Commons:A prepaus de las licéncias
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La pagina Commons:A prepaus de las licéncias ofrís un apercebut de las leis complèxas suls dreches d'autor per vos ajudar a determinar se d'imatges o d'autres mèdias pòdon èsser efièchament cargats dins Wikimedia Commons. Aquesta pagina constituís un guida e provesís d'exemples per vos ajudar a melhor mestresar lo subjècte (quitament se sètz pas jurista).
Wikimedia Commons accèpta unicament lo contengut liure, es a dire los imatges e autres mèdias que pòdon èsser utilizats per qual que siá, per quina utilizacion que siá (sovent a la condicion que la libertat d'utilizacion siá preservada)[1]. Los detalhs son provesits çaijós.
Wikipèdia Commons accèpta pas que los fichièrs multimèdia :
- que son jos licéncia liura, o
- que son dins lo domeni public al mens als Estats Units e dins lo país ont se tròba l'òbra.
Wikimedia Commons accèpta pas lo fair use, vejatz l'explicacion mai bas ; Commons accèpta pas tanpauc los fichièrs jos licéncias « non-comercialas. »
La licéncia que s'aplica a un imatge o autre mèdia deu èsser clarament indicada sus la pagina de descripcion de l'imatge en seleccionant un bendèl de licéncia (vejatz illustracion çaijós). Se volètz mai d'entresenhas sus las licéncias, vejatz aquesta pagina d'ajuda.
Per demandar a un autor la permission d'utilizar son trabalh sus Commons, vejatz los modèles d'e-mail sus Commons o sus Wikipèdia.
Licéncias acceptablas
A copyright license is a formal permission stating who may use a copyrighted work and how they may use it. A license can only be granted by the copyright holder, which is usually the author (photographer, painter or similar).
Tous les fichièrs sus Commons devon aver una licéncia liura qui autorise n'importe qui a utilizar ces fichièrs, per n'importe quelle utilizacion (vejatz tanben les critères d'inclusion). En particulier, la licéncia deu autoriser les conditions seguentas :
- La republication e la distribution devon èsser autorizadas.
- La publication de trabalhs dérivés deu èsser autorizada.
- L'utilizacion comerciala deu èsser autorizada.
- La référence als autors / contributeurs peut èsser requesa.
- La publication des trabalhs dérivés jos la meteissa licéncia peut èsser requesa.
- L'utilizacion de formats de fichièr libres de restrictions numériques (DRM) peut èsser requesa.
Sometimes, authors wish to release a lower quality or lower resolution version of an image or video under a free license, while applying stricter terms to higher quality versions. It is unclear whether such a distinction is legally enforceable, but Commons's policy is to respect the copyright holder's intentions by hosting only the lower quality version.
Les restrictions seguentas ne devon pas s'appliquer als imatges e autres médias :
- Utilizacion per Wikimedia seulement (a l'exception des logos e autres symboles qui sont les marques déposées, o qui identifient les sites de la Fondation Wikimedia)
- Pas d'utilizacion comerciala, o utilizacion a des fins éducatives seulement.
- Utilizacion segon le principe del fair use.
- Besoin d'avertir l'autor per certaines o toutes utilizacions (une incitation est possible).
Plus spécifiquement, les cas seguents ne sont en général pas autorizats :
- Les còpias d'ecran de logicials qui ne sont pas eux-mêmes jos licéncia liura. Les còpias d'ecran de logicial jos licéncia GPL o similaire sont généralement considérées coma acceptables.
- Les captures d'ecrans de films, télévision, etc.
- Les numérisations o reproductions (photos) d'òbras copyrightées, coma des couvertures de livres...
- Les logos, symboles, etc. d'une marca depausada.
- Les maquettes, figurines, masques, jouets, etc. représentant una òbra copyrightée, per exemple un personnage dessin animé o de bande dessinée.
