluation of left-hand side is meaningless
  // because the whole expression evaluates to true.
  // The following code removes the irrelevant diagnostic information.
  // FIXME: We should probably delay the addition of diagnostic information
  // until we know the entire expression is false.
  if (Op == clang::OO_PipePipe && IsRHSSatisfied) {
    auto EffectiveDetailEnd = Satisfaction.Details.begin();
    std::advance(EffectiveDetailEnd, EffectiveDetailEndIndex);
    Satisfaction.Details.erase(EffectiveDetailEnd, Satisfaction.Details.end());
  }
 
  if (!LHSRes.isUsable() || !RHSRes.isUsable())
    return ExprEmpty();
 
  return BinaryOperator::Create(S.Context, LHSRes.get(), RHSRes.get(),
                                BinaryOperator::getOverloadedOpcode(Op),
                                S.Context.BoolTy, VK_PRValue, OK_Ordinary,
                                LHS->getBeginLoc(), FPOptionsOverride{});
}
 
static ExprResult calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
    Sema &S, const CXXFoldExpr *FE, const NamedDecl *Template,
    SourceLocation TemplateNameLoc, const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  bool Conjunction = FE->getOperator() == BinaryOperatorKind::BO_LAnd;
  size_t EffectiveDetailEndIndex = Satisfaction.Details.size();
 
  ExprResult Out;
  if (FE->isLeftFold() && FE->getInit()) {
    Out = calculateConstraintSatisfaction(S, FE->getInit(), Template,
                                          TemplateNameLoc, MLTAL, Satisfaction);
    if (Out.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();
 
    // If the first clause of a conjunction is not satisfied,
    // or if the first clause of a disjection is satisfied,
    // we have established satisfaction of the whole constraint
    // and we should not continue further.
    if (Conjunction != Satisfaction.IsSatisfied)
      return Out;
  }
  UnsignedOrNone NumExpansions = EvaluateFoldExpandedConstraintSize(
      S, FE, Template, TemplateNameLoc, MLTAL, Satisfaction);
  if (!NumExpansions)
    return ExprError();
  for (unsigned I = 0; I < *NumExpansions; I++) {
    Sema::ArgPackSubstIndexRAII SubstIndex(S, I);
    ExprResult Res = calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
        S, FE->getPattern(), Template, TemplateNameLoc, MLTAL, Satisfaction);
    if (Res.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();
    bool IsRHSSatisfied = Satisfaction.IsSatisfied;
    if (!Conjunction && IsRHSSatisfied) {
      auto EffectiveDetailEnd = Satisfaction.Details.begin();
      std::advance(EffectiveDetailEnd, EffectiveDetailEndIndex);
      Satisfaction.Details.erase(EffectiveDetailEnd,
                                 Satisfaction.Details.end());
    }
    if (Out.isUnset())
      Out = Res;
    else if (!Res.isUnset()) {
      Out = BinaryOperator::Create(
          S.Context, Out.get(), Res.get(), FE->getOperator(), S.Context.BoolTy,
          VK_PRValue, OK_Ordinary, FE->getBeginLoc(), FPOptionsOverride{});
    }
    if (Conjunction != IsRHSSatisfied)
      return Out;
  }
 
  if (FE->isRightFold() && FE->getInit()) {
    ExprResult Res = calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
        S, FE->getInit(), Template, TemplateNameLoc, MLTAL, Satisfaction);
    if (Out.isInvalid())
      return ExprError();
 
    if (Out.isUnset())
      Out = Res;
    else if (!Res.isUnset()) {
      Out = BinaryOperator::Create(
          S.Context, Out.get(), Res.get(), FE->getOperator(), S.Context.BoolTy,
          VK_PRValue, OK_Ordinary, FE->getBeginLoc(), FPOptionsOverride{});
    }
  }
 
  if (Out.isUnset()) {
    Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = Conjunction;
    Out = S.BuildEmptyCXXFoldExpr(FE->getBeginLoc(), FE->getOperator());
  }
  return Out;
}
 
static ExprResult calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
    Sema &S, const Expr *ConstraintExpr, const NamedDecl *Template,
    SourceLocation TemplateNameLoc, const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  ConstraintExpr = ConstraintExpr->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
 
  if (LogicalBinOp BO = ConstraintExpr)
    return calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
        S, BO.getLHS(), BO.getOp(), BO.getRHS(), Template, TemplateNameLoc,
        MLTAL, Satisfaction);
 
  if (auto *C = dyn_cast<ExprWithCleanups>(ConstraintExpr)) {
    // These aren't evaluated, so we don't care about cleanups, so we can just
    // evaluate these as if the cleanups didn't exist.
    return calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
        S, C->getSubExpr(), Template, TemplateNameLoc, MLTAL, Satisfaction);
  }
 
  if (auto *FE = dyn_cast<CXXFoldExpr>(ConstraintExpr);
      FE && S.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus26 &&
      (FE->getOperator() == BinaryOperatorKind::BO_LAnd ||
       FE->getOperator() == BinaryOperatorKind::BO_LOr)) {
    return calculateConstraintSatisfaction(S, FE, Template, TemplateNameLoc,
                                           MLTAL, Satisfaction);
  }
 
  // FIXME: We should not treat ConceptSpecializationExpr as atomic constraints.
 
  // An atomic constraint expression
  ExprResult SubstitutedAtomicExpr = EvaluateAtomicConstraint(
      S, ConstraintExpr, Template, TemplateNameLoc, MLTAL, Satisfaction);
 
  if (SubstitutedAtomicExpr.isInvalid())
    return ExprError();
 
  if (!SubstitutedAtomicExpr.isUsable())
    // Evaluator has decided satisfaction without yielding an expression.
    return ExprEmpty();
 
  // We don't have the ability to evaluate this, since it contains a
  // RecoveryExpr, so we want to fail overload resolution.  Otherwise,
  // we'd potentially pick up a different overload, and cause confusing
  // diagnostics. SO, add a failure detail that will cause us to make this
  // overload set not viable.
  if (SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get()->containsErrors()) {
    Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = false;
    Satisfaction.ContainsErrors = true;
 
    PartialDiagnostic Msg = S.PDiag(diag::note_constraint_references_error);
    SmallString<128> DiagString;
    DiagString = ": ";
    Msg.EmitToString(S.getDiagnostics(), DiagString);
    unsigned MessageSize = DiagString.size();
    char *Mem = new (S.Context) char[MessageSize];
    memcpy(Mem, DiagString.c_str(), MessageSize);
    Satisfaction.Details.emplace_back(
        new (S.Context) ConstraintSatisfaction::SubstitutionDiagnostic{
            SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get()->getBeginLoc(),
            StringRef(Mem, MessageSize)});
    return SubstitutedAtomicExpr;
  }
 
  EnterExpressionEvaluationContext ConstantEvaluated(
      S, Sema::ExpressionEvaluationContext::ConstantEvaluated);
  SmallVector<PartialDiagnosticAt, 2> EvaluationDiags;
  Expr::EvalResult EvalResult;
  EvalResult.Diag = &EvaluationDiags;
  if (!SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get()->EvaluateAsConstantExpr(EvalResult,
                                                           S.Context) ||
      !EvaluationDiags.empty()) {
    // C++2a [temp.constr.atomic]p1
    //   ...E shall be a constant expression of type bool.
    S.Diag(SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get()->getBeginLoc(),
           diag::err_non_constant_constraint_expression)
        << SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get()->getSourceRange();
    for (const PartialDiagnosticAt &PDiag : EvaluationDiags)
      S.Diag(PDiag.first, PDiag.second);
    return ExprError();
  }
 
  assert(EvalResult.Val.isInt() &&
         "evaluating bool expression didn't produce int");
  Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = EvalResult.Val.getInt().getBoolValue();
  if (!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied)
    Satisfaction.Details.emplace_back(SubstitutedAtomicExpr.get());
 
  return SubstitutedAtomicExpr;
}
 
static ExprResult calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
    Sema &S, const NamedDecl *Template, SourceLocation TemplateNameLoc,
    const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL, const Expr *ConstraintExpr,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
 
  return calculateConstraintSatisfaction(S, ConstraintExpr, Template,
                                         TemplateNameLoc, MLTAL, Satisfaction);
}
 
static bool CheckConstraintSatisfaction(
    Sema &S, const NamedDecl *Template,
    ArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> AssociatedConstraints,
    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<Expr *> &Converted,
    const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &TemplateArgsLists,
    SourceRange TemplateIDRange, ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  if (AssociatedConstraints.empty()) {
    Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
    return false;
  }
 
  if (TemplateArgsLists.isAnyArgInstantiationDependent()) {
    // No need to check satisfaction for dependent constraint expressions.
    Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
    return false;
  }
 
  ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs =
      TemplateArgsLists.getNumSubstitutedLevels() > 0
          ? TemplateArgsLists.getOutermost()
          : ArrayRef<TemplateArgument>{};
  Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(S, TemplateIDRange.getBegin(),
      Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintsCheck{},
      const_cast<NamedDecl *>(Template), TemplateArgs, TemplateIDRange);
  if (Inst.isInvalid())
    return true;
 
  for (const AssociatedConstraint &AC : AssociatedConstraints) {
    if (AC.isNull())
      return true;
 
    Sema::ArgPackSubstIndexRAII _(S, AC.ArgPackSubstIndex);
    ExprResult Res = calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
        S, Template, TemplateIDRange.getBegin(), TemplateArgsLists,
        AC.ConstraintExpr, Satisfaction);
    if (Res.isInvalid())
      return true;
 
    Converted.push_back(Res.get());
    if (!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied) {
      // Backfill the 'converted' list with nulls so we can keep the Converted
      // and unconverted lists in sync.
      Converted.append(AssociatedConstraints.size() - Converted.size(),
                       nullptr);
      // [temp.constr.op] p2
      // [...] To determine if a conjunction is satisfied, the satisfaction
      // of the first operand is checked. If that is not satisfied, the
      // conjunction is not satisfied. [...]
      return false;
    }
  }
  return false;
}
 
bool Sema::CheckConstraintSatisfaction(
    const NamedDecl *Template,
    ArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> AssociatedConstraints,
    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<Expr *> &ConvertedConstraints,
    const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &TemplateArgsLists,
    SourceRange TemplateIDRange, ConstraintSatisfaction &OutSatisfaction) {
  if (AssociatedConstraints.empty()) {
    OutSatisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
    return false;
  }
  if (!Template) {
    return ::CheckConstraintSatisfaction(
        *this, nullptr, AssociatedConstraints, ConvertedConstraints,
        TemplateArgsLists, TemplateIDRange, OutSatisfaction);
  }
  // Invalid templates could make their way here. Substituting them could result
  // in dependent expressions.
  if (Template->isInvalidDecl()) {
    OutSatisfaction.IsSatisfied = false;
    return true;
  }
 
  // A list of the template argument list flattened in a predictible manner for
  // the purposes of caching. The ConstraintSatisfaction type is in AST so it
  // has no access to the MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList, so this has to happen
  // here.
  llvm::SmallVector<TemplateArgument, 4> FlattenedArgs;
  for (auto List : TemplateArgsLists)
    llvm::append_range(FlattenedArgs, List.Args);
 
  llvm::FoldingSetNodeID ID;
  ConstraintSatisfaction::Profile(ID, Context, Template, FlattenedArgs);
  void *InsertPos;
  if (auto *Cached = SatisfactionCache.FindNodeOrInsertPos(ID, InsertPos)) {
    OutSatisfaction = *Cached;
    return false;
  }
 
  auto Satisfaction =
      std::make_unique<ConstraintSatisfaction>(Template, FlattenedArgs);
  if (::CheckConstraintSatisfaction(*this, Template, AssociatedConstraints,
                                    ConvertedConstraints, TemplateArgsLists,
                                    TemplateIDRange, *Satisfaction)) {
    OutSatisfaction = *Satisfaction;
    return true;
  }
 
  if (auto *Cached = SatisfactionCache.FindNodeOrInsertPos(ID, InsertPos)) {
    // The evaluation of this constraint resulted in us trying to re-evaluate it
    // recursively. This isn't really possible, except we try to form a
    // RecoveryExpr as a part of the evaluation.  If this is the case, just
    // return the 'cached' version (which will have the same result), and save
    // ourselves the extra-insert. If it ever becomes possible to legitimately
    // recursively check a constraint, we should skip checking the 'inner' one
    // above, and replace the cached version with this one, as it would be more
    // specific.
    OutSatisfaction = *Cached;
    return false;
  }
 
  // Else we can simply add this satisfaction to the list.
  OutSatisfaction = *Satisfaction;
  // We cannot use InsertPos here because CheckConstraintSatisfaction might have
  // invalidated it.
  // Note that entries of SatisfactionCache are deleted in Sema's destructor.
  SatisfactionCache.InsertNode(Satisfaction.release());
  return false;
}
 
bool Sema::CheckConstraintSatisfaction(
    const ConceptSpecializationExpr *ConstraintExpr,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
 
  MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList MLTAL(ConstraintExpr->getNamedConcept(),
                                       ConstraintExpr->getTemplateArguments(),
                                       true);
 
  return calculateConstraintSatisfaction(
             *this, ConstraintExpr, ConstraintExpr->getNamedConcept(),
             ConstraintExpr->getConceptNameLoc(), MLTAL, Satisfaction)
      .isInvalid();
}
 
bool Sema::SetupConstraintScope(
    FunctionDecl *FD, std::optional<ArrayRef<TemplateArgument>> TemplateArgs,
    const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL,
    LocalInstantiationScope &Scope) {
  assert(!isLambdaCallOperator(FD) &&
         "Use LambdaScopeForCallOperatorInstantiationRAII to handle lambda "
         "instantiations");
  if (FD->isTemplateInstantiation() && FD->getPrimaryTemplate()) {
    FunctionTemplateDecl *PrimaryTemplate = FD->getPrimaryTemplate();
    InstantiatingTemplate Inst(
        *this, FD->getPointOfInstantiation(),
        Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintsCheck{}, PrimaryTemplate,
        TemplateArgs ? *TemplateArgs : ArrayRef<TemplateArgument>{},
        SourceRange());
    if (Inst.isInvalid())
      return true;
 
    // addInstantiatedParametersToScope creates a map of 'uninstantiated' to
    // 'instantiated' parameters and adds it to the context. For the case where
    // this function is a template being instantiated NOW, we also need to add
    // the list of current template arguments to the list so that they also can
    // be picked out of the map.
    if (auto *SpecArgs = FD->getTemplateSpecializationArgs()) {
      MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList JustTemplArgs(FD, SpecArgs->asArray(),
                                                   /*Final=*/false);
      if (addInstantiatedParametersToScope(
              FD, PrimaryTemplate->getTemplatedDecl(), Scope, JustTemplArgs))
        return true;
    }
 
    // If this is a member function, make sure we get the parameters that
    // reference the original primary template.
    if (FunctionTemplateDecl *FromMemTempl =
            PrimaryTemplate->getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate()) {
      if (addInstantiatedParametersToScope(FD, FromMemTempl->getTemplatedDecl(),
                                           Scope, MLTAL))
        return true;
    }
 
    return false;
  }
 
  if (FD->getTemplatedKind() == FunctionDecl::TK_MemberSpecialization ||
      FD->getTemplatedKind() == FunctionDecl::TK_DependentNonTemplate) {
    FunctionDecl *InstantiatedFrom =
        FD->getTemplatedKind() == FunctionDecl::TK_MemberSpecialization
            ? FD->getInstantiatedFromMemberFunction()
            : FD->getInstantiatedFromDecl();
 
    InstantiatingTemplate Inst(
        *this, FD->getPointOfInstantiation(),
        Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintsCheck{}, InstantiatedFrom,
        TemplateArgs ? *TemplateArgs : ArrayRef<TemplateArgument>{},
        SourceRange());
    if (Inst.isInvalid())
      return true;
 
    // Case where this was not a template, but instantiated as a
    // child-function.
    if (addInstantiatedParametersToScope(FD, InstantiatedFrom, Scope, MLTAL))
      return true;
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
// This function collects all of the template arguments for the purposes of
// constraint-instantiation and checking.
std::optional<MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList>
Sema::SetupConstraintCheckingTemplateArgumentsAndScope(
    FunctionDecl *FD, std::optional<ArrayRef<TemplateArgument>> TemplateArgs,
    LocalInstantiationScope &Scope) {
  MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList MLTAL;
 
  // Collect the list of template arguments relative to the 'primary' template.
  // We need the entire list, since the constraint is completely uninstantiated
  // at this point.
  MLTAL =
      getTemplateInstantiationArgs(FD, FD->getLexicalDeclContext(),
                                   /*Final=*/false, /*Innermost=*/std::nullopt,
                                   /*RelativeToPrimary=*/true,
                                   /*Pattern=*/nullptr,
                                   /*ForConstraintInstantiation=*/true);
  // Lambdas are handled by LambdaScopeForCallOperatorInstantiationRAII.
  if (isLambdaCallOperator(FD))
    return MLTAL;
  if (SetupConstraintScope(FD, TemplateArgs, MLTAL, Scope))
    return std::nullopt;
 
  return MLTAL;
}
 
bool Sema::CheckFunctionConstraints(const FunctionDecl *FD,
                                    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction,
                                    SourceLocation UsageLoc,
                                    bool ForOverloadResolution) {
  // Don't check constraints if the function is dependent. Also don't check if
  // this is a function template specialization, as the call to
  // CheckFunctionTemplateConstraints after this will check it
  // better.
  if (FD->isDependentContext() ||
      FD->getTemplatedKind() ==
          FunctionDecl::TK_FunctionTemplateSpecialization) {
    Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
    return false;
  }
 
