Commons:Ungeschützte Werke/Europa

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Nicht geschützt
AfrikaAmerikaAsienEuropaOzeanienAndere

Diese Seite gibt einen Überblick über die Regeln für ungeschützte Werke in verschiedenen Ländern oder Gebieten Europas. Dabei handelt es sich um Werke, die aufgrund ihrer Beschaffenheit nicht urheberrechtlich geschützt werden können. Die Regeln sind aus den einzelnen Seitenabschnitten, die die Regeln für jedes Gebiet enthalten, „eingebunden“.

Staaten in Europa

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COM:NOP Albania

Albanien

Under Law No. 35/2016 of March 31, 2016, on Copyright and Related Rights, the following are not protected by copyright: a. ideas, theories, concepts, discoveries and inventions of creative work, regardless of the method of interpretation, justification or expression; b. discoveries, official texts in the domain of legislation, administrative and judiciary and other official works and their collections, disclosed for the purpose of officially informing the public; c. official state symbols, symbols of organizations and public authorities, such as: the arms, the seal, the flag, the emblem, the medallion, the hallmark, the medal; ç. means of payment; d. news of the day and other news, having the character of mere items of press information; dh. Simple data and facts.[35/2016 Article 12.1]

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COM:NOP Andorra

Andorra

  • Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to any idea, procedure, system, method of operation, concept, principle, discovery or mere data, even if expressed, described, explained, illustrated or embodied in a work.[1999 Art. 4(1)]
  • No protection shall extend under this law to any official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, as well as any official translation thereof.[1999 Art. 4(2)]

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COM:NOP Armenia

Armenien

  • The following works not subject to copyright: a) works of folklore and folk art; b) information about the news of the day or current events and facts; c) official documents - legal acts, contracts and their official translations; d) state symbols and signs (flags, emblems, orders, bank notes and so on); e) political speeches, speeches made during the trial; f) results obtained by technical means without human creative activity.[2013 Article 4.1]
  • Copyright does not apply to scientific discoveries, ideas, principles, methods, procedures, concepts, systems, processes, scientific theories, mathematical formulas, statistical diagrams, rules of the game, even if they are expressed, described, disclosed, covered in works.[2013 Article 4.2]

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COM:NOP Azerbaijan

Aserbaidschan

The following items are not objects of copyright:

  • Official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character) and their official translations;
  • State emblems and official signs (flags, arms, anthems, orders, monetary signs and other State symbols and official signs);
  • Folk creativity (folklore) expressions ;
  • News of day, data about various events and the facts of information character.[636-IVQD/2013 Article 7]
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COM:NOP Belarus

Belarus

According to the Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 262-Z of May 17, 2011,

  • The following are not deemed objects of copyright: official documents (legal acts, court decisions, other administrative and court documents, constituent documents of legal entities) and their official translations; State symbols of the Republic of Belarus (State Flag of the Republic of Belarus, State Emblem of the Republic of Belarus, State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus), symbols of state decorations of the Republic of Belarus (orders and medals), state signs (paper currency of the Republic of Belarus, post stamps and other signs), official heraldry symbols (flags, emblems of administration divisions of the Republic of Belarus, heraldry signs, colours, badges, emblems of state authorities etc.); works of folk art which authors are unknown.[262-Z/2011 Art.7(2)]
  • Copyright shall not cover ideas, methods, processes, systems, ways, conceptions, principles, discoveries, facts even if they are expressed, presented, explained or implemented in works.[262-Z/2011 Art.7(2)]

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COM:NOP Belgium

Belgien

Keine Information verfügbar Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Bulgaria

Bulgarien

The following are not considered subject matter of copyright:[2023 Article 4]

  1. normative and individual acts of state administration bodies, acts of courts, as well as their official translations;
  2. ideas and concepts;
  3. works of folklore;
  4. news, facts, information and data.
  5. materials obtained by reproduction of works referred to in Art. 5 - 10 with an expired term of copyright.