Commons accepte bien sûr tous les trabalhs qui ne sont pas soumis al copyright (c'est-à-dire dins le domaine public). Cependant, certains pays ont des législations différentes en ce qui concerne le domaine public (vejatz plus bas)
For an explanation of the justification for this licensing policy, see Commons:Licensing/Justifications.
Licéncias multiples
Vous pouvez mettre autant de licéncias que vous voulez sus un fichièr, del moment que au moins l'une d'entre elles remplit les conditions ci-dessus. Per exemple, un imatge peut posséder una licéncia « non comerciala », mas elle deu obligatoirement aver tanben una licéncia compatible amb les principes ci-dessus.
La mise jos licéncia multiple peut èsser justifiée per la compatibilité amb différents projets, o per donner davantage de liberté als autors per libérer des droits sus leur òbra.
Licéncias correntas
Les licéncias seguentas sont assez correntas, e sont a utilizar de préférence per les fichièrs de Commons :
- Licéncias Creative Commons Attribution (-BY) o Attribution-Share-Alike (BY-SA)
- GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL)
- GNU General Public License (GPL) o GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL)
- Licéncia Art Libre
- Tous les trabalhs dins le domaine public (vejatz plus bas)
| Creative Commons license icons and names | Abbreviations & versions | OK here? | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
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CC Public Domain Mark 1.0 |  Generally OK
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Often found on Flickr images, and considered to be freely licensed in most circumstances. - see Public Domain section below |
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CC0 |  OK
|
|
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CC BY (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | OK
|
|
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CC BY-SA (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | OK
|
|
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CC BY-NC (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) |  Not OK
|
|
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CC BY-NC-ND (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | Not OK
|
|
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CC BY-NC-SA (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | Not OK
|
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CC BY-ND (1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0) | Not OK
|
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| Notes on the symbols | |||
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Again, works in the public domain are also accepted (see below).
See Commons:Copyright tags for more licenses.
Forbidden licenses
Works which are not available under a license which meets the Definition of Free Cultural Works are explicitly not allowed. See the Wikimedia Foundation board resolution on licensing for more information.
Bien qu'elles soient correntas sus Internet, les licéncias seguentas ne sont pas acceptées sus Commons, a moins que l'oeuvre ne se trouve en même temps jos al moins una autre licéncia, qui elle soit acceptable (vejatz la section licenses multiples ci-dessus) :
- Creative Commons sans utilizacion comerciala (Non-Commercial Only, -NC)
- Creative Commons sans trabalhs dérivés (Non-Derivatives, -ND)
Creative Commons Non-Commercial Only (-NC) licenses
Creative Commons No-Derivatives (-ND) licenses- Unlicensed material usable only under fair use, fair dealing, or other similar legal exceptions (see below for the reasons)
- GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), under certain conditions (see below)
Non-permitted licenses may only be used on Commons if the work is multi-licensed under at least one permitted license.
If an image is not OK, consider asking the author to release their work under a free license such as CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution license), or CC BY-SA (Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike).
GNU Free Documentation License
Note : La GFDL est assez peu pratique per les imatges e les textes courts, en particulier per les médias imprimés, puisqu'elle impose d'imprimer le texte complet de la GFDL amb los imatges o le texte. Dans ce cas, il est préférable d'y ajouter una deuxième licéncia per autoriser una utilizacion plus souple, coma una Creative Commons.
GFDL is not permitted as the only acceptable license where all of the following are true:
- The content was licensed on or after 15 October 2018. The licensing date is considered, not the creation or upload date.
- The content is primarily a photograph, painting, drawing, audio or video.
- The content is not a software logo, diagram or screenshot that is extracted from a GFDL software manual.
Informations de licéncia
Toutes les paginas de description de Commons devon indiquer clairement jos quelle licéncia le fichièr est publié, e deu contenir les informations demandées per aquesta licéncia (autor, etc.), de même que des informations suffisantes per vérifier la licéncia (lien vers la source).
