Papers by Javier Jiménez Echevarría
Pyrenae, 2004
Se presenta la investigación arqueológica de dos edificios cultuales cuya construcción se ha veni... more Se presenta la investigación arqueológica de dos edificios cultuales cuya construcción se ha venido situando a uno y otro lado del 711. Santa Coloma es un martyrium cruciforme de planta centrada. Ventas Blancas posee planta cruciforme y un espacio destacado a los pies. Combinando lecturas murarias, contextos arqueológicos, dataciones 14 C, liturgia y documentación histórica, constatamos que buena parte de las fábricas conservadas se edificaron a finales del siglo vi o en la primera mitad del vii, y en el siglo x fueron incorporadas bóvedas de toba. Los materiales y técnicas constructivas son muy similares, así como la organización del espacio privilegiado de las necrópolis.
This article presents the archaeological study of two churches whose construction has traditionally been dated on either side of the year 711. Santa Coloma is a cruciform martyrium with a central floor plan. Ventas Blancas has a cruciform floor plan with a larger space at its feet. By combining an interpretation of the walls, archaeological contexts, 14C dates, liturgy and historical documentation, it has been possible to determine that a large part of the preserved buildings was built in the late sixth or first half of the seventh century and that vaulted tufa roofs were added in the tenth century. The building materials and techniques are very similar, as well as the organisation of the privileged part of the cemeteries.
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Arqueología y Territorio Medieval, 2024
Las noticias históricas sobre la cronología de la muralla medieval de Burgos no han sido aún rati... more Las noticias históricas sobre la cronología de la muralla medieval de Burgos no han sido aún ratificadas por la arqueología urbana de la ciudad, al tiempo que su evolución constructiva no fue ni lineal ni unitaria. Se presentan los resultados de las intervenciones arqueológicas realizadas en las puertas de San Juan y de San Martín, entrada y salida del Camino de Santiago francés en esta ciudad medieval. En la primera desaparece el uso funerario del espacio a comienzos de la Baja Edad Media, cuando se edifica un tramo de muralla. En la segunda se constatan al menos tres fases constructivas avaladas por la secuencia estratigráfica, los resultados químico-mineralógicos del estudio de morteros de cal y la datación 14C AMS. En ambos contextos queda demostrada la profunda
renovación del urbanismo en el siglo XIV.
Historical information about the chronology of Burgos’s medieval wall has never been ratified by urban archaeology in the city, while its construction was neither linear nor took place at a single time. This article presents the archaeological study carried out at the gates of San Juan and San Martín, the entrance and exit of the French Way of St James in the medieval city. The funerary use of the former came to an end in the late Middle Ages, when a section of the wall was built. At the latter, at least three building phases are known and supported by the stratigraphic sequence, the mineralogical comparison of the mortars and a 14C AMS date. Profound renovation of the urban plan in the fourteenth century has been demonstrated at both sites.
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Minerals, 2024
Historical lime mortars provide valuable information on the construction phases of buildings and ... more Historical lime mortars provide valuable information on the construction phases of buildings and allow reconstruction of the chronology of the historical structures. The City Wall of Burgos and the Mudejar Arch of San Martin were declared an Asset of Cultural Interest and have been protected since 1949. Several restorations at the end of the 20th century altered the original appearance of the wall and the current gate, making it difficult to establish stratigraphic relationships between the two structures. Given the scarcity of information on the construction phases of the wall and the uncertainty of the historical dates, a mineralogical and chemical characterization of the mortars was carried out, and the suitability of the binder for radiocarbon dating was assessed. The petrographic, mineralogical and chemical analyses of the lime mortars from the Arc of San Matin show distinctive characteristics, suggesting different construction periods and production processes, where the selection of raw materials and production methods was conducted according to the construction requirements. Moreover, the presence of contaminant phases and microparticles of charcoal in the binder fraction led to discard all the samples for mortar radiocarbon dating.