In particular, this applies to various documents, e.g. certificates, issued by units of the Bulgarian armed forces, including historical ones, like the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps (MAVC). In these cases it is advisable to use appropriate “author” templates if such exist, e.g. {{Author-MAVC}} for MAVC.

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COM:NOP Denmark

Dänemark

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Germany

Deutschland

Nach § 5 Abs. 1 des Gesetzes über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte (UrhG) unterliegen Gesetze, Verordnungen, amtliche Erlasse und Bekanntmachungen sowie Entscheidungen und amtlich verfasste Leitsätze zu Entscheidungen keinem urheberrechtlichen Schutz.

Das am schwersten zu fassende Element innerhalb dieser Aufzählung ist vielleicht das der „amtlichen Bekanntmachungen“. Laut Bundesgerichtshof müssen derartige Bekanntmachung „regelnden Inhalt“ aufweisen – die Bestimmung erfasst nicht jede informatorische Äußerung eines Amts.[1] Ganz grundsätzlich stellte der Bundesgerichtshof fest, dass § 5 Abs. 1 überhaupt nur auf Werke anwendbar ist, die eine „normative oder einzelfallbezogene rechtliche Regelung enthalten“, da nur in diesem Fall „ein derart erhebliches öffentliches Interesse an der Verbreitung vor, dass die Ausnahme vom Urheberrechtsschutz ohne weitere Voraussetzungen gerechtfertigt ist“.[2] „Entscheidungen“ sind Entscheidungen von staatlichen Gerichten oder von Verwaltungsbehörden, die als Urteile, Beschlüsse, Verfügungen, Bescheide etc. in Einzelfällen streitentscheidend, feststellend oder gestaltend verbindliche Regelungen enthalten.[3]

Eine für dieses Projekt wichtige Frage ist, ob § 5 Abs. 1 für sämtliche Werkarten gilt. In einer Entscheidung des Landgerichts Berlin aus dem Jahr 2012 (die hier einige Aufmerksamkeit erfahren hat, da die Wikimedia Foundation beklagte Partei war) wurde der Ansicht von Teilen der Literatur gefolgt, wonach § 5 Abs. 1 ausschließlich Sprachwerke erfasst.[4] Diese Ansicht hat auch Kritik erfahren; danach können amtliche Erlasse, Entscheidungen etc. durchaus auch andere Werkarten enthalten – dem Zweck von § 5 Abs. 1 laufe es zuwider, wenn diese sämtlich vor einer Veröffentlichung entfernt werden müssten.[5]

Nach vorherrschender Ansicht gilt § 5 Abs. 1 UrhG nicht für Zahlungsmittel (Noten und Münzen),[6], Briefmarken,[7] oder Hoheitszeichen von Gebietskörperschaften (wenngleich letztere noch nicht annäherend so große Beachtung in der Kommentarliteratur, geschweige denn der Rechtsprechung gefunden haben).[8] Diejenigen, die § 5 Abs. 1 UrhG auch in Bezug auf nichtsprachliche Werke für anwendbar halten, stimmen zumeist überein, dass sich die Bestimmung auf Bebauungspläne gemäß § 8 Abs. 1 des Baugesetzbuchs erstreckt, da dort rechtsverbindliche planerische Festlegungen enthalten sind,[9] desgleichen auf amtliche Straßenverkehrszeichen.[10] Die meisten Karten und Pläne amtlicher Herkunft fallen allerdings nicht unter Abs. 1, sondern entweder unter Abs. 2 (siehe nachstehend) oder werden überhaupt nicht als „amtliche Werke“ angesehen. Laut Bundesgerichtshof sind etwa die von den Landesvermessungsämtern herausgegebenen topographischen Landeskarten nicht amtlich im Sinne des Urheberrechtsgesetzes.[11]

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COM:NOP Estonia

Estland

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Finland

Finnland

Under the Copyright Act 404/1961, with amendments up to 608/2015, there shall be no copyright:[404/1961–2015 Sec.9(1)]

  • In laws and decrees;
  • In resolutions, stipulations and other documents which are published under the Act on the Statutes of Finland (188/2000) and the Act on the Regulations of Ministries and other Government Authorities (189/2000);
  • Treaties, conventions and other corresponding documents containing international obligations;
  • Decisions and statements issued by public authorities or other public bodies;
  • Translations of documents referred to above made by or commissioned by public authorities or other public bodies.