En particulier, les informations seguentas devraient toujours èsser données sus la pagina de description, que la licéncia le demande o non :
- La licéncia qui s'applique al fichièr, en utilisant un bandeau de licéncia.
- La source des trabalhs, de préférence un lien Web o una citation. Ceci ne s'applique bien sûr pas si vous êtes l'autor del fichièr o si la première source est Commons, mas ceci deu alors èsser écrit explicitement.
- L'autor / créateur de l'imatge o del fichièr. Per les fichièrs considérés coma dins le domaine public a cause d'une expiration del copyright, la date de la mort de l'autor peut èsser cruciale (vejatz la section consacrée al domaine public plus bas).
Détails de moindre importance, mas qui devraient èsser fournis si possible :
- Une description del contenu de l'imatge o del media (qui, quoi, où...) : c'est important per que tout le monde puisse saver ce que l'on peut voir o entendre. Ca l'est encore plus per les données scientifiques coma des imatges en fausses couleurs per exemple.
- La date e le lieu de création. Per les fichièrs dins le domaine public per expiration de copyright, la date de création peut èsser cruciale (vejatz plus bas).
Un modèle peut èsser utilisé per compléter ces informations : le modèle "Information". Per un exemple d'utilizacion, vejatz Commons:Critères d'inclusion
Étendue de la licéncia
Notez que, dins certains cas, un document peut aver plusieurs aspects qui peuvent (et devon) aver una licéncia. Chaque personne qui a apporté una contribution importante a l'òbra a des droits sus l'òbra finale, e dins ce cas tous devon décider de mettre leur òbra jos una licéncia liura. Les distinctions ne sont cependant pas toujours claires e varient segon les pays. Quelques exemples per clarifier :
- Per l'enregistrement d'une chanson, les aspects seguents devon èsser pris en compte, e chacun deu èsser soumis a una licéncia liura (ou dins le domaine public) :
- Les partitions de la musique (droits del compositeur)
- Les paroles de la chanson (droits de l'autor)
- L'interprétation (droits des musiciens, chanteurs...)
- L'enregistrement (droits del personnel technique, de la société d'enregistrement...).
- Per una image d'art (mais tanben les couvertures de livres...), les aspects sont similaires :
- Lo créateur de l'òbra originale a des droits sus le résultat.
- Lo photographe possède des droits sus l'imatge.
- Per un imatge de l'intérieur d'un bâtiment, l'architecte peut détenir certains droits si certains détails architecturaux sont visibles (du moins en Allemagne).
- Per l'extérieur d'un bâtiment, l'architecte peut détenir certains droits ; dins certains pays, ceci s'applique uniquement si la photo a été prise d'un lieu non public (Allemagne, Autriche), mas dins d'autres ceci s'applique indépendamment de l'endroit où la photo a été prise (France).
Ceci peut devenir problématique si l'òbra d'art n'est pas le sujet principal de l'imatge, o si elle n'est pas reconnaissable distinctement. Dans ce cas, c'est habituellement seul le créateur de l'imatge résultante (ou enregistrement...) qui détient le copyright. Per exemple, en prenant una photo d'un groupe de personnes dins un musée, la photo peut également montrer certaines peintures sus les murs. Dans ce cas, le copyright des peintures n'a pas a èsser pris en compte. Cependant, aquesta distinction reste floue.
Notez que la licéncia per tous les aspects deu èsser déterminée e mentionnée explicitement. Notez également que les reproductions ne donnent en général pas de droit al copyright : le créateur d'une numérisation ne détient aucun copyright sus l'imatge numérisée. Dans ce cas, la seule licéncia a prendre en compte est celle de l'imatge d'origine.
Trabalhs dins le domaine public
Material released under a license like CC0 is considered the equivalent of public domain material; works that lack originality and edicts are in the public domain; a few governments around the world, including the US Federal, California, and Florida governments place most of their works, including most of their public records in the public domain; the English Wikipedia's guideline on public domain material more precisely defines these many exceptions.