  // A lambda conversion operator has the same constraints as the call operator
  // and constraints checking relies on whether we are in a lambda call operator
  // (and may refer to its parameters), so check the call operator instead.
  // Note that the declarations outside of the lambda should also be
  // considered. Turning on the 'ForOverloadResolution' flag results in the
  // LocalInstantiationScope not looking into its parents, but we can still
  // access Decls from the parents while building a lambda RAII scope later.
  if (const auto *MD = dyn_cast<CXXConversionDecl>(FD);
      MD && isLambdaConversionOperator(const_cast<CXXConversionDecl *>(MD)))
    return CheckFunctionConstraints(MD->getParent()->getLambdaCallOperator(),
                                    Satisfaction, UsageLoc,
                                    /*ShouldAddDeclsFromParentScope=*/true);
 
  DeclContext *CtxToSave = const_cast<FunctionDecl *>(FD);
 
  while (isLambdaCallOperator(CtxToSave) || FD->isTransparentContext()) {
    if (isLambdaCallOperator(CtxToSave))
      CtxToSave = CtxToSave->getParent()->getParent();
    else
      CtxToSave = CtxToSave->getNonTransparentContext();
  }
 
  ContextRAII SavedContext{*this, CtxToSave};
  LocalInstantiationScope Scope(*this, !ForOverloadResolution);
  std::optional<MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList> MLTAL =
      SetupConstraintCheckingTemplateArgumentsAndScope(
          const_cast<FunctionDecl *>(FD), {}, Scope);
 
  if (!MLTAL)
    return true;
 
  Qualifiers ThisQuals;
  CXXRecordDecl *Record = nullptr;
  if (auto *Method = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(FD)) {
    ThisQuals = Method->getMethodQualifiers();
    Record = const_cast<CXXRecordDecl *>(Method->getParent());
  }
  CXXThisScopeRAII ThisScope(*this, Record, ThisQuals, Record != nullptr);
 
  LambdaScopeForCallOperatorInstantiationRAII LambdaScope(
      *this, const_cast<FunctionDecl *>(FD), *MLTAL, Scope,
      ForOverloadResolution);
 
  return CheckConstraintSatisfaction(
      FD, FD->getTrailingRequiresClause(), *MLTAL,
      SourceRange(UsageLoc.isValid() ? UsageLoc : FD->getLocation()),
      Satisfaction);
}
 
 
// Figure out the to-translation-unit depth for this function declaration for
// the purpose of seeing if they differ by constraints. This isn't the same as
// getTemplateDepth, because it includes already instantiated parents.
static unsigned
CalculateTemplateDepthForConstraints(Sema &S, const NamedDecl *ND,
                                     bool SkipForSpecialization = false) {
  MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList MLTAL = S.getTemplateInstantiationArgs(
      ND, ND->getLexicalDeclContext(), /*Final=*/false,
      /*Innermost=*/std::nullopt,
      /*RelativeToPrimary=*/true,
      /*Pattern=*/nullptr,
      /*ForConstraintInstantiation=*/true, SkipForSpecialization);
  return MLTAL.getNumLevels();
}
 
namespace {
  class AdjustConstraintDepth : public TreeTransform<AdjustConstraintDepth> {
  unsigned TemplateDepth = 0;
  public:
  using inherited = TreeTransform<AdjustConstraintDepth>;
  AdjustConstraintDepth(Sema &SemaRef, unsigned TemplateDepth)
      : inherited(SemaRef), TemplateDepth(TemplateDepth) {}
 
  using inherited::TransformTemplateTypeParmType;
  QualType TransformTemplateTypeParmType(TypeLocBuilder &TLB,
                                         TemplateTypeParmTypeLoc TL, bool) {
    const TemplateTypeParmType *T = TL.getTypePtr();
 
    TemplateTypeParmDecl *NewTTPDecl = nullptr;
    if (TemplateTypeParmDecl *OldTTPDecl = T->getDecl())
      NewTTPDecl = cast_or_null<TemplateTypeParmDecl>(
          TransformDecl(TL.getNameLoc(), OldTTPDecl));
 
    QualType Result = getSema().Context.getTemplateTypeParmType(
        T->getDepth() + TemplateDepth, T->getIndex(), T->isParameterPack(),
        NewTTPDecl);
    TemplateTypeParmTypeLoc NewTL = TLB.push<TemplateTypeParmTypeLoc>(Result);
    NewTL.setNameLoc(TL.getNameLoc());
    return Result;
  }
  };
} // namespace
 
static const Expr *SubstituteConstraintExpressionWithoutSatisfaction(
    Sema &S, const Sema::TemplateCompareNewDeclInfo &DeclInfo,
    const Expr *ConstrExpr) {
  MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList MLTAL = S.getTemplateInstantiationArgs(
      DeclInfo.getDecl(), DeclInfo.getDeclContext(), /*Final=*/false,
      /*Innermost=*/std::nullopt,
      /*RelativeToPrimary=*/true,
      /*Pattern=*/nullptr, /*ForConstraintInstantiation=*/true,
      /*SkipForSpecialization*/ false);
 
  if (MLTAL.getNumSubstitutedLevels() == 0)
    return ConstrExpr;
 
  Sema::SFINAETrap SFINAE(S);
 
  Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(
      S, DeclInfo.getLocation(),
      Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintNormalization{},
      const_cast<NamedDecl *>(DeclInfo.getDecl()), SourceRange{});
  if (Inst.isInvalid())
    return nullptr;
 
  // Set up a dummy 'instantiation' scope in the case of reference to function
  // parameters that the surrounding function hasn't been instantiated yet. Note
  // this may happen while we're comparing two templates' constraint
  // equivalence.
  std::optional<LocalInstantiationScope> ScopeForParameters;
  if (const NamedDecl *ND = DeclInfo.getDecl();
      ND && ND->isFunctionOrFunctionTemplate()) {
    ScopeForParameters.emplace(S, /*CombineWithOuterScope=*/true);
    const FunctionDecl *FD = ND->getAsFunction();
    if (FunctionTemplateDecl *Template = FD->getDescribedFunctionTemplate();
        Template && Template->getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate())
      FD = Template->getInstantiatedFromMemberTemplate()->getTemplatedDecl();
    for (auto *PVD : FD->parameters()) {
      if (ScopeForParameters->getInstantiationOfIfExists(PVD))
        continue;
      if (!PVD->isParameterPack()) {
        ScopeForParameters->InstantiatedLocal(PVD, PVD);
        continue;
      }
      // This is hacky: we're mapping the parameter pack to a size-of-1 argument
      // to avoid building SubstTemplateTypeParmPackTypes for
      // PackExpansionTypes. The SubstTemplateTypeParmPackType node would
      // otherwise reference the AssociatedDecl of the template arguments, which
      // is, in this case, the template declaration.
      //
      // However, as we are in the process of comparing potential
      // re-declarations, the canonical declaration is the declaration itself at
      // this point. So if we didn't expand these packs, we would end up with an
      // incorrect profile difference because we will be profiling the
      // canonical types!
      //
      // FIXME: Improve the "no-transform" machinery in FindInstantiatedDecl so
      // that we can eliminate the Scope in the cases where the declarations are
      // not necessarily instantiated. It would also benefit the noexcept
      // specifier comparison.
      ScopeForParameters->MakeInstantiatedLocalArgPack(PVD);
      ScopeForParameters->InstantiatedLocalPackArg(PVD, PVD);
    }
  }
 
  std::optional<Sema::CXXThisScopeRAII> ThisScope;
 
  // See TreeTransform::RebuildTemplateSpecializationType. A context scope is
  // essential for having an injected class as the canonical type for a template
  // specialization type at the rebuilding stage. This guarantees that, for
  // out-of-line definitions, injected class name types and their equivalent
  // template specializations can be profiled to the same value, which makes it
  // possible that e.g. constraints involving C<Class<T>> and C<Class> are
  // perceived identical.
  std::optional<Sema::ContextRAII> ContextScope;
  const DeclContext *DC = [&] {
    if (!DeclInfo.getDecl())
      return DeclInfo.getDeclContext();
    return DeclInfo.getDecl()->getFriendObjectKind()
               ? DeclInfo.getLexicalDeclContext()
               : DeclInfo.getDeclContext();
  }();
  if (auto *RD = dyn_cast<CXXRecordDecl>(DC)) {
    ThisScope.emplace(S, const_cast<CXXRecordDecl *>(RD), Qualifiers());
    ContextScope.emplace(S, const_cast<DeclContext *>(cast<DeclContext>(RD)),
                         /*NewThisContext=*/false);
  }
  EnterExpressionEvaluationContext UnevaluatedContext(
      S, Sema::ExpressionEvaluationContext::Unevaluated,
      Sema::ReuseLambdaContextDecl);
  ExprResult SubstConstr = S.SubstConstraintExprWithoutSatisfaction(
      const_cast<clang::Expr *>(ConstrExpr), MLTAL);
  if (SFINAE.hasErrorOccurred() || !SubstConstr.isUsable())
    return nullptr;
  return SubstConstr.get();
}
 