As of the 2005 revision, copyright protection continues to apply to independent works contained in the documents referred to in the list above.[404/1961–2015 Sec.9(1)] A work that is part of or attached to a decision or something similar is often such that it was not produced specifically as a part of the decision or as an attachment to it. In such a case, it is not reasonable that the attached work should also automatically lose copyright protection. An example is a work of fine art included in currency. This applies to independent works included in both the text of the document and its appendices. These independent works could be reproduced in connection with the document in question and used separately from the document for the purpose to which the document is related, but due to these restrictions the document or the protected independent work it contains cannot be uploaded to Commons.[12]

The textual, and in many cases the graphical, representations of Finnish coat of arms of municipalities, regions and provinces are considered to be part of decisions of public bodies and therefore they are not protected by copyright. According to the opinions of the Finnish Copyright Council even the graphical representation is thought (at least in these cases) not to be protected by copyright.

[13][14]

Either the graphical representations were part of the decisions of the municipalities (whether they could be considered works of art was thought to be irrelevant), or the alterations made did not meet the requirements for an original work of art. The coats of arms of historical provinces and other historical coats of arms are not protected by copyright: if there has been any copyright, it has expired.

Coats of arms of new entities should be analysed on a case-by-case basis. Usually they are based on old coats of arms and not eligible, but there is no guarantee unless they are included in public decisions. Some unofficial coats of arms, e.g. for former municipalities, which never had official coats of arms, are private creations under copyright, provided they reach the threshold of originality.

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COM:NOP France

Frankreich

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Georgia

Georgien

Die Gesetze über Urheberschaft von 2017: "Die folgenden Werke sind nicht durch Urheberrecht geschützt: a) Offizielle Dokumente (Gesetze, Rechtsurteile, andere Texte der Verwaltung und Regulierung), ebenso die offiziellen Übersetzungen hiervon; b) Offizielle Staatssymbole (Flaggen, Wappen, Hymne, Orden, Banknoten, andere Staatssymbole und Abzeichen; c) Informationen über Fakten und Ereignisse.[2112-IIS/2017 Article 8]

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COM:NOP Greece

Griechenland

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Ireland

Irland

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Iceland

Island

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Italy

Italien

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Kazakhstan

Kasachstan

The following shall not be copyright objects: 1) official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative, judicial, and diplomatic nature), and their official translations; 2) state emblems and signs (flags, emblems, decorations, banknotes, and other state symbols and signs); 3) works of folklore; 4) messages about events and facts which are of informational nature.[419/2015 Article 8]

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COM:NOP Croatia

Kroatien

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Latvia

Lettland

Under the Copyright Law of 2000 (as amended up to June 14, 2017), the following are not protected by copyright:

  • laws and regulations and administrative rulings, other documents issued by State and local government institutions and court adjudications (laws, court judgements, decisions and other official documents), as well as official translations of such texts and official consolidated versions;[2000-2017 Sec.6(1)]
  • State approved, as well as internationally recognised official symbols and signs (flags, coats of arms, anthems, and awards), the use of which is subject to specific laws and regulations;[2000-2017 Sec.6(2)]
  • maps, the preparation and use of which are determined by laws and regulations;[2000-2017 Sec.6(3)]
  • information provided in the press, radio or television broadcasts or other information media concerning news of the day and various facts and events;[2000-2017 Sec.6(4)]
  • ideas, methods, processes and mathematical concepts.[2000-2017 Sec.6(5)]