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Journal Raman Spectroscopy, 2022
Sixteen glazes on medieval (14th–16th century AD) pottery fragments from Vega pottery workshop (B... more Sixteen glazes on medieval (14th–16th century AD) pottery fragments from Vega pottery workshop (Burgos, Spain) were characterized to investigate the production technology. To this end, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) were used. The studied glaze samples correspond to fragments of high-quality glazed ware used by the wealthiest society in the city of Burgos. The most representative types of glazes, corresponding to honey-marble, honey-yellow, bright light green, and dark green types, were analysed. Raman spectroscopy shows lead was used as a fluxing agent in glaze production. SEMEDX analysis confirms the use of lead oxide and evidences that most of the samples underwent at least two firing processes. No Raman signals of crystalline phases were detected on either glaze surfaces or glaze thin-sections. The exception is the single firing of dark green glazes, which show pseudobrookite and rutile at the clay body/glaze interface measured in thin section. No colouring crystalline phases were identified by Raman spectroscopy either. However, SEM-EDX shows iron was the most-used colouring agent whereas copper was used for bright light green glazes. The polymerization index (Ip) values were used to estimate the firing temperatures. The polymerization index values are typically low for lead glazes and indicate firing temperatures below 700C.
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Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 316 (2021) 106723, 2021
Here we report a detailed archaeomagnetic and rock-magnetic study of a pottery kiln from Burgos (... more Here we report a detailed archaeomagnetic and rock-magnetic study of a pottery kiln from Burgos (Spain) to reconstruct its burning conditions and date its last use and abandonment age. During the course of a rescue archaeological excavation carried out in 2015 in the center of Burgos city, a medieval pottery workshop was discovered. Two well-preserved kilns appeared and archaeomagnetic analyses were performed on one of them. In addition to a large amount of pottery remains, some numismatic and documental evidences provided a general chronological estimation, but the abandonment age of the workshop remains unknown. On the basis of the existing archaeological information we carried out an archaeomagnetic study in order to date its last use. 69 archaeomagnetic samples were collected from the combustion chamber and the kiln's fire tunnel. Stepwise alternating field and thermal demagnetization of the natural remanent magnetization (NRM) were carried out to retrieve the mean direction. Additional experiments consisted in the acquisition of isothermal remanence (IRM), low-field magnetic susceptibility and its anisotropy as well as thermomagnetic curves. Despite the high temperatures expected in the combustion chamber, it appeared that the bricks´ samples from the fire tunnel exhibit the most successful directional results. Magnetite and variable contributions of hematite are the main ferromagnetic minerals observed in the thermomagnetic curves. The type of lithology studied, its previous magnetic history and their location in the kiln strongly condition the observed directional and rock-magnetic results. Additionally, AMS data revealed the manufacturing fabric of the fire tunnel's bricks, showing moderately high anisotropy degrees, but not enough to casts doubts on the directional NRM record. In order to test the reproducibility of the dating results, archaeomagnetic dating was carried out using different geomagnetic field models and the Iberian secular variation curve. The small differences observed in the dating results are mainly due to the density and type of input data of these records. The combination of the archaeomagnetic analyses with the archaeological and documental suggests that last kiln's usage took place during the first half of the XVIth century CE. Overall, this paper illustrates how the combination of archaeological data and archaeomagnetic analyses may improve our understanding about the manufacturing processes, use and age of abandonment of archaeological combustion structures.
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Science
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health probl... more Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic.
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Sautuola, 2018
Archaeological evidence allows us to locate the first occupation of the village of Poza de Sal (B... more Archaeological evidence allows us to locate the first occupation of the village of Poza de Sal (Burgos) at least in the late-Roman era, a center of power associated with the exploitation of salt. Defended by a castellum, this center had public infrastructures such as an aqueduct and a network of roads. The Visigothic occupation found in stratigraphies, the sequence of the fortified enclosure, the early citation of Poza as the head of a medieval alfoz (set of dependent villages) and the excavated stretch of primitive wall suggest continuity in the population
in the transit from Late Antiquity to the High Middle Age. Also the idea that some old Burgos alfoces reinforced centers that were already
consolidated and provided with fortresses, rather than ex novo foundations in the repopulation.
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Arqueología de los paisajes fluviales: Ocupación, comunicación y explotación, 2020
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Arqueología de los paisajes fluviales: Ocupación, comunicación y explotación, 2020
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Perspectivas del Agua. Modelos de captación de la Prehistoria al Medievo, 2019
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XV Reunión Nacional de Cuaternario Bizkaia Aretoa - Bilbao, 1-5 julio 2019 libro de resúmenes, 2019
In this study, the strontium isotope composition of exhumed individuals teeth from the El Hundido... more In this study, the strontium isotope composition of exhumed individuals teeth from the El Hundido (Monasterio de Rodilla, Burgos) and Valdescusa (Hervías, La Rioja) sites were analyzed to assess the mobility of these Bell Beaker populations. The individuals of the Valdescusa site show the isotope composition out from the local baseline ratio indicating foreign origin. However, in the El Hundido site, the most recent individual ratio agrees with the local isotope composition indicating local origin, while the oldest individual isotopic ratio records residential movements throughout his life.
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5th Historic Mortars Conference, 2019
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MUNIBE Antropologia-Arkeologia, 2019
We present the results of the archaeological excavation in two open-air settlements dated between... more We present the results of the archaeological excavation in two open-air settlements dated between the middle of the IV and III millennium cal BC, practically only published testimonies in the right margin of the Ebro River (La Rioja, Spain). Both show common characteristics in their size (2-2.5 ha), organization and location criteria in an intermediate fluvial terrace, characteristics of segmental societies that built megaliths; also because the low number of archaeological materials that suggest a temporary and recurrent occupation. The settlement of Igay (Varea-Logroño, Spain) is chronologically located in the Late Neolithic (4750 ± 30 BP, 3637-3382 cal BC 2σ); the structural record is formed by 15 pits (storage pits, furnace, post hole and other indeterminate pits). Geometrical and retouching flat cover coexist as elements of lithic industry transition to the Chalcolithic, which could be placed ca. 3500 cal BC. Pottery are related to the Cameros megalithic stations, 20 km away and with evident contextual and chronological relation. The settlement is explained by the temporary exploitation of the resources in Ebro River fertile plain, with agricultural and hunting activities evidenced by hand querns and lithic arrowheads, respectively. Los Cascajos (Grañón, Spain) site is an open-air Chalcolithic settlement with an appreciable organization in disposition of the 32 negative structures documented. Approximately, 47% are combustion structures; the rest are interpreted as pits storage, post holes, indeterminate pits and a possible hut. Two almost continuous ditches delimit the nuclear area, inscribed on a small hill. In the archaeological site there are elements of transition to the Early Bronze Age, especially in the pottery repertoire. The lithic industry technique is laminar and with foliaceous; the absence of sickle and hand querns elements is striking, but in the settlement metal processing is present. The site is located chronologically at advanced Chalcolithic,
dating 4097 ± 36 BP (2866-2498 cal BC 2σ); it anticipates the features of regional Early Bronze Age (ca. 2400 cal
BC) without an abrupt rupture. The deficit of interventions in synchronic settlements in front of megalith tombs and cavity contexts requires diversifying the information at a regional scale to obtain more adjusted profiles of these communities.
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Cerámicas Altomedievales en Hispania y su entorno (siglos V-VIII d.C.), 2018
The accompanying ceramic trousseau of visigoths funerary contexts often have a formal relationsh... more The accompanying ceramic trousseau of visigoths funerary contexts often have a formal relationship with elements of domestic contexts. However, traditionally its typological classification has dissociated, without evaluating its symbolic value depending on the topography of the necropolis, the receiver’s profile and her archaeological microspace. Under this perspective, it put in value a ceramic trousseau dated to the seventh century AD from a church funeral ambient of the site Casa Calderon, a village under the new models of territorial organization of Late Antiquity.
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MAGIBER X Reunión de la Comisión de Paleomagnetismo de la Sociedad Geológica de España, 2017
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by Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez, Íñigo García-Martínez de Lagrán, Héctor Arcusa Magallón, Stephanie Zesch, Eszter Banffy, Ana Mercedes Herrero-Corral, Raul Flores-Fernandez, Carmen Alonso Fernández, Javier Jiménez Echevarría, Maria Ines Fregeiro Morador, Rafael Micó, Francisco Javier Jover Maestre, Anna Waterman, Juan Carlos Mejías-García, Rosario Cruz-Auñon, Ana Cristina Araújo, José Ignacio Royo Guillén, Marco Aurelio Esquembre, Elena Morán, Rafael Garrido-Pena, Manolo Rojo Guerra, and Victor S . GONÇALVES Nature, Scientific Reports, 2017
Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about t... more Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about the genetic structure and changes of prehistoric populations in different geographic areas of Iberia. In our study, we focus on the maternal genetic makeup of the Neolithic (~ 5500–3000 BCE), Chalcolithic (~3000–2200 BCE) and Early Bronze Age (~ 2200–1500 BCE). We report ancient mitochondrial DNA results of 213 individuals (151 HVS-I sequences) from the northeast, central, southeast and southwest regions and thus on the largest archaeogenetic dataset from the Peninsula to date. Similar to other parts of Europe, we observe a discontinuity between hunter-gatherers and the first farmers of the Neolithic. During the subsequent periods, we detect regional continuity of Early Neolithic lineages across Iberia, however the genetic contribution of hunter-gatherers is generally higher than in other parts of Europe and varies regionally. In contrast to ancient DNA findings from Central Europe, we do not observe a major turnover in the mtDNA record of the Iberian Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, suggesting that the population history of the Iberian Peninsula is distinct in character.
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Berceo, 2017
Although it is an archaeological referent of the medieval villages deserted of Rioja Alta, the in... more Although it is an archaeological referent of the medieval villages deserted of Rioja Alta, the information that comes from this archaeological site is badly contextualized for the absence of stratigraphies. They present the results of the archaeological excavation realized in a marginal space of this settlement of Central Middle Age, with novel built structures of auxiliary character between the XIIth and XIIIth century. For his emplacement in a ford of the river Ebro, this site was a receiver of important cultural influences which better expression is in the ceramic recovered record. At the same time, the cereal crops dominant, accompanied of olive tree and chestnut-tree, they mark an agricultural dynamic where the grapevine is seemingly absent. The later transformation of this space in an agrarian terrace during the Late Middle Age it’s asociated with the progressive depopulation of this village, probably related to Gallinero and / or San Roman de Gallinero who recounts the historical documentation.
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by Eszter Banffy, Sandra Pichler, Roberto Risch, Wolfgang Haak, Juan Carlos Mejías-García, Mimi Bueno, Rosario Cruz-Auñon, José Ignacio Royo Guillén, Vicente Lull Santiago, Rui Parreira, Elena Morán, Patricia Ríos Mendoza, Raul Flores-Fernandez, Eduardo Carmona, Carmen Alonso Fernández, and Javier Jiménez Echevarría Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about t... more Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about the genetic structure and changes of prehistoric populations in different geographic areas of Iberia. In our study, we focused on the maternal genetic make-up of the Neolithic (~ 5500-3000 BCE), Chalcolithic (~ 3000-2200 BCE) and Early Bronze Age (~ 2200-1500 BCE). We report ancient mitochondrial DNA results of 213 individuals (151 HVS-I sequences) from the northeast, middle Ebro Valley, central, southeast and southwest regions and thus on the largest archaeogenetic dataset from the Peninsula to date. Similar to other parts of Europe, we observe a discontinuity between hunter-gatherers and the first farmers of the Neolithic, however the genetic contribution of hunter-gatherers is generally higher and varies regionally, being most pronounced in the inland middle Ebro Valley and in southwest Iberia. During the subsequent periods, we detect regional continuity of Early Neolithic lineages across Iberia, parallel to an increase of hunter-gatherer genetic ancestry. In contrast to ancient DNA findings from Central Europe, we do not observe a major turnover in the mtDNA record of the Iberian Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, suggesting that the population history of the Iberian Peninsula is distinct in character.
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The until now unpublished hoard of weapons from «Los Cascajos» is exceptional in its geographical... more The until now unpublished hoard of weapