Commons:Ungeschützte Werke/Europa
Diese Seite gibt einen Überblick über die Regeln für ungeschützte Werke in verschiedenen Ländern oder Gebieten Europas. Dabei handelt es sich um Werke, die aufgrund ihrer Beschaffenheit nicht urheberrechtlich geschützt werden können. Die Regeln sind aus den einzelnen Seitenabschnitten, die die Regeln für jedes Gebiet enthalten, „eingebunden“.
Staaten in Europa
COM:NOP Albania
Albanien
Under Law No. 35/2016 of March 31, 2016, on Copyright and Related Rights, the following are not protected by copyright: a. ideas, theories, concepts, discoveries and inventions of creative work, regardless of the method of interpretation, justification or expression; b. discoveries, official texts in the domain of legislation, administrative and judiciary and other official works and their collections, disclosed for the purpose of officially informing the public; c. official state symbols, symbols of organizations and public authorities, such as: the arms, the seal, the flag, the emblem, the medallion, the hallmark, the medal; ç. means of payment; d. news of the day and other news, having the character of mere items of press information; dh. Simple data and facts.[35/2016 Article 12.1]
COM:NOP Andorra
Andorra
- Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to any idea, procedure, system, method of operation, concept, principle, discovery or mere data, even if expressed, described, explained, illustrated or embodied in a work.[1999 Art. 4(1)]
- No protection shall extend under this law to any official text of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, as well as any official translation thereof.[1999 Art. 4(2)]
COM:NOP Armenia
Armenien
- The following works not subject to copyright: a) works of folklore and folk art; b) information about the news of the day or current events and facts; c) official documents - legal acts, contracts and their official translations; d) state symbols and signs (flags, emblems, orders, bank notes and so on); e) political speeches, speeches made during the trial; f) results obtained by technical means without human creative activity.[2013 Article 4.1]
- Copyright does not apply to scientific discoveries, ideas, principles, methods, procedures, concepts, systems, processes, scientific theories, mathematical formulas, statistical diagrams, rules of the game, even if they are expressed, described, disclosed, covered in works.[2013 Article 4.2]
COM:NOP Azerbaijan
Aserbaidschan
The following items are not objects of copyright:
- Official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character) and their official translations;
- State emblems and official signs (flags, arms, anthems, orders, monetary signs and other State symbols and official signs);
- Folk creativity (folklore) expressions ;
- News of day, data about various events and the facts of information character.[636-IVQD/2013 Article 7]
COM:NOP Belarus
Belarus
According to the Law of the Republic of Belarus No. 262-Z of May 17, 2011,
- The following are not deemed objects of copyright: official documents (legal acts, court decisions, other administrative and court documents, constituent documents of legal entities) and their official translations; State symbols of the Republic of Belarus (State Flag of the Republic of Belarus, State Emblem of the Republic of Belarus, State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus), symbols of state decorations of the Republic of Belarus (orders and medals), state signs (paper currency of the Republic of Belarus, post stamps and other signs), official heraldry symbols (flags, emblems of administration divisions of the Republic of Belarus, heraldry signs, colours, badges, emblems of state authorities etc.); works of folk art which authors are unknown.[262-Z/2011 Art.7(2)]
- Copyright shall not cover ideas, methods, processes, systems, ways, conceptions, principles, discoveries, facts even if they are expressed, presented, explained or implemented in works.[262-Z/2011 Art.7(2)]
COM:NOP Belgium
Belgien
COM:NOP Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnien und Herzegowina
COM:NOP Bulgaria
Bulgarien
The following are not considered subject matter of copyright:[2023 Article 4]
- normative and individual acts of state administration bodies, acts of courts, as well as their official translations;
- ideas and concepts;
- works of folklore;
- news, facts, information and data.
- materials obtained by reproduction of works referred to in Art. 5 - 10 with an expired term of copyright.
In particular, this applies to various documents, e.g. certificates, issued by units of the Bulgarian armed forces, including historical ones, like the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps (MAVC). In these cases it is advisable to use appropriate “author” templates if such exist, e.g. {{Author-MAVC}} for MAVC.