bool Sema::AreConstraintExpressionsEqual(const NamedDecl *Old,
                                         const Expr *OldConstr,
                                         const TemplateCompareNewDeclInfo &New,
                                         const Expr *NewConstr) {
  if (OldConstr == NewConstr)
    return true;
  // C++ [temp.constr.decl]p4
  if (Old && !New.isInvalid() && !New.ContainsDecl(Old) &&
      Old->getLexicalDeclContext() != New.getLexicalDeclContext()) {
    if (const Expr *SubstConstr =
            SubstituteConstraintExpressionWithoutSatisfaction(*this, Old,
                                                              OldConstr))
      OldConstr = SubstConstr;
    else
      return false;
    if (const Expr *SubstConstr =
            SubstituteConstraintExpressionWithoutSatisfaction(*this, New,
                                                              NewConstr))
      NewConstr = SubstConstr;
    else
      return false;
  }
 
  llvm::FoldingSetNodeID ID1, ID2;
  OldConstr->Profile(ID1, Context, /*Canonical=*/true);
  NewConstr->Profile(ID2, Context, /*Canonical=*/true);
  return ID1 == ID2;
}
 
bool Sema::FriendConstraintsDependOnEnclosingTemplate(const FunctionDecl *FD) {
  assert(FD->getFriendObjectKind() && "Must be a friend!");
 
  // The logic for non-templates is handled in ASTContext::isSameEntity, so we
  // don't have to bother checking 'DependsOnEnclosingTemplate' for a
  // non-function-template.
  assert(FD->getDescribedFunctionTemplate() &&
         "Non-function templates don't need to be checked");
 
  SmallVector<AssociatedConstraint, 3> ACs;
  FD->getDescribedFunctionTemplate()->getAssociatedConstraints(ACs);
 
  unsigned OldTemplateDepth = CalculateTemplateDepthForConstraints(*this, FD);
  for (const AssociatedConstraint &AC : ACs)
    if (ConstraintExpressionDependsOnEnclosingTemplate(FD, OldTemplateDepth,
                                                       AC.ConstraintExpr))
      return true;
 
  return false;
}
 
bool Sema::EnsureTemplateArgumentListConstraints(
    TemplateDecl *TD, const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &TemplateArgsLists,
    SourceRange TemplateIDRange) {
  ConstraintSatisfaction Satisfaction;
  llvm::SmallVector<AssociatedConstraint, 3> AssociatedConstraints;
  TD->getAssociatedConstraints(AssociatedConstraints);
  if (CheckConstraintSatisfaction(TD, AssociatedConstraints, TemplateArgsLists,
                                  TemplateIDRange, Satisfaction))
    return true;
 
  if (!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied) {
    SmallString<128> TemplateArgString;
    TemplateArgString = " ";
    TemplateArgString += getTemplateArgumentBindingsText(
        TD->getTemplateParameters(), TemplateArgsLists.getInnermost().data(),
        TemplateArgsLists.getInnermost().size());
 
    Diag(TemplateIDRange.getBegin(),
         diag::err_template_arg_list_constraints_not_satisfied)
        << (int)getTemplateNameKindForDiagnostics(TemplateName(TD)) << TD
        << TemplateArgString << TemplateIDRange;
    DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(Satisfaction);
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}
 
static bool CheckFunctionConstraintsWithoutInstantiation(
    Sema &SemaRef, SourceLocation PointOfInstantiation,
    FunctionTemplateDecl *Template, ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  SmallVector<AssociatedConstraint, 3> TemplateAC;
  Template->getAssociatedConstraints(TemplateAC);
  if (TemplateAC.empty()) {
    Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
    return false;
  }
 
  LocalInstantiationScope Scope(SemaRef);
 
  FunctionDecl *FD = Template->getTemplatedDecl();
  // Collect the list of template arguments relative to the 'primary'
  // template. We need the entire list, since the constraint is completely
  // uninstantiated at this point.
 
  MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList MLTAL;
  {
    // getTemplateInstantiationArgs uses this instantiation context to find out
    // template arguments for uninstantiated functions.
    // We don't want this RAII object to persist, because there would be
    // otherwise duplicate diagnostic notes.
    Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(
        SemaRef, PointOfInstantiation,
        Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintsCheck{}, Template, TemplateArgs,
        PointOfInstantiation);
    if (Inst.isInvalid())
      return true;
    MLTAL = SemaRef.getTemplateInstantiationArgs(
        /*D=*/FD, FD,
        /*Final=*/false, /*Innermost=*/{}, /*RelativeToPrimary=*/true,
        /*Pattern=*/nullptr, /*ForConstraintInstantiation=*/true);
  }
 
  Sema::ContextRAII SavedContext(SemaRef, FD);
  return SemaRef.CheckConstraintSatisfaction(
      Template, TemplateAC, MLTAL, PointOfInstantiation, Satisfaction);
}
 
bool Sema::CheckFunctionTemplateConstraints(
    SourceLocation PointOfInstantiation, FunctionDecl *Decl,
    ArrayRef<TemplateArgument> TemplateArgs,
    ConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction) {
  // In most cases we're not going to have constraints, so check for that first.
  FunctionTemplateDecl *Template = Decl->getPrimaryTemplate();
 
  if (!Template)
    return ::CheckFunctionConstraintsWithoutInstantiation(
        *this, PointOfInstantiation, Decl->getDescribedFunctionTemplate(),
        TemplateArgs, Satisfaction);
 
  // Note - code synthesis context for the constraints check is created
  // inside CheckConstraintsSatisfaction.
  SmallVector<AssociatedConstraint, 3> TemplateAC;
  Template->getAssociatedConstraints(TemplateAC);
  if (TemplateAC.empty()) {
    Satisfaction.IsSatisfied = true;
    return false;
  }
 
  // Enter the scope of this instantiation. We don't use
  // PushDeclContext because we don't have a scope.
  Sema::ContextRAII savedContext(*this, Decl);
  LocalInstantiationScope Scope(*this);
 
  std::optional<MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList> MLTAL =
      SetupConstraintCheckingTemplateArgumentsAndScope(Decl, TemplateArgs,
                                                       Scope);
 
  if (!MLTAL)
    return true;
 
  Qualifiers ThisQuals;
  CXXRecordDecl *Record = nullptr;
  if (auto *Method = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(Decl)) {
    ThisQuals = Method->getMethodQualifiers();
    Record = Method->getParent();
  }
 
  CXXThisScopeRAII ThisScope(*this, Record, ThisQuals, Record != nullptr);
  LambdaScopeForCallOperatorInstantiationRAII LambdaScope(*this, Decl, *MLTAL,
                                                          Scope);
 
  return CheckConstraintSatisfaction(Template, TemplateAC, *MLTAL,
                                     PointOfInstantiation, Satisfaction);
}
 
static void diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(Sema &S,
                                           concepts::ExprRequirement *Req,
                                           bool First) {
  assert(!Req->isSatisfied()
         && "Diagnose() can only be used on an unsatisfied requirement");
  switch (Req->getSatisfactionStatus()) {
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_Dependent:
      llvm_unreachable("Diagnosing a dependent requirement");
      break;
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_ExprSubstitutionFailure: {
      auto *SubstDiag = Req->getExprSubstitutionDiagnostic();
      if (!SubstDiag->DiagMessage.empty())
        S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
               diag::note_expr_requirement_expr_substitution_error)
               << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity
               << SubstDiag->DiagMessage;
      else
        S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
               diag::note_expr_requirement_expr_unknown_substitution_error)
            << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity;
      break;
    }
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_NoexceptNotMet:
      S.Diag(Req->getNoexceptLoc(),
             diag::note_expr_requirement_noexcept_not_met)
          << (int)First << Req->getExpr();
      break;
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_TypeRequirementSubstitutionFailure: {
      auto *SubstDiag =
          Req->getReturnTypeRequirement().getSubstitutionDiagnostic();
      if (!SubstDiag->DiagMessage.empty())
        S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
               diag::note_expr_requirement_type_requirement_substitution_error)
            << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity
            << SubstDiag->DiagMessage;
      else
        S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
               diag::note_expr_requirement_type_requirement_unknown_substitution_error)
            << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity;
      break;
    }
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_ConstraintsNotSatisfied: {
      ConceptSpecializationExpr *ConstraintExpr =
          Req->getReturnTypeRequirementSubstitutedConstraintExpr();
      if (ConstraintExpr->getTemplateArgsAsWritten()->NumTemplateArgs == 1) {
        // A simple case - expr type is the type being constrained and the concept
        // was not provided arguments.
        Expr *e = Req->getExpr();
        S.Diag(e->getBeginLoc(),
               diag::note_expr_requirement_constraints_not_satisfied_simple)
            << (int)First << S.Context.getReferenceQualifiedType(e)
            << ConstraintExpr->getNamedConcept();
      } else {
        S.Diag(ConstraintExpr->getBeginLoc(),
               diag::note_expr_requirement_constraints_not_satisfied)
            << (int)First << ConstraintExpr;
      }
      S.DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(ConstraintExpr->getSatisfaction());
      break;
    }
    case concepts::ExprRequirement::SS_Satisfied:
      llvm_unreachable("We checked this above");
  }
}
 