Under the 1999 Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, amended 2006, the following are not protected: a) laws, regulations, international treaties and other official instruments; b) means of payment; c) decisions, records and reports of authorities and public administrations; d) patents, and published patent applications. Also not protected are official or legally required collections and translations of the above works.[1999-2006 Art.5]

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COM:NOP Lithuania

Litauen

Under Law No. VIII-1185 of 1999, as amended up to Law No. XII-1183 of 2014, the following are not subject to copyright:

  • ideas, procedures, processes, systems, methods of operation, concepts, principles, discoveries or mere data;[1999–2014 Art.5.1]
  • legal acts, official documents texts of administrative, legal or regulative nature (decisions, rulings, regulations, norms, territorial planning and other official documents), as well as their official translations;[1999–2014 Art.5.2]
  • official State symbols and insignia (flags, coat-of-arms, anthems, banknote designs, and other State symbols and insignia) the protection of which is regulated by other legal acts;[1999–2014 Art.5.3]
  • officially registered drafts of legal acts;[1999–2014 Art.5.4]
  • regular information reports on events;[1999–2014 Art.5.5]
  • folklore works.[1999–2014 Art.5.6]

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COM:NOP Luxembourg

Luxemburg

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Malta

Malta

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Moldova

Moldau

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Monaco

Monaco

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Montenegro

Montenegro

Copyright protection does not cover: 1) ideas, principles and discoveries; 2) Official texts in the field of the legislation, administrative and judicial; 3) an official translation of point 2 above; 4) The term traditional culture (hereinafter referred to as works of folklore); 5) daily news or other information having the character of mere items of press information.[53/2016 Art.8]

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COM:NOP Netherlands

Niederlande

Keine Information verfügbar Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Norway

Norwegen

Under the Act No. 40 of June 15, 2018,

  • Laws, regulations, judicial decisions and other decisions by public authorities are without protection under this Act. The same applies to proposals, reports, statements and the like that apply to the exercise of public authority, and is issued by a public authority, a publicly appointed council or committee, or published by the public. Similarly, official translations of such texts are without protection under this Act.[2018 §14]

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COM:NOP Austria

Österreich

Nach dem Bundesgesetz über das Urheberrecht 1936 in der bis 2018 geltenden Fassung,
  • Gesetze, Verordnungen, behördliche Erlässe, Bescheide und Entscheidungen sowie amtliche Werke im Sinne des §2Z itesm 1 oder 3, die ausschließlich oder überwiegend für den amtlichen Gebrauch hergestellt werden, genießen keinen urheberrechtlichen Schutz.[1936-2018 Artikel 7(1)]

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COM:NOP Poland

Polen

Under the Consolidated 1994 Polish Copyright Law as of 2016, copyright protection does not cover:[1996–2016 Art.4]

  1. normative acts and drafts thereof as well as official documents
  2. official documents, materials, signs and symbols;
  3. published patent or protection descriptions;
  4. simple press information.

However in some instances the use of an image published by the government in Poland might be regulated by other laws. It is being debated if postage stamps and banknotes fall into this category. (See: {{PD-Polishsymbol}})

According to 2016 court decision photographs of maps, documents, medals, memorial plates do not enjoy their own copyrights.[15]

In the judgment of 27 February 2009 (V CSK 337/2008), the Supreme Court of Poland stated: "The official materials referred to in Article 4 §2 of the [Polish] Copyright Law Act should be understood as materials coming from an office or other institution performing public tasks."

[16]

Additionally all content published on www.gov.pl is under Creative-Commons Attribution 3.0 license.

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COM:NOP Portugal

Portugal

Under the Code of Copyright and Related Rights (as amended up to Decree-Law No. 100/2017 of August 23, 2017),

  • There is no copyright protection for a) The news of the day and the reports of various events as simple information in any way disclosed; b) Applications, allegations, complaints and other texts submitted in writing or orally before public authorities or services; c) Proposed texts and speeches delivered to assemblies or other collegiate bodies, political, administrative, national, regional or local levels, or in public debates on matters of common interest; d) Political speeches.
[100/2017 Art.7(1)]
  • Integral reproduction of speeches, oratory pieces and other texts referred to in sub-paragraphs c) and d) of paragraph 1 may only be made by the author or with his consent.[100/2017 Art.7(2)]
  • The use by a third party of work referred to in paragraph 1, when free, shall be limited to that required by the purpose to be achieved with its disclosure.
[100/2017 Art.7(3)]

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COM:NOP Romania

Rumänien

Under Law No. 8 of March 14, 1996 on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, the following shall not benefit from the legal protection accorded to copyright:[8/1996 Art.9]

(a) ideas, theories, concepts, scientific discoveries, proceedings, functioning methods or mathematical concepts as such and inventions, contained in a work, whatever the manner of the adoption, writing, explanation or expression thereof;
(b) official texts of a political, legislative, administrative or judicial nature, and official translations thereof;
(c) official symbols of the State, public authorities and organizations, such as armorial bearings, seals, flags, emblems, shields, badges and medals;
(d) means of payment;
(e) news and press information;
(f) simple facts and data.

Also, the photographs of letters, deeds, documents of any kind, technical drawings and other similar papers do not benefit from protection.[8/1996 Art.85(2)]

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COM:NOP Russia

Russland

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP San Marino

San Marino

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Sweden

Schweden

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Switzerland

Schweiz

Das Urheberrecht schützt nicht: Gesetze, Verordnungen, internationale Verträge und andere amtliche Erlasse; Zahlungsmittel; Entscheidungen, Protokolle und Berichte von Behörden und öffentlichen Verwaltungen; Patentschriften und veröffentlichte Patentanmeldungen. Das Urheberrecht schützt auch keine amtlichen oder gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Sammlungen und Übersetzungen der [vorgenannten] Werke […].[1992-2023 Art.5]

To be eligible for copyright in the first place, works must be "literary and artistic intellectual creations with individual character, irrespective of their value or purpose".[1992-2023 Art.2] Exceptionally, photographs of three-dimensional objects are protected as works even in the absence of individuality (see Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Switzerland#TOO for details).

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COM:NOP Serbia

Serbien

According to the 2009 Copyright Law of Serbia,

  • The protection of copyright shall not apply to general ideas, procedures and methods of operations or mathematical concepts as such, as well as concepts, principles and instructions included in a work of authorship.[104/2009 Art.6(1)]
  • The following shall not be deemed works of authorship: 1) Laws, decrees and other regulations; 2) Official materials of state bodies and bodies performing public functions; 3) Official translations of regulations and official materials of state bodies and bodies performing public functions; 4) Submissions and other documents presented in the administrative or court proceedings.[104/2009 Art.6(2)]

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COM:NOP Slovakia

Slowakei

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Slovenia

Slowenien

Under the Consolidated Copyright Act as of 2016,

  • There is no copyright protection for 1. ideas, principles, discoveries; 2. official texts of a legislative, administrative and judicial nature; 3. folk literary and artistic creations.[12/2016 Art.9(1)]
    According to a 2010 book, this also encompasses the national coat of arms, the municipal coats of arms, the anthem, urban planning maps, drawings of traffic signs, sketches and plans from the patent file after the official publication of the patent, and other similar material published due to a state jurisdiction as part of the official text, its annex or independently.
[17]
  • Translations of texts mentioned hereby should enjoy copyright protection, unless they are published as official texts.[12/2016 Art.9(2)]
  • Certain photographs that are not an "individual intellectual creation of the photographer" are not protected. Trampuž specifically cites the following types of images:
    • automated routine photographs; specifically listed: photographic automates, traffic safety images, images taken as part of the technical protection of objects, meteorological and satellite photographs
    • routine photographs for documents
    • average amateur photographs
    • routine press photographs
These, however, can often become an author's work, which is judged from case to case.
[18]

In numerous actual cases, they have also been recognised as copyrighted.

[19]

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COM:NOP Spain

Spanien

Der Schutz des geistigen Eigentums gilt nicht für Gesetze und Verordnungen und die dazugehörigen Entwürfe, Beschlüsse und Handlungen von Rechtsprechungsorganen, Vereinbarungen, Beratungen und Stellungnahmen öffentlicher Einrichtungen sowie offizielle Übersetzungen aller vorangegangenen Texte.[1/1996-2018 Artikel 13]

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COM:NOP Czech Republic

Tschechien

Under the Consolidated Version of Act No. 121/2000 Coll. as amended up to 216/2006, copyright protection shall not apply to:

  • An official work, such as a legal regulation, decision, public charter, publicly accessible register and collection of its documents, and also any official draft of an official work and other preparatory official documentation including the official translation of such work, Chamber of Deputies and Senate publications, a memorial chronicle of a municipality (municipal chronicles), a state symbol and symbol of a municipality, and any other such works where there is public interest in their exclusion from copyright protection.[121/2000–2006 Art.3(a)]
  • Creations of traditional folk culture, unless the real name of the author is commonly known and the works are anonymous or pseudonymous; such works may only be used in a way that shall not detract from their value.[121/2000–2006 Art.3(b)]

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COM:NOP Türkiye

Türkei

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Ukraine

Ukraine

Under Law No. 3792-XII of December 23, 1993 (as amended up to April 26, 2017), protection does not extend to:[3792-XII/199-2017 Art.10]

  • Daily news or current events that constitute regular press information
  • Works of folk art (folklore);
  • Official documents issued by government authorities of a political, legislative or administrative nature (laws, decrees, regulations, court decisions and state standards, etc.) and their official translations;
  • State symbols of Ukraine, government awards; symbols and signs of government, the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations; symbols of territorial communities; symbols and signs of enterprises, institutions and organizations;
  • Banknotes;
  • Timetables of vehicles, broadcasts, schedules, telephone directories and other similar databases that do not meet the originality criteria.

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COM:NOP Hungary

Ungarn

Under the Act No. LXXVI of 1999, updated to 2019, the following works do not enjoy copyright protection:

  • Laws, other legal instruments of public administration, court or authority decisions, official or other official communications and documents, and standards and other similar provisions made by law.[LXXVI/1999-2019 Art.1(4)]
  • Facts or daily news that are the basis for press releases.[LXXVI/1999-2019 Art.1(5)]
  • An idea, principle, concept, procedure, operating method, or mathematical operation.[LXXVI/1999-2019 Art.1(6)]
  • The expression of folklore. This provision does not affect the copyright protection of the author of an individual, original work inspired by folk art.[LXXVI/1999-2019 Art.1(7)]

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COM:NOP Vatican City

Vatikanstadt

Keine Information verfügbar Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Cyprus

Zypern

Keine Information verfügbar

Spezifischer Status

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Faroe Islands

Färöer

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Gibraltar

Gibraltar

Keine Information verfügbar Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Jersey

Jersey

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Isle of Man

Isle of Man

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Svalbard

Template:Svalbard

Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Svalbard

Begrenzte Anerkennung

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COM:NOP Abkhazia

Abchasien

Under the 2006 Law on Copyright and Related Rights the following are not objects of copyright[2006 Art.8]:

  • official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative and judicial nature), as well as their official translations;
  • state symbols and signs (flags, emblems, orders, bank notes and other state symbols and signs);
  • works of folk art;
  • messages about events and facts of informational nature.