COM:NOP Denmark
Dänemark
COM:NOP Germany
Deutschland
Das am schwersten zu fassende Element innerhalb dieser Aufzählung ist vielleicht das der „amtlichen Bekanntmachungen“. Laut Bundesgerichtshof müssen derartige Bekanntmachung „regelnden Inhalt“ aufweisen – die Bestimmung erfasst nicht jede informatorische Äußerung eines Amts.[1] Ganz grundsätzlich stellte der Bundesgerichtshof fest, dass § 5 Abs. 1 überhaupt nur auf Werke anwendbar ist, die eine „normative oder einzelfallbezogene rechtliche Regelung enthalten“, da nur in diesem Fall „ein derart erhebliches öffentliches Interesse an der Verbreitung vor, dass die Ausnahme vom Urheberrechtsschutz ohne weitere Voraussetzungen gerechtfertigt ist“.[2] „Entscheidungen“ sind Entscheidungen von staatlichen Gerichten oder von Verwaltungsbehörden, die als Urteile, Beschlüsse, Verfügungen, Bescheide etc. in Einzelfällen streitentscheidend, feststellend oder gestaltend verbindliche Regelungen enthalten.[3]
Eine für dieses Projekt wichtige Frage ist, ob § 5 Abs. 1 für sämtliche Werkarten gilt. In einer Entscheidung des Landgerichts Berlin aus dem Jahr 2012 (die hier einige Aufmerksamkeit erfahren hat, da die Wikimedia Foundation beklagte Partei war) wurde der Ansicht von Teilen der Literatur gefolgt, wonach § 5 Abs. 1 ausschließlich Sprachwerke erfasst.[4] Diese Ansicht hat auch Kritik erfahren; danach können amtliche Erlasse, Entscheidungen etc. durchaus auch andere Werkarten enthalten – dem Zweck von § 5 Abs. 1 laufe es zuwider, wenn diese sämtlich vor einer Veröffentlichung entfernt werden müssten.[5]
Nach vorherrschender Ansicht gilt § 5 Abs. 1 UrhG nicht für Zahlungsmittel (Noten und Münzen),[6], Briefmarken,[7] oder Hoheitszeichen von Gebietskörperschaften (wenngleich letztere noch nicht annäherend so große Beachtung in der Kommentarliteratur, geschweige denn der Rechtsprechung gefunden haben).[8] Diejenigen, die § 5 Abs. 1 UrhG auch in Bezug auf nichtsprachliche Werke für anwendbar halten, stimmen zumeist überein, dass sich die Bestimmung auf Bebauungspläne gemäß § 8 Abs. 1 des Baugesetzbuchs erstreckt, da dort rechtsverbindliche planerische Festlegungen enthalten sind,[9] desgleichen auf amtliche Straßenverkehrszeichen.[10] Die meisten Karten und Pläne amtlicher Herkunft fallen allerdings nicht unter Abs. 1, sondern entweder unter Abs. 2 (siehe nachstehend) oder werden überhaupt nicht als „amtliche Werke“ angesehen. Laut Bundesgerichtshof sind etwa die von den Landesvermessungsämtern herausgegebenen topographischen Landeskarten nicht amtlich im Sinne des Urheberrechtsgesetzes.[11]
COM:NOP Estonia
Estland
COM:NOP Finland
Finnland
Under the Copyright Act 404/1961, with amendments up to 608/2015, there shall be no copyright:[404/1961–2015 Sec.9(1)]
- In laws and decrees;
- In resolutions, stipulations and other documents which are published under the Act on the Statutes of Finland (188/2000) and the Act on the Regulations of Ministries and other Government Authorities (189/2000);
- Treaties, conventions and other corresponding documents containing international obligations;
- Decisions and statements issued by public authorities or other public bodies;
- Translations of documents referred to above made by or commissioned by public authorities or other public bodies.
As of the 2005 revision, copyright protection continues to apply to independent works contained in the documents referred to in the list above.[404/1961–2015 Sec.9(1)] A work that is part of or attached to a decision or something similar is often such that it was not produced specifically as a part of the decision or as an attachment to it. In such a case, it is not reasonable that the attached work should also automatically lose copyright protection. An example is a work of fine art included in currency. This applies to independent works included in both the text of the document and its appendices. These independent works could be reproduced in connection with the document in question and used separately from the document for the purpose to which the document is related, but due to these restrictions the document or the protected independent work it contains cannot be uploaded to Commons.[12]
The textual, and in many cases the graphical, representations of Finnish coat of arms of municipalities, regions and provinces are considered to be part of decisions of public bodies and therefore they are not protected by copyright. According to the opinions of the Finnish Copyright Council even the graphical representation is thought (at least in these cases) not to be protected by copyright.