Commons accepte les trabalhs qui sont dins le domaine public, c'est-à-dire des documents qui ne donnent pas droit al copyright, o dont le copyright a expiré. Une òbra est généralement considérée dins le domaine public 70 ans (USA : 95 ans) après que le créateur de l'òbra soit mort. Ainsi, si le créateur de l'òbra est mort avant 1938, l'òbra peut raisonnablement èsser considérée coma étant dins le domaine public dins la plupart des juridictions. Si l'òbra est anonyme, la convention de Berne considère que l'òbra tombe dins le domaine public 70 ans après la date de publication. Une òbra peut tanben èsser dins le domaine public (internationalement o d'après certaines juridictions) si una des exceptions nationales (vejatz plus bas) est applicable. Notez cependant que les détails des leis sus le copyright sont extrêmement compliqués, en particulier quand les leis e traités internacionals devon èsser pris en compte. En général, si una òbra a été créée e publiée a l'origine dins un pays, la lei de ce pays s'applique probablement.
Many countries use such a copyright term of 70 years. A notable exception is the U.S. Due to historical circumstances, the United States has more complex rules:
- Works published before 1929 are in the public domain.
- For works first published before 1964, copyright lasts 28 years after publication, and is therefore currently expired unless the owner filed for renewal during the window between 27 and 28 years after publication.
If renewed during that window, copyright lasts until 95 years after first publication.
The large majority of works published before 1964 have passed into the public domain, but it is imperative to determine that copyright was not renewed. (The US Copyright Office online catalog can be used to search for renewals in 1978 or later—useful for works published in 1951 through 1963; Google has scans of the paper catalog including works registered from 1923 up to 1978).
- For works first published before 1978: until 95 years after the first publication.
- For works first published 1978 or later: until 70 years after the author's death. Anonymous works or work made for hire: until the shorter of 95 years since the first publication or 120 years since the creation of the work.
For works created before 1978 but only published 1978 or later, there are some special rules. These terms apply in the U.S. also for foreign works.
However, the year and location of publication is essential. In several countries, material published before a certain year is in the public domain. In the U.S. this date is January 1, 1929. In some countries, all government-published material is public domain, while in others governments claim some copyright (see Commons:Copyright rules by territory/oc).
In the US, the copyright situation for sound recordings (including those published before 1929) is a special case. Under Title II of the Music Modernization Act, recordings that were first fixed prior to February 15, 1972 are copyrighted for a period of time under US federal copyright that depends on when the recording was first published. This federal copyright applies regardless of any formalities (copyright notice, registration, and/or renewal.) The specific copyright term lengths are as follows:
- Recordings that were first published prior to 1923 entered the public domain on January 1, 2022.
- Recordings that were first published between 1923 and 1946 are copyrighted for a period of 100 years after first publication.
- Recordings that were first published between 1947 and 1956 are copyrighted for a period of 110 years after first publication.
- Recordings that were published after 1956 and first fixed prior to February 15, 1972 will enter the public domain on February 15, 2067.
Sound recordings that were first fixed on or after February 15, 1972 are subject to the same US copyright law term lengths and provisions as other works.
Dans certaines juridictions (coma als Estats Units), vous pouvez tanben mettre una òbra que vous avez créé vous-même dins le domaine public. Dans d'autres pays (coma dins l'Union Européenne), ceci n'est pas faisable techniquement, mas vous pouvez mettre una licéncia illimitée a la place (vejatz Commons:Donate to the public domain).
The Hirtle chart is a tool for helping to determine if something is in the public domain in the United States. Commons:International copyright quick reference guide helps to determine if a work first published outside the United States can be uploaded.
Interaction of US and non-US copyright law
Commons is an international project, but its servers are located in the U.S., and its content should be maximally reusable. Uploads of non-U.S. works are normally allowed only if the work is either in the public domain or covered by a valid free license in both the U.S. and the country of origin of the work. The "country of origin" of a work is generally the country where the work was first published.
When uploading material from a country outside the U.S., the copyright laws of that country and the U.S. normally apply. If material that has been saved from a third-party website is uploaded to Commons, the copyright laws of the U.S., the country of residence of the uploader, and the country of location of the web servers of the website apply. Thus, any licence to use the material should apply in all relevant jurisdictions; if the material is in the public domain, it must normally be in the public domain in all these jurisdictions (plus in the country of origin of the work) for it to be allowable on Commons.
For example, if a person in the UK uploads a picture that has been saved off a French website to the Commons server, the uploader must be covered by UK, French and US copyright law. For that person to upload that photograph to Commons, the photograph must be public domain in France, the UK and the US, or there must be an acceptable copyright license for the photograph that covers the UK, US and France.
Exception: Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional works of art, such as paintings, which are in the public domain are an exception to this rule. In July 2008, following a statement clarifying WMF policy, Commons voted to the effect that all such photographs are accepted as public domain regardless of country of origin, and tagged with a warning. For details, see Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag.
Uruguay Round Agreements Act
- Main page: Commons:URAA-restored copyrights
The Uruguay Round Agreements Act or URAA is a US law that restored copyrights in the U.S. on foreign works if that work was still copyrighted in the foreign source country on the URAA date. This URAA date was January 1, 1996 for most countries. This means that foreign works became copyrighted in the U.S. even if they had been in the public domain in the U.S. before the URAA date. See also Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights.
Because the constitutionality of this law was challenged in court, Commons initially permitted users to upload images that would have been public domain in the U.S. without the URAA. However, the constitutionality of the URAA was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Golan v. Holder. After discussion, it was determined that the affected files would not be deleted en masse but reviewed individually. There was further discussion about the best method for review of affected files, resulting in the creation of Commons:WikiProject Public Domain (not active anymore).
Files affected by the URAA should be tagged with {{Not-PD-US-URAA}}.
Files nominated for deletion due to the URAA should be evaluated carefully, as should be their copyright status under US and local laws. A mere allegation that the URAA applies to a file cannot be the sole reason for deletion. If the end result of copyright evaluation is that there is significant doubt about the freedom of a file under US or local law, the file must be deleted in line with the precautionary principle.
Old orphan works
Old orphan works are accepted, provided that
- the works were created before 1929;
- or, the works were created before the pma duration (required years after the author's death) in the country of origin, which would satisfy {{PD-1996}} if published at the time of creation (e.g. works created before 1946 for 50 years pma countries, if the URAA date is 1996).
PD 1.0 and Flickr
See also: Commons:Flickr files. 
The Creative Commons Public Domain 1.0 mark (PDM) is often applied to images on photography websites such as Flickr.com, and is not a license. Despite this, the community found that when a user applies PDM to their own work, they are releasing their work to be in the public domain, and these works are believed to be freely licensed. For further information, see Accept files published by the copyright holder with a Public Domain Mark.
Les trabalhs en fair use ne sont pas acceptés sus Commons
Les oeuvres utilisables seulement segon le fair use o autre disposition similaire ne sont pas acceptées sus Commons ( vejatz l'explication plus bas).
Œuvres dérivées
Vous voudriez importer un imatge de Mickey, mas vous ne pouvez bien sûr pas en scanner une. Pourquoi ne pas prendre una photo d'une figurine, puis l'importer ? Ce n'est pas acceptable car il s'agit d'une òbra dérivée, qui ne peut èsser importée sans l'accord del créateur.
Lo US Copyright Act de 1976, section 101 définit una òbra dérivée, e la section 106 précise qu'une photographie d'un objet jos copyright est una òbra dérivée (vejatz Commons:Œuvre dérivée per les détails).
De tellos imatges seront supprimées sus Commons.
For more information, see Commons:Derivative works.
Exception: So-called useful articles - objects with an intrinsic utilitarian function, even if commercial designs, are not subject to copyright protection in the US. Consequently, images thereof are not derivative works under US law. For details and applicability of this exception, see the Supreme Court’s decision in Mazer v. Stein, and {{Useful-object-US}}.
Simple design
Regarding trademarks (see also Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter: Trademarks): Most commercial items and products are protected by intellectual property laws in one way or another, but copyright is only one such protection. It is important to make the distinction between copyright, trademarks, and patents. Wikimedia Commons generally only enforces copyright restrictions, for these reasons:
- Almost anything can be trademarked, and it wouldn't make sense to forbid everything.
- Trademarks and industrial designs restrictions are pertinent to industrial reproduction, but photographs of such items can otherwise be freely reproduced.
→ For these reasons Commons accepts any trademark whose copyright has expired. Moreover, Commons accepts images of text in a general typeface and of simple geometric shapes, even if it happens to be a recent trademarked logo, on the grounds that such an image is not sufficiently creative to attract copyright protection.
Such images should be tagged with {{PD-ineligible}} or one of the list of more specific tags for this kind of works (e.g. {{PD-textlogo}} for simple logos).
Raster renderings (i.e. PNG images) of uncopyrighted simple designs can themselves be regarded as being uncopyrighted. For vector images (i.e. SVG files) of uncopyrighted simple designs, the question as to whether the vector representation has its own copyright is less clear; see the English Wikipedia copyright information about fonts and the {{PD-textlogo}} talk page for more information.
It is often very difficult to determine whether a design is protected by copyright or not, and images of these sorts are frequently nominated for deletion, with various results. See Commons:Threshold of originality and/or “Threshold of originality” (in Wikipedia) for some guidance.
Fonts
The raster rendering of a font (or typeface) is not subject to copyright in the U.S., and therefore is in the public domain. It may be copyrighted in other countries (see intellectual property of typefaces on Wikipedia). You should use {{PD-font}} in this case.
Copyright rules
Some guidance on applicable copyright rules can be found at
- Commons:Copyright rules by territory/oc
- Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter/oc (formerly "Commons:Image casebook")
See also
See also
Notes
- ↑ Aquò pòt dependre d'autras condicions que los dreches d'autor, coma la localizacion geografica, lo drech de las marcas, o d'autras leis. Dins la mesura de çò possible, aquelas restriccions son mencionadas dins la descripcion associada a l'imatge, mas demòra de la responsabilitat del contributor de s'assegurar que lo fichièr viòla pas cap de lei. En particular, los dreches d'autor pòdon aver expirat dins un país mas pas un autre ; a mai, d'unas licéncias coma la GFDL e las Creative Commons Share-Alike impausan que los trabalhs derivats demòren jos la meteissa licéncia.
- ↑ In cases where a work is simultaneously published in multiple countries, the "country of origin" is the country which grants the shortest term of copyright protection, per the Berne Convention.
- ↑ See Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits Inc where it was decided that the SKYY vodka bottle and logo were not copyrightable.
External links
Collections of laws:
- UNESCO collection of copyright laws.
- WIPO Lex.
- CERLALC: Copyright laws of Latin America, the Caribbean states, and Spain and Portugal.
- CIPR: Copyright laws of the CIS nations and the three Baltic states.
- ECAP: Copyright laws of ASEAN countries.
- EuroMed Audiovisual II EU programme; has recent copyright laws of some mediterranean states (from Morocco to Turkey).
Copyright treaties:
Other:
- Circular 38a: International Copyright Relations of the United States, from the U.S. Copyright Office. (A bit dated, some countries are missing.)
- Circular 38b: Highlights of Copyright Amendments Contained in the URAA, from the U.S. Copyright Office.
- 17 USC 104A: Copyright restorations in the U.S. due to the URAA
- Copyright in the USA