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COM:NOP Kosovo

Kosovo

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP South Ossetia

Südossetien

Keine Information verfügbar
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COM:NOP Transnistria

Transnistrien

Keine Information verfügbar Keine Information verfügbar Keine Information verfügbar

teilweise in Europa

Some citation text may not have been transcluded
  1. BGH, Urt. v. 20. Juli 2006, I ZR 185/03 = GRUR 2007, 137 Rn. 13 – Bodenrichtwertsammlung.
  2. BGH, Urt. v. 20. Juli 2006, I ZR 185/03 = GRUR 2007, 137 Rn. 14 – Bodenrichtwertsammlung.
  3. Katzenberger/Metzger in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 5. Aufl. 2017, § 5 Rn. 46; Arnold, Amtliche Werke im Urheberrecht: Zur Verfassungsmäßigkeit und analogen Anwendbarkeit des § 5 UrhG, Nomos, 1994, S. 94; Marquardt in Wandtke/Bullinger, Praxiskommentar zum Urheberrecht, 6. Aufl. 2022, § 5 Rn. 12.
  4. LG Berlin, Urt. v. 27. März 2012, 15 O 377/11 = ZUM-RD 2012, 399, 402 – Loriot-Briefmarken. In diesem Sinne auch Dreier in Dreier/Schulze, Urheberrechtsgesetz, 7. Aufl. 2022, § 5 Rn. 4; Ahlberg in Möhring/Nicolini, Urheberrechtsgesetz, 2. Aufl. 2000, § 5 Rn. 10.
  5. In diesem Sinne J. B. Nordemann in Fromm/Nordemann, Urheberrecht, 12. Aufl. 2018, § 5 Rn. 10. Siehe auch Katzenberger/Metzger in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 5. Aufl. 2017, § 5 Rn. 68 (Abs. 1 auch anwendbar auf amtliche Verkehrszeichen, die als Teil der StVO an deren Normcharakter teilhaben). Vgl. Arnold, Amtliche Werke im Urheberrecht: Zur Verfassungsmäßigkeit und analogen Anwendbarkeit des § 5 UrhG, Nomos, 1994, S. 104 (Abs. 1 beschränkt auf „Text“, worunter zumindest auch Darstellungen wissenschaftlicher oder technischer Art zu verstehen sind).
  6. Dazu siehe COM:CUR Germany.
  7. LG Berlin, Urt. v. 27. März 2012, 15 O 377/11 = ZUM-RD 2012, 399, 402 – Loriot-Briefmarken; Ahlberg in Möhring/Nicolini, Urheberrechtsgesetz, 2. Aufl. 2000, § 5 Rn. 14; Katzenberger/Metzger in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 5. Aufl. 2017, § 5 Rn. 68; Obergfell in Büscher/Dittmer/Schiwy, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz, Urheberrecht, Medienrecht, 3. Aufl. 2015, UrhG § 5 Rn. 19; Dreyer in Heidelberger Kommentar Urheberrecht, 4. Aufl. 2018, § 5 Rn. 20; Götting/Loewenheim in Loewenheim, Handbuch des Urheberrechts, 3. Aufl. 2021, § 31 Rn. 10; Leuze, Urheberrechte der Beschäftigten im öffentlichen Dienst, 3. Aufl., Erich Schmidt, 2008, S. 40; Dünnwald, Der Urheber im öffentlichen Dienst, Nomos, 1999, S. 133; Schack, Urheber- und Urhebervertragsrecht, 10. Aufl. 2023, Rn. 632; Schack, Kunst und Recht, 3. Aufl. 2017, Rn. 276; von Albrecht, Amtliche Werke und Schranken des Urheberrechts zu amtlichen Zwecken in fünfzehn europäischen Ländern, VVF, 1992, S. 52; Schricker, Zum Urheberrechtsschutz und Geschmacksmusterschutz von Postwertzeichen – Teil II, in: GRUR 1991, 645, 647 ff.; Katzenberger, Die Frage des urheberrechtlichen Schutzes amtlicher Werke, in: GRUR 1972, 686, 694. Man bedenke, dass für die Anhänger der Ansicht, wonach § 5 Abs. 1 UrhG sich von vornherein nur auf Sprachwerke beziehen kann (siehe Nachweise oben), dies lediglich ein einfaches Korollar ist. Anderer Ansicht LG München I, Urt. v. 10. März 1987, 21 S 20861/86 = GRUR 1987, 436, 436 f. (wonach die entworfene Briefmarke "den urheberrechtlichen Schutz, den sie zunächst als bloßer Entwurf besaß [...], durch die Aufnahme im Amtsblatt des Bundesministers für das Post- und Fernmeldewesen gemäß § 5 Abs. 1 UrhG verloren [hat]"); Peukert, Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte, 19. Aufl. 2023, § 25 Rn. 12 (auch Werke von Privatpersonen potenziell amtlich, so etwa "amtlich bekanntgemachte Briefmarken im Gegensatz zu Sonderbriefmarken"); von Ungern-Sternberg, Werke privater Urheber als amtliche Werke, in: GRUR 1977 766, 768 (weil "[d]ie Postwertzeichen der Bundespost [...] jeweils in Abbildungen einige Zeit vor ihrer Ausgabe im Amtsblatt des Bundesministers für das Post­ und Fernmeldewesen bekanntgemacht [werden]" und deswegen Teil einer gemeinfreien behördlichen Bekanntmachung sind).
  8. Ahlberg in Möhring/Nicolini, Urheberrechtsgesetz, 2. Aufl. 2000, § 5 Rn. 14; Katzenberger/Metzger in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 5. Aufl. 2017, § 5 Rn. 68; Dünnwald, Der Urheber im öffentlichen Dienst, Nomos, 1999, S. 133. Von Ungern-Sternberg, Werke privater Urheber als amtliche Werke, GRUR 1977, 766, 768 scheint offizielle Wappen als amtliche Werke nach § 5 Abs. 2 UrhG einzuordnen. Auch hier gilt, dass für die Anhänger der Ansicht, wonach § 5 Abs. 1 UrhG sich von vornherein nur auf Sprachwerke beziehen kann (siehe Nachweise oben), dies lediglich ein einfaches Korollar ist.
  9. J. B. Nordemann in Fromm/Nordemann, Urheberrecht, 12. Aufl. 2018, § 5 Rn. 15; Marquardt in Wandtke/Bullinger, Praxiskommentar zum Urheberrecht, 6. Aufl. 2022, § 5 Rn. 7; Obergfell in Büscher/Dittmer/Schiwy, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz, Urheberrecht, Medienrecht, 3. Aufl. 2015, UrhG § 5 Rn. 8; Katzenberger/Metzger in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 5. Aufl. 2017, § 5 Rn. 68 f.
  10. Marquardt in Wandtke/Bullinger, Praxiskommentar zum Urheberrecht, 6. Aufl. 2022, § 5 Rn. 7; Katzenberger/Metzger in Schricker/Loewenheim, Urheberrecht, 5. Aufl. 2017, § 5 Rn. 68; Dreier in Dreier/Schulze, Urheberrechtsgesetz, 7. Aufl. 2022, § 5 Rn. 8. Anderer Ansicht Obergfell in Büscher/Dittmer/Schiwy, Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz, Urheberrecht, Medienrecht, 3. Aufl. 2015, UrhG § 5 Rn. 8 (die eine Einordnung unter Abs. 2 befürwortet).
  11. BGH, Urt. v. 2. Juli 1987, I ZR 232/85 = NJW 1988, 337, 338 f. – Topographische Landeskarten.
  12. “Tekijänoikeus lakeihin, asetuksiin ym. (9 §)”, in Hallituksen esitys Eduskunnalle laeiksi tekijänoikeuslain ja rikoslain 49 luvun muuttamisesta[1] (in fi), 2004, page 50–51
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  15. SA: nie każde zdjęcie podlega ochronie, 30 January 2017
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