Either the graphical representations were part of the decisions of the municipalities (whether they could be considered works of art was thought to be irrelevant), or the alterations made did not meet the requirements for an original work of art. The coats of arms of historical provinces and other historical coats of arms are not protected by copyright: if there has been any copyright, it has expired.
Coats of arms of new entities should be analysed on a case-by-case basis. Usually they are based on old coats of arms and not eligible, but there is no guarantee unless they are included in public decisions. Some unofficial coats of arms, e.g. for former municipalities, which never had official coats of arms, are private creations under copyright, provided they reach the threshold of originality.
COM:NOP France
Frankreich
COM:NOP Georgia
Georgien
COM:NOP Greece
Griechenland
COM:NOP Ireland
Irland
COM:NOP Iceland
Island
COM:NOP Italy
Italien
COM:NOP Kazakhstan
Kasachstan
The following shall not be copyright objects: 1) official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative, judicial, and diplomatic nature), and their official translations; 2) state emblems and signs (flags, emblems, decorations, banknotes, and other state symbols and signs); 3) works of folklore; 4) messages about events and facts which are of informational nature.[419/2015 Article 8]
COM:NOP Croatia
Kroatien
COM:NOP Latvia
Lettland
Under the Copyright Law of 2000 (as amended up to June 14, 2017), the following are not protected by copyright:
- laws and regulations and administrative rulings, other documents issued by State and local government institutions and court adjudications (laws, court judgements, decisions and other official documents), as well as official translations of such texts and official consolidated versions;[2000-2017 Sec.6(1)]
- State approved, as well as internationally recognised official symbols and signs (flags, coats of arms, anthems, and awards), the use of which is subject to specific laws and regulations;[2000-2017 Sec.6(2)]
- maps, the preparation and use of which are determined by laws and regulations;[2000-2017 Sec.6(3)]
- information provided in the press, radio or television broadcasts or other information media concerning news of the day and various facts and events;[2000-2017 Sec.6(4)]
- ideas, methods, processes and mathematical concepts.[2000-2017 Sec.6(5)]
COM:NOP Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein
Under the 1999 Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, amended 2006, the following are not protected: a) laws, regulations, international treaties and other official instruments; b) means of payment; c) decisions, records and reports of authorities and public administrations; d) patents, and published patent applications. Also not protected are official or legally required collections and translations of the above works.[1999-2006 Art.5]
COM:NOP Lithuania
Litauen
Under Law No. VIII-1185 of 1999, as amended up to Law No. XII-1183 of 2014, the following are not subject to copyright:
- ideas, procedures, processes, systems, methods of operation, concepts, principles, discoveries or mere data;[1999–2014 Art.5.1]
- legal acts, official documents texts of administrative, legal or regulative nature (decisions, rulings, regulations, norms, territorial planning and other official documents), as well as their official translations;[1999–2014 Art.5.2]
- official State symbols and insignia (flags, coat-of-arms, anthems, banknote designs, and other State symbols and insignia) the protection of which is regulated by other legal acts;[1999–2014 Art.5.3]
- officially registered drafts of legal acts;[1999–2014 Art.5.4]
- regular information reports on events;[1999–2014 Art.5.5]
- folklore works.[1999–2014 Art.5.6]
COM:NOP Luxembourg
Luxemburg
COM:NOP Malta
Malta
COM:NOP Moldova
Moldau
COM:NOP Monaco
Monaco
COM:NOP Montenegro
Montenegro
Copyright protection does not cover: 1) ideas, principles and discoveries; 2) Official texts in the field of the legislation, administrative and judicial; 3) an official translation of point 2 above; 4) The term traditional culture (hereinafter referred to as works of folklore); 5) daily news or other information having the character of mere items of press information.[53/2016 Art.8]
COM:NOP Netherlands
Niederlande
COM:NOP Северна Македонија
Nordmazedonien
COM:NOP Norway
Norwegen
Under the Act No. 40 of June 15, 2018,
- Laws, regulations, judicial decisions and other decisions by public authorities are without protection under this Act. The same applies to proposals, reports, statements and the like that apply to the exercise of public authority, and is issued by a public authority, a publicly appointed council or committee, or published by the public. Similarly, official translations of such texts are without protection under this Act.[2018 §14]
COM:NOP Austria
Österreich
- Gesetze, Verordnungen, behördliche Erlässe, Bescheide und Entscheidungen sowie amtliche Werke im Sinne des §2Z itesm 1 oder 3, die ausschließlich oder überwiegend für den amtlichen Gebrauch hergestellt werden, genießen keinen urheberrechtlichen Schutz.[1936-2018 Artikel 7(1)]
COM:NOP Poland
Polen
Under the Consolidated 1994 Polish Copyright Law as of 2016, copyright protection does not cover:[1996–2016 Art.4]
- normative acts and drafts thereof as well as official documents
- official documents, materials, signs and symbols;
- published patent or protection descriptions;
- simple press information.