static void diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(Sema &S,
                                           concepts::TypeRequirement *Req,
                                           bool First) {
  assert(!Req->isSatisfied()
         && "Diagnose() can only be used on an unsatisfied requirement");
  switch (Req->getSatisfactionStatus()) {
  case concepts::TypeRequirement::SS_Dependent:
    llvm_unreachable("Diagnosing a dependent requirement");
    return;
  case concepts::TypeRequirement::SS_SubstitutionFailure: {
    auto *SubstDiag = Req->getSubstitutionDiagnostic();
    if (!SubstDiag->DiagMessage.empty())
      S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
             diag::note_type_requirement_substitution_error) << (int)First
          << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity << SubstDiag->DiagMessage;
    else
      S.Diag(SubstDiag->DiagLoc,
             diag::note_type_requirement_unknown_substitution_error)
          << (int)First << SubstDiag->SubstitutedEntity;
    return;
  }
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Unknown satisfaction status");
    return;
  }
}
static void diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(Sema &S,
                                                        Expr *SubstExpr,
                                                        bool First = true);
 
static void diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(Sema &S,
                                           concepts::NestedRequirement *Req,
                                           bool First) {
  using SubstitutionDiagnostic = std::pair<SourceLocation, StringRef>;
  for (auto &Record : Req->getConstraintSatisfaction()) {
    if (auto *SubstDiag = Record.dyn_cast<SubstitutionDiagnostic *>())
      S.Diag(SubstDiag->first, diag::note_nested_requirement_substitution_error)
          << (int)First << Req->getInvalidConstraintEntity()
          << SubstDiag->second;
    else
      diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, Record.dyn_cast<Expr *>(),
                                                  First);
    First = false;
  }
}
 
static void diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(Sema &S,
                                                        Expr *SubstExpr,
                                                        bool First) {
  SubstExpr = SubstExpr->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
  if (BinaryOperator *BO = dyn_cast<BinaryOperator>(SubstExpr)) {
    switch (BO->getOpcode()) {
    // These two cases will in practice only be reached when using fold
    // expressions with || and &&, since otherwise the || and && will have been
    // broken down into atomic constraints during satisfaction checking.
    case BO_LOr:
      // Or evaluated to false - meaning both RHS and LHS evaluated to false.
      diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getLHS(), First);
      diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getRHS(),
                                                  /*First=*/false);
      return;
    case BO_LAnd: {
      bool LHSSatisfied =
          BO->getLHS()->EvaluateKnownConstInt(S.Context).getBoolValue();
      if (LHSSatisfied) {
        // LHS is true, so RHS must be false.
        diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getRHS(), First);
        return;
      }
      // LHS is false
      diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getLHS(), First);
 
      // RHS might also be false
      bool RHSSatisfied =
          BO->getRHS()->EvaluateKnownConstInt(S.Context).getBoolValue();
      if (!RHSSatisfied)
        diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, BO->getRHS(),
                                                    /*First=*/false);
      return;
    }
    case BO_GE:
    case BO_LE:
    case BO_GT:
    case BO_LT:
    case BO_EQ:
    case BO_NE:
      if (BO->getLHS()->getType()->isIntegerType() &&
          BO->getRHS()->getType()->isIntegerType()) {
        Expr::EvalResult SimplifiedLHS;
        Expr::EvalResult SimplifiedRHS;
        BO->getLHS()->EvaluateAsInt(SimplifiedLHS, S.Context,
                                    Expr::SE_NoSideEffects,
                                    /*InConstantContext=*/true);
        BO->getRHS()->EvaluateAsInt(SimplifiedRHS, S.Context,
                                    Expr::SE_NoSideEffects,
                                    /*InConstantContext=*/true);
        if (!SimplifiedLHS.Diag && ! SimplifiedRHS.Diag) {
          S.Diag(SubstExpr->getBeginLoc(),
                 diag::note_atomic_constraint_evaluated_to_false_elaborated)
              << (int)First << SubstExpr
              << toString(SimplifiedLHS.Val.getInt(), 10)
              << BinaryOperator::getOpcodeStr(BO->getOpcode())
              << toString(SimplifiedRHS.Val.getInt(), 10);
          return;
        }
      }
      break;
 
    default:
      break;
    }
  } else if (auto *CSE = dyn_cast<ConceptSpecializationExpr>(SubstExpr)) {
    if (CSE->getTemplateArgsAsWritten()->NumTemplateArgs == 1) {
      S.Diag(
          CSE->getSourceRange().getBegin(),
          diag::
          note_single_arg_concept_specialization_constraint_evaluated_to_false)
          << (int)First
          << CSE->getTemplateArgsAsWritten()->arguments()[0].getArgument()
          << CSE->getNamedConcept();
    } else {
      S.Diag(SubstExpr->getSourceRange().getBegin(),
             diag::note_concept_specialization_constraint_evaluated_to_false)
          << (int)First << CSE;
    }
    S.DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(CSE->getSatisfaction());
    return;
  } else if (auto *RE = dyn_cast<RequiresExpr>(SubstExpr)) {
    // FIXME: RequiresExpr should store dependent diagnostics.
    for (concepts::Requirement *Req : RE->getRequirements())
      if (!Req->isDependent() && !Req->isSatisfied()) {
        if (auto *E = dyn_cast<concepts::ExprRequirement>(Req))
          diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(S, E, First);
        else if (auto *T = dyn_cast<concepts::TypeRequirement>(Req))
          diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(S, T, First);
        else
          diagnoseUnsatisfiedRequirement(
              S, cast<concepts::NestedRequirement>(Req), First);
        break;
      }
    return;
  } else if (auto *TTE = dyn_cast<TypeTraitExpr>(SubstExpr);
             TTE && TTE->getTrait() == clang::TypeTrait::BTT_IsDeducible) {
    assert(TTE->getNumArgs() == 2);
    S.Diag(SubstExpr->getSourceRange().getBegin(),
           diag::note_is_deducible_constraint_evaluated_to_false)
        << TTE->getArg(0)->getType() << TTE->getArg(1)->getType();
    return;
  }
 
  S.Diag(SubstExpr->getSourceRange().getBegin(),
         diag::note_atomic_constraint_evaluated_to_false)
      << (int)First << SubstExpr;
  S.DiagnoseTypeTraitDetails(SubstExpr);
}
 
template <typename SubstitutionDiagnostic>
static void diagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(
    Sema &S, const llvm::PointerUnion<Expr *, SubstitutionDiagnostic *> &Record,
    bool First = true) {
  if (auto *Diag = Record.template dyn_cast<SubstitutionDiagnostic *>()) {
    S.Diag(Diag->first, diag::note_substituted_constraint_expr_is_ill_formed)
        << Diag->second;
    return;
  }
 
  diagnoseWellFormedUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(S, cast<Expr *>(Record), First);
}
 
void
Sema::DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(const ConstraintSatisfaction& Satisfaction,
                                    bool First) {
  assert(!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied &&
         "Attempted to diagnose a satisfied constraint");
  for (auto &Record : Satisfaction.Details) {
    diagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(*this, Record, First);
    First = false;
  }
}
 
void Sema::DiagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraint(
    const ASTConstraintSatisfaction &Satisfaction,
    bool First) {
  assert(!Satisfaction.IsSatisfied &&
         "Attempted to diagnose a satisfied constraint");
  for (auto &Record : Satisfaction) {
    diagnoseUnsatisfiedConstraintExpr(*this, Record, First);
    First = false;
  }
}
 
const NormalizedConstraint *Sema::getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(
    const NamedDecl *ConstrainedDecl,
    ArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> AssociatedConstraints) {
  // In case the ConstrainedDecl comes from modules, it is necessary to use
  // the canonical decl to avoid different atomic constraints with the 'same'
  // declarations.
  ConstrainedDecl = cast<NamedDecl>(ConstrainedDecl->getCanonicalDecl());
 
  auto CacheEntry = NormalizationCache.find(ConstrainedDecl);
  if (CacheEntry == NormalizationCache.end()) {
    auto Normalized = NormalizedConstraint::fromAssociatedConstraints(
        *this, ConstrainedDecl, AssociatedConstraints);
    CacheEntry =
        NormalizationCache
            .try_emplace(ConstrainedDecl,
                         Normalized
                             ? new (Context) NormalizedConstraint(
                                 std::move(*Normalized))
                             : nullptr)
            .first;
  }
  return CacheEntry->second;
}
 
const NormalizedConstraint *clang::getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(
    Sema &S, const NamedDecl *ConstrainedDecl,
    ArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> AssociatedConstraints) {
  return S.getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(ConstrainedDecl,
                                              AssociatedConstraints);
}
 
static bool
substituteParameterMappings(Sema &S, NormalizedConstraint &N,
                            ConceptDecl *Concept,
                            const MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList &MLTAL,
                            const ASTTemplateArgumentListInfo *ArgsAsWritten) {
 
  if (N.isCompound()) {
    if (substituteParameterMappings(S, N.getLHS(), Concept, MLTAL,
                                    ArgsAsWritten))
      return true;
    return substituteParameterMappings(S, N.getRHS(), Concept, MLTAL,
                                       ArgsAsWritten);
  }
 
  if (N.isFoldExpanded()) {
    Sema::ArgPackSubstIndexRAII _(S, std::nullopt);
    return substituteParameterMappings(
        S, N.getFoldExpandedConstraint()->Constraint, Concept, MLTAL,
        ArgsAsWritten);
  }
 