However in some instances the use of an image published by the government in Poland might be regulated by other laws. It is being debated if postage stamps and banknotes fall into this category. (See: {{PD-Polishsymbol}})
According to 2016 court decision photographs of maps, documents, medals, memorial plates do not enjoy their own copyrights.[15]
In the judgment of 27 February 2009 (V CSK 337/2008), the Supreme Court of Poland stated: "The official materials referred to in Article 4 §2 of the [Polish] Copyright Law Act should be understood as materials coming from an office or other institution performing public tasks."
Additionally all content published on www.gov.pl is under Creative-Commons Attribution 3.0 license.
COM:NOP Portugal
Portugal
Under the Code of Copyright and Related Rights (as amended up to Decree-Law No. 100/2017 of August 23, 2017),
- There is no copyright protection for a) The news of the day and the reports of various events as simple information in any way disclosed; b) Applications, allegations, complaints and other texts submitted in writing or orally before public authorities or services; c) Proposed texts and speeches delivered to assemblies or other collegiate bodies, political, administrative, national, regional or local levels, or in public debates on matters of common interest; d) Political speeches.
- Integral reproduction of speeches, oratory pieces and other texts referred to in sub-paragraphs c) and d) of paragraph 1 may only be made by the author or with his consent.[100/2017 Art.7(2)]
- The use by a third party of work referred to in paragraph 1, when free, shall be limited to that required by the purpose to be achieved with its disclosure.
COM:NOP Romania
Rumänien
Under Law No. 8 of March 14, 1996 on Copyright and Neighboring Rights, the following shall not benefit from the legal protection accorded to copyright:[8/1996 Art.9]
- (a) ideas, theories, concepts, scientific discoveries, proceedings, functioning methods or mathematical concepts as such and inventions, contained in a work, whatever the manner of the adoption, writing, explanation or expression thereof;
- (b) official texts of a political, legislative, administrative or judicial nature, and official translations thereof;
- (c) official symbols of the State, public authorities and organizations, such as armorial bearings, seals, flags, emblems, shields, badges and medals;
- (d) means of payment;
- (e) news and press information;
- (f) simple facts and data.
Also, the photographs of letters, deeds, documents of any kind, technical drawings and other similar papers do not benefit from protection.[8/1996 Art.85(2)]
COM:NOP Russia
Russland
COM:NOP San Marino
San Marino
COM:NOP Sweden
Schweden
COM:NOP Switzerland
Schweiz
To be eligible for copyright in the first place, works must be "literary and artistic intellectual creations with individual character, irrespective of their value or purpose".[1992-2023 Art.2] Exceptionally, photographs of three-dimensional objects are protected as works even in the absence of individuality (see Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Switzerland#TOO for details).
COM:NOP Serbia
Serbien
According to the 2009 Copyright Law of Serbia,
- The protection of copyright shall not apply to general ideas, procedures and methods of operations or mathematical concepts as such, as well as concepts, principles and instructions included in a work of authorship.[104/2009 Art.6(1)]
- The following shall not be deemed works of authorship: 1) Laws, decrees and other regulations; 2) Official materials of state bodies and bodies performing public functions; 3) Official translations of regulations and official materials of state bodies and bodies performing public functions; 4) Submissions and other documents presented in the administrative or court proceedings.[104/2009 Art.6(2)]
COM:NOP Slovakia
Slowakei
COM:NOP Slovenia
Slowenien
Under the Consolidated Copyright Act as of 2016,
- There is no copyright protection for 1. ideas, principles, discoveries; 2. official texts of a legislative, administrative and judicial nature; 3. folk literary and artistic creations.[12/2016 Art.9(1)]
- According to a 2010 book, this also encompasses the national coat of arms, the municipal coats of arms, the anthem, urban planning maps, drawings of traffic signs, sketches and plans from the patent file after the official publication of the patent, and other similar material published due to a state jurisdiction as part of the official text, its annex or independently.
- Translations of texts mentioned hereby should enjoy copyright protection, unless they are published as official texts.[12/2016 Art.9(2)]
- Certain photographs that are not an "individual intellectual creation of the photographer" are not protected. Trampuž specifically cites the following types of images:
- automated routine photographs; specifically listed: photographic automates, traffic safety images, images taken as part of the technical protection of objects, meteorological and satellite photographs
- routine photographs for documents
- average amateur photographs
- routine press photographs
- These, however, can often become an author's work, which is judged from case to case.
In numerous actual cases, they have also been recognised as copyrighted.
COM:NOP Spain
Spanien
COM:NOP Czech Republic
Tschechien
Under the Consolidated Version of Act No. 121/2000 Coll. as amended up to 216/2006, copyright protection shall not apply to:
- An official work, such as a legal regulation, decision, public charter, publicly accessible register and collection of its documents, and also any official draft of an official work and other preparatory official documentation including the official translation of such work, Chamber of Deputies and Senate publications, a memorial chronicle of a municipality (municipal chronicles), a state symbol and symbol of a municipality, and any other such works where there is public interest in their exclusion from copyright protection.[121/2000–2006 Art.3(a)]
- Creations of traditional folk culture, unless the real name of the author is commonly known and the works are anonymous or pseudonymous; such works may only be used in a way that shall not detract from their value.[121/2000–2006 Art.3(b)]
COM:NOP Türkiye
Türkei
COM:NOP Ukraine
Ukraine
Under Law No. 3792-XII of December 23, 1993 (as amended up to April 26, 2017), protection does not extend to:[3792-XII/199-2017 Art.10]
- Daily news or current events that constitute regular press information
- Works of folk art (folklore);
- Official documents issued by government authorities of a political, legislative or administrative nature (laws, decrees, regulations, court decisions and state standards, etc.) and their official translations;
- State symbols of Ukraine, government awards; symbols and signs of government, the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations; symbols of territorial communities; symbols and signs of enterprises, institutions and organizations;
- Banknotes;
- Timetables of vehicles, broadcasts, schedules, telephone directories and other similar databases that do not meet the originality criteria.
COM:NOP Hungary
Ungarn
Under the Act No. LXXVI of 1999, updated to 2019, the following works do not enjoy copyright protection:
- Laws, other legal instruments of public administration, court or authority decisions, official or other official communications and documents, and standards and other similar provisions made by law.[LXXVI/1999-2019 Art.1(4)]
- Facts or daily news that are the basis for press releases.[LXXVI/1999-2019 Art.1(5)]
- An idea, principle, concept, procedure, operating method, or mathematical operation.[LXXVI/1999-2019 Art.1(6)]
- The expression of folklore. This provision does not affect the copyright protection of the author of an individual, original work inspired by folk art.[LXXVI/1999-2019 Art.1(7)]
COM:NOP Vatican City
Vatikanstadt
COM:NOP United Kingdom
Vereinigtes Königreich
COM:NOP Cyprus
Zypern
Spezifischer Status
COM:NOP Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Akrotiri und Dekelia
COM:NOP Faroe Islands
Färöer
COM:NOP Gibraltar
Gibraltar
COM:NOP Bailiwick of Guernsey
Guernsey
COM:NOP Jersey
Jersey
COM:NOP Isle of Man
Isle of Man
COM:NOP Svalbard
Template:Svalbard
Begrenzte Anerkennung
COM:NOP Abkhazia
Abchasien
Under the 2006 Law on Copyright and Related Rights the following are not objects of copyright[2006 Art.8]:
- official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative and judicial nature), as well as their official translations;
- state symbols and signs (flags, emblems, orders, bank notes and other state symbols and signs);
- works of folk art;
- messages about events and facts of informational nature.
COM:NOP Kosovo
Kosovo
COM:NOP South Ossetia
Südossetien
COM:NOP Transnistria
Transnistrien
COM:NOP Northern Cyprus
Türkische Republik Nordzypern
COM:NOP United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
UN-Pufferzone in Zypern
teilweise in Europa
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