  TemplateParameterList *TemplateParams = Concept->getTemplateParameters();
 
  AtomicConstraint &Atomic = *N.getAtomicConstraint();
  TemplateArgumentListInfo SubstArgs;
  if (!Atomic.ParameterMapping) {
    llvm::SmallBitVector OccurringIndices(TemplateParams->size());
    S.MarkUsedTemplateParameters(Atomic.ConstraintExpr, /*OnlyDeduced=*/false,
                                 /*Depth=*/0, OccurringIndices);
    TemplateArgumentLoc *TempArgs =
        new (S.Context) TemplateArgumentLoc[OccurringIndices.count()];
    for (unsigned I = 0, J = 0, C = TemplateParams->size(); I != C; ++I)
      if (OccurringIndices[I])
        new (&(TempArgs)[J++])
            TemplateArgumentLoc(S.getIdentityTemplateArgumentLoc(
                TemplateParams->begin()[I],
                // Here we assume we do not support things like
                // template<typename A, typename B>
                // concept C = ...;
                //
                // template<typename... Ts> requires C<Ts...>
                // struct S { };
                // The above currently yields a diagnostic.
                // We still might have default arguments for concept parameters.
                ArgsAsWritten->NumTemplateArgs > I
                    ? ArgsAsWritten->arguments()[I].getLocation()
                    : SourceLocation()));
    Atomic.ParameterMapping.emplace(TempArgs,  OccurringIndices.count());
  }
  SourceLocation InstLocBegin =
      ArgsAsWritten->arguments().empty()
          ? ArgsAsWritten->getLAngleLoc()
          : ArgsAsWritten->arguments().front().getSourceRange().getBegin();
  SourceLocation InstLocEnd =
      ArgsAsWritten->arguments().empty()
          ? ArgsAsWritten->getRAngleLoc()
          : ArgsAsWritten->arguments().front().getSourceRange().getEnd();
  Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(
      S, InstLocBegin,
      Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ParameterMappingSubstitution{},
      const_cast<NamedDecl *>(Atomic.ConstraintDecl),
      {InstLocBegin, InstLocEnd});
  if (Inst.isInvalid())
    return true;
  if (S.SubstTemplateArguments(*Atomic.ParameterMapping, MLTAL, SubstArgs))
    return true;
 
  TemplateArgumentLoc *TempArgs =
      new (S.Context) TemplateArgumentLoc[SubstArgs.size()];
  std::copy(SubstArgs.arguments().begin(), SubstArgs.arguments().end(),
            TempArgs);
  Atomic.ParameterMapping.emplace(TempArgs, SubstArgs.size());
  return false;
}
 
static bool substituteParameterMappings(Sema &S, NormalizedConstraint &N,
                                        const ConceptSpecializationExpr *CSE) {
  MultiLevelTemplateArgumentList MLTAL = S.getTemplateInstantiationArgs(
      CSE->getNamedConcept(), CSE->getNamedConcept()->getLexicalDeclContext(),
      /*Final=*/false, CSE->getTemplateArguments(),
      /*RelativeToPrimary=*/true,
      /*Pattern=*/nullptr,
      /*ForConstraintInstantiation=*/true);
 
  return substituteParameterMappings(S, N, CSE->getNamedConcept(), MLTAL,
                                     CSE->getTemplateArgsAsWritten());
}
 
NormalizedConstraint::NormalizedConstraint(ASTContext &C,
                                           NormalizedConstraint LHS,
                                           NormalizedConstraint RHS,
                                           CompoundConstraintKind Kind)
    : Constraint{CompoundConstraint{
          new(C) NormalizedConstraintPair{std::move(LHS), std::move(RHS)},
          Kind}} {}
 
NormalizedConstraint::NormalizedConstraint(ASTContext &C,
                                           const NormalizedConstraint &Other) {
  if (Other.isAtomic()) {
    Constraint = new (C) AtomicConstraint(*Other.getAtomicConstraint());
  } else if (Other.isFoldExpanded()) {
    Constraint = new (C) FoldExpandedConstraint(
        Other.getFoldExpandedConstraint()->Kind,
        NormalizedConstraint(C, Other.getFoldExpandedConstraint()->Constraint),
        Other.getFoldExpandedConstraint()->Pattern);
  } else {
    Constraint = CompoundConstraint(
        new (C)
            NormalizedConstraintPair{NormalizedConstraint(C, Other.getLHS()),
                                     NormalizedConstraint(C, Other.getRHS())},
        Other.getCompoundKind());
  }
}
 
NormalizedConstraint &NormalizedConstraint::getLHS() const {
  assert(isCompound() && "getLHS called on a non-compound constraint.");
  return cast<CompoundConstraint>(Constraint).getPointer()->LHS;
}
 
NormalizedConstraint &NormalizedConstraint::getRHS() const {
  assert(isCompound() && "getRHS called on a non-compound constraint.");
  return cast<CompoundConstraint>(Constraint).getPointer()->RHS;
}
 
std::optional<NormalizedConstraint>
NormalizedConstraint::fromAssociatedConstraints(
    Sema &S, const NamedDecl *D, ArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> ACs) {
  assert(ACs.size() != 0);
  auto Conjunction = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, ACs[0].ConstraintExpr);
  if (!Conjunction)
    return std::nullopt;
  for (unsigned I = 1; I < ACs.size(); ++I) {
    auto Next = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, ACs[I].ConstraintExpr);
    if (!Next)
      return std::nullopt;
    *Conjunction = NormalizedConstraint(S.Context, std::move(*Conjunction),
                                        std::move(*Next), CCK_Conjunction);
  }
  return Conjunction;
}
 
std::optional<NormalizedConstraint>
NormalizedConstraint::fromConstraintExpr(Sema &S, const NamedDecl *D,
                                         const Expr *E) {
  assert(E != nullptr);
 
  // C++ [temp.constr.normal]p1.1
  // [...]
  // - The normal form of an expression (E) is the normal form of E.
  // [...]
  E = E->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
 
  // C++2a [temp.param]p4:
  //     [...] If T is not a pack, then E is E', otherwise E is (E' && ...).
  // Fold expression is considered atomic constraints per current wording.
  // See http://cplusplus.github.io/concepts-ts/ts-active.html#28
 
  if (LogicalBinOp BO = E) {
    auto LHS = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, BO.getLHS());
    if (!LHS)
      return std::nullopt;
    auto RHS = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, BO.getRHS());
    if (!RHS)
      return std::nullopt;
 
    return NormalizedConstraint(S.Context, std::move(*LHS), std::move(*RHS),
                                BO.isAnd() ? CCK_Conjunction : CCK_Disjunction);
  } else if (auto *CSE = dyn_cast<const ConceptSpecializationExpr>(E)) {
    const NormalizedConstraint *SubNF;
    {
      Sema::InstantiatingTemplate Inst(
          S, CSE->getExprLoc(),
          Sema::InstantiatingTemplate::ConstraintNormalization{},
          // FIXME: improve const-correctness of InstantiatingTemplate
          const_cast<NamedDecl *>(D), CSE->getSourceRange());
      if (Inst.isInvalid())
        return std::nullopt;
      // C++ [temp.constr.normal]p1.1
      // [...]
      // The normal form of an id-expression of the form C<A1, A2, ..., AN>,
      // where C names a concept, is the normal form of the
      // constraint-expression of C, after substituting A1, A2, ..., AN for C’s
      // respective template parameters in the parameter mappings in each atomic
      // constraint. If any such substitution results in an invalid type or
      // expression, the program is ill-formed; no diagnostic is required.
      // [...]
      ConceptDecl *CD = CSE->getNamedConcept();
      SubNF = S.getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(
          CD, AssociatedConstraint(CD->getConstraintExpr()));
      if (!SubNF)
        return std::nullopt;
    }
 
    std::optional<NormalizedConstraint> New;
    New.emplace(S.Context, *SubNF);
 
    if (substituteParameterMappings(S, *New, CSE))
      return std::nullopt;
 
    return New;
  } else if (auto *FE = dyn_cast<const CXXFoldExpr>(E);
             FE && S.getLangOpts().CPlusPlus26 &&
             (FE->getOperator() == BinaryOperatorKind::BO_LAnd ||
              FE->getOperator() == BinaryOperatorKind::BO_LOr)) {
 
    // Normalize fold expressions in C++26.
 
    FoldExpandedConstraint::FoldOperatorKind Kind =
        FE->getOperator() == BinaryOperatorKind::BO_LAnd
            ? FoldExpandedConstraint::FoldOperatorKind::And
            : FoldExpandedConstraint::FoldOperatorKind::Or;
 
    if (FE->getInit()) {
      auto LHS = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, FE->getLHS());
      auto RHS = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, FE->getRHS());
      if (!LHS || !RHS)
        return std::nullopt;
 
      if (FE->isRightFold())
        RHS = NormalizedConstraint{new (S.Context) FoldExpandedConstraint{
            Kind, std::move(*RHS), FE->getPattern()}};
      else
        LHS = NormalizedConstraint{new (S.Context) FoldExpandedConstraint{
            Kind, std::move(*LHS), FE->getPattern()}};
 
      return NormalizedConstraint(
          S.Context, std::move(*LHS), std::move(*RHS),
          FE->getOperator() == BinaryOperatorKind::BO_LAnd ? CCK_Conjunction
                                                           : CCK_Disjunction);
    }
    auto Sub = fromConstraintExpr(S, D, FE->getPattern());
    if (!Sub)
      return std::nullopt;
    return NormalizedConstraint{new (S.Context) FoldExpandedConstraint{
        Kind, std::move(*Sub), FE->getPattern()}};
  }
 
  return NormalizedConstraint{new (S.Context) AtomicConstraint(E, D)};
}
 
bool FoldExpandedConstraint::AreCompatibleForSubsumption(
    const FoldExpandedConstraint &A, const FoldExpandedConstraint &B) {
 
  // [C++26] [temp.constr.fold]
  // Two fold expanded constraints are compatible for subsumption
  // if their respective constraints both contain an equivalent unexpanded pack.
 
  llvm::SmallVector<UnexpandedParameterPack> APacks, BPacks;
  Sema::collectUnexpandedParameterPacks(const_cast<Expr *>(A.Pattern), APacks);
  Sema::collectUnexpandedParameterPacks(const_cast<Expr *>(B.Pattern), BPacks);
 
  for (const UnexpandedParameterPack &APack : APacks) {
    auto ADI = getDepthAndIndex(APack);
    if (!ADI)
      continue;
    auto It = llvm::find_if(BPacks, [&](const UnexpandedParameterPack &BPack) {
      return getDepthAndIndex(BPack) == ADI;
    });
    if (It != BPacks.end())
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}
 
bool Sema::IsAtLeastAsConstrained(const NamedDecl *D1,
                                  MutableArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> AC1,
                                  const NamedDecl *D2,
                                  MutableArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> AC2,
                                  bool &Result) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
  if (const auto *FD1 = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(D1)) {
    auto IsExpectedEntity = [](const FunctionDecl *FD) {
      FunctionDecl::TemplatedKind Kind = FD->getTemplatedKind();
      return Kind == FunctionDecl::TK_NonTemplate ||
             Kind == FunctionDecl::TK_FunctionTemplate;
    };
    const auto *FD2 = dyn_cast<FunctionDecl>(D2);
    assert(IsExpectedEntity(FD1) && FD2 && IsExpectedEntity(FD2) &&
           "use non-instantiated function declaration for constraints partial "
           "ordering");
  }
#endif
 
  if (AC1.empty()) {
    Result = AC2.empty();
    return false;
  }
  if (AC2.empty()) {
    // TD1 has associated constraints and TD2 does not.
    Result = true;
    return false;
  }
 
  std::pair<const NamedDecl *, const NamedDecl *> Key{D1, D2};
  auto CacheEntry = SubsumptionCache.find(Key);
  if (CacheEntry != SubsumptionCache.end()) {
    Result = CacheEntry->second;
    return false;
  }
 
  unsigned Depth1 = CalculateTemplateDepthForConstraints(*this, D1, true);
  unsigned Depth2 = CalculateTemplateDepthForConstraints(*this, D2, true);
 
  for (size_t I = 0; I != AC1.size() && I != AC2.size(); ++I) {
    if (Depth2 > Depth1) {
      AC1[I].ConstraintExpr =
          AdjustConstraintDepth(*this, Depth2 - Depth1)
              .TransformExpr(const_cast<Expr *>(AC1[I].ConstraintExpr))
              .get();
    } else if (Depth1 > Depth2) {
      AC2[I].ConstraintExpr =
          AdjustConstraintDepth(*this, Depth1 - Depth2)
              .TransformExpr(const_cast<Expr *>(AC2[I].ConstraintExpr))
              .get();
    }
  }
 
  SubsumptionChecker SC(*this);
  std::optional<bool> Subsumes = SC.Subsumes(D1, AC1, D2, AC2);
  if (!Subsumes) {
    // Normalization failed
    return true;
  }
  Result = *Subsumes;
  SubsumptionCache.try_emplace(Key, *Subsumes);
  return false;
}
 
bool Sema::MaybeEmitAmbiguousAtomicConstraintsDiagnostic(
    const NamedDecl *D1, ArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> AC1,
    const NamedDecl *D2, ArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> AC2) {
  if (isSFINAEContext())
    // No need to work here because our notes would be discarded.
    return false;
 
  if (AC1.empty() || AC2.empty())
    return false;
 
  const Expr *AmbiguousAtomic1 = nullptr, *AmbiguousAtomic2 = nullptr;
  auto IdenticalExprEvaluator = [&](const AtomicConstraint &A,
                                    const AtomicConstraint &B) {
    if (!A.hasMatchingParameterMapping(Context, B))
      return false;
    const Expr *EA = A.ConstraintExpr, *EB = B.ConstraintExpr;
    if (EA == EB)
      return true;
 
    // Not the same source level expression - are the expressions
    // identical?
    llvm::FoldingSetNodeID IDA, IDB;
    EA->Profile(IDA, Context, /*Canonical=*/true);
    EB->Profile(IDB, Context, /*Canonical=*/true);
    if (IDA != IDB)
      return false;
 
    AmbiguousAtomic1 = EA;
    AmbiguousAtomic2 = EB;
    return true;
  };
 
  {
    // The subsumption checks might cause diagnostics
    SFINAETrap Trap(*this);
    auto *Normalized1 = getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(D1, AC1);
    if (!Normalized1)
      return false;
 
    auto *Normalized2 = getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(D2, AC2);
    if (!Normalized2)
      return false;
 
    SubsumptionChecker SC(*this);
 
    bool Is1AtLeastAs2Normally = SC.Subsumes(Normalized1, Normalized2);
    bool Is2AtLeastAs1Normally = SC.Subsumes(Normalized2, Normalized1);
 
    SubsumptionChecker SC2(*this, IdenticalExprEvaluator);
    bool Is1AtLeastAs2 = SC2.Subsumes(Normalized1, Normalized2);
    bool Is2AtLeastAs1 = SC2.Subsumes(Normalized2, Normalized1);
 
    if (Is1AtLeastAs2 == Is1AtLeastAs2Normally &&
        Is2AtLeastAs1 == Is2AtLeastAs1Normally)
      // Same result - no ambiguity was caused by identical atomic expressions.
      return false;
  }
  // A different result! Some ambiguous atomic constraint(s) caused a difference
  assert(AmbiguousAtomic1 && AmbiguousAtomic2);
 
  Diag(AmbiguousAtomic1->getBeginLoc(), diag::note_ambiguous_atomic_constraints)
      << AmbiguousAtomic1->getSourceRange();
  Diag(AmbiguousAtomic2->getBeginLoc(),
       diag::note_ambiguous_atomic_constraints_similar_expression)
      << AmbiguousAtomic2->getSourceRange();
  return true;
}
 
NormalizedConstraint::CompoundConstraintKind
NormalizedConstraint::getCompoundKind() const {
  assert(isCompound() && "getCompoundKind on a non-compound constraint..");
  return cast<CompoundConstraint>(Constraint).getInt();
}
 
AtomicConstraint *NormalizedConstraint::getAtomicConstraint() const {
  assert(isAtomic() && "getAtomicConstraint called on non-atomic constraint.");
  return cast<AtomicConstraint *>(Constraint);
}
 
FoldExpandedConstraint *
NormalizedConstraint::getFoldExpandedConstraint() const {
  assert(isFoldExpanded() &&
         "getFoldExpandedConstraint called on non-fold-expanded constraint.");
  return cast<FoldExpandedConstraint *>(Constraint);
}
 
//
//
// ------------------------ Subsumption -----------------------------------
//
//
 
template <> struct llvm::DenseMapInfo<llvm::FoldingSetNodeID> {
 
  static FoldingSetNodeID getEmptyKey() {
    FoldingSetNodeID ID;
    ID.AddInteger(std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max());
    return ID;
  }
 
  static FoldingSetNodeID getTombstoneKey() {
    FoldingSetNodeID ID;
    for (unsigned I = 0; I < sizeof(ID) / sizeof(unsigned); ++I) {
      ID.AddInteger(std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max());
    }
    return ID;
  }
 
  static unsigned getHashValue(const FoldingSetNodeID &Val) {
    return Val.ComputeHash();
  }
 
  static bool isEqual(const FoldingSetNodeID &LHS,
                      const FoldingSetNodeID &RHS) {
    return LHS == RHS;
  }
};
 
SubsumptionChecker::SubsumptionChecker(Sema &SemaRef,
                                       SubsumptionCallable Callable)
    : SemaRef(SemaRef), Callable(Callable), NextID(1) {}
 
uint16_t SubsumptionChecker::getNewLiteralId() {
  assert((unsigned(NextID) + 1 < std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()) &&
         "too many constraints!");
  return NextID++;
}
 
auto SubsumptionChecker::find(AtomicConstraint *Ori) -> Literal {
  auto &Elems = AtomicMap[Ori->ConstraintExpr];
  // C++ [temp.constr.order] p2
  //   - an atomic constraint A subsumes another atomic constraint B
  //     if and only if the A and B are identical [...]
  //
  // C++ [temp.constr.atomic] p2
  //   Two atomic constraints are identical if they are formed from the
  //   same expression and the targets of the parameter mappings are
  //   equivalent according to the rules for expressions [...]
 
  // Because subsumption of atomic constraints is an identity
  // relationship that does not require further analysis
  // We cache the results such that if an atomic constraint literal
  // subsumes another, their literal will be the same
 
  llvm::FoldingSetNodeID ID;
  const auto &Mapping = Ori->ParameterMapping;
  ID.AddBoolean(Mapping.has_value());
  if (Mapping) {
    for (const TemplateArgumentLoc &TAL : *Mapping) {
      SemaRef.getASTContext()
          .getCanonicalTemplateArgument(TAL.getArgument())
          .Profile(ID, SemaRef.getASTContext());
    }
  }
  auto It = Elems.find(ID);
  if (It == Elems.end()) {
    It = Elems
             .insert({ID,
                      MappedAtomicConstraint{
                          Ori, {getNewLiteralId(), Literal::Atomic}}})
             .first;
    ReverseMap[It->second.ID.Value] = Ori;
  }
  return It->getSecond().ID;
}
 
auto SubsumptionChecker::find(FoldExpandedConstraint *Ori) -> Literal {
  auto &Elems = FoldMap[Ori->Pattern];
 
  FoldExpendedConstraintKey K;
  K.Kind = Ori->Kind;
 
  auto It = llvm::find_if(Elems, [&K](const FoldExpendedConstraintKey &Other) {
    return K.Kind == Other.Kind;
  });
  if (It == Elems.end()) {
    K.ID = {getNewLiteralId(), Literal::FoldExpanded};
    It = Elems.insert(Elems.end(), std::move(K));
    ReverseMap[It->ID.Value] = Ori;
  }
  return It->ID;
}
 
auto SubsumptionChecker::CNF(const NormalizedConstraint &C) -> CNFFormula {
  return SubsumptionChecker::Normalize<CNFFormula>(C);
}
auto SubsumptionChecker::DNF(const NormalizedConstraint &C) -> DNFFormula {
  return SubsumptionChecker::Normalize<DNFFormula>(C);
}
 
///
/// \brief SubsumptionChecker::Normalize
///
/// Normalize a formula to Conjunctive Normal Form or
/// Disjunctive normal form.
///
/// Each Atomic (and Fold Expanded) constraint gets represented by
/// a single id to reduce space.
///
/// To minimize risks of exponential blow up, if two atomic
/// constraints subsumes each other (same constraint and mapping),
/// they are represented by the same literal.
///
template <typename FormulaType>
FormulaType SubsumptionChecker::Normalize(const NormalizedConstraint &NC) {
  FormulaType Res;
 
  auto Add = [&, this](Clause C) {
    // Sort each clause and remove duplicates for faster comparisons.
    llvm::sort(C);
    C.erase(llvm::unique(C), C.end());
    AddUniqueClauseToFormula(Res, std::move(C));
  };
 
  if (NC.isAtomic())
    return {{find(NC.getAtomicConstraint())}};
 
  if (NC.isFoldExpanded())
    return {{find(NC.getFoldExpandedConstraint())}};
 
  FormulaType Left, Right;
  SemaRef.runWithSufficientStackSpace(SourceLocation(), [&] {
    Left = Normalize<FormulaType>(NC.getLHS());
    Right = Normalize<FormulaType>(NC.getRHS());
  });
 
  if (NC.getCompoundKind() == FormulaType::Kind) {
    auto SizeLeft = Left.size();
    Res = std::move(Left);
    Res.reserve(SizeLeft + Right.size());
    std::for_each(std::make_move_iterator(Right.begin()),
                  std::make_move_iterator(Right.end()), Add);
    return Res;
  }
 
  Res.reserve(Left.size() * Right.size());
  for (const auto &LTransform : Left) {
    for (const auto &RTransform : Right) {
      Clause Combined;
      Combined.reserve(LTransform.size() + RTransform.size());
      llvm::append_range(Combined, LTransform);
      llvm::append_range(Combined, RTransform);
      Add(std::move(Combined));
    }
  }
  return Res;
}
 
void SubsumptionChecker::AddUniqueClauseToFormula(Formula &F, Clause C) {
  for (auto &Other : F) {
    if (llvm::equal(C, Other))
      return;
  }
  F.push_back(C);
}
 
std::optional<bool> SubsumptionChecker::Subsumes(
    const NamedDecl *DP, ArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> P, const NamedDecl *DQ,
    ArrayRef<AssociatedConstraint> Q) {
  const NormalizedConstraint *PNormalized =
      getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(SemaRef, DP, P);
  if (!PNormalized)
    return std::nullopt;
 
  const NormalizedConstraint *QNormalized =
      getNormalizedAssociatedConstraints(SemaRef, DQ, Q);
  if (!QNormalized)
    return std::nullopt;
 
  return Subsumes(PNormalized, QNormalized);
}
 
bool SubsumptionChecker::Subsumes(const NormalizedConstraint *P,
                                  const NormalizedConstraint *Q) {
 
  DNFFormula DNFP = DNF(*P);
  CNFFormula CNFQ = CNF(*Q);
  return Subsumes(DNFP, CNFQ);
}
 
bool SubsumptionChecker::Subsumes(const DNFFormula &PDNF,
                                  const CNFFormula &QCNF) {
  for (const auto &Pi : PDNF) {
    for (const auto &Qj : QCNF) {
      // C++ [temp.constr.order] p2
      //   - [...] a disjunctive clause Pi subsumes a conjunctive clause Qj if
      //     and only if there exists an atomic constraint Pia in Pi for which
      //     there exists an atomic constraint, Qjb, in Qj such that Pia
      //     subsumes Qjb.
      if (!DNFSubsumes(Pi, Qj))
        return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
bool SubsumptionChecker::DNFSubsumes(const Clause &P, const Clause &Q) {
 
  return llvm::any_of(P, [&](Literal LP) {
    return llvm::any_of(Q, [this, LP](Literal LQ) { return Subsumes(LP, LQ); });
  });
}
 
bool SubsumptionChecker::Subsumes(const FoldExpandedConstraint *A,
                                  const FoldExpandedConstraint *B) {
  std::pair<const FoldExpandedConstraint *, const FoldExpandedConstraint *> Key{
      A, B};
 
  auto It = FoldSubsumptionCache.find(Key);
  if (It == FoldSubsumptionCache.end()) {
    // C++ [temp.constr.order]
    // a fold expanded constraint A subsumes another fold expanded
    // constraint B if they are compatible for subsumption, have the same
    // fold-operator, and the constraint of A subsumes that of B.
    bool DoesSubsume =
        A->Kind == B->Kind &&
        FoldExpandedConstraint::AreCompatibleForSubsumption(*A, *B) &&
        Subsumes(&A->Constraint, &B->Constraint);
    It = FoldSubsumptionCache.try_emplace(std::move(Key), DoesSubsume).first;
  }
  return It->second;
}
 
bool SubsumptionChecker::Subsumes(Literal A, Literal B) {
  if (A.Kind != B.Kind)
    return false;
  switch (A.Kind) {
  case Literal::Atomic:
    if (!Callable)
      return A.Value == B.Value;
    return Callable(
        *static_cast<const AtomicConstraint *>(ReverseMap[A.Value]),
        *static_cast<const AtomicConstraint *>(ReverseMap[B.Value]));
  case Literal::FoldExpanded:
    return Subsumes(
        static_cast<const FoldExpandedConstraint *>(ReverseMap[A.Value]),
        static_cast<const FoldExpandedConstraint *>(ReverseMap[B.Value]));
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unknown literal kind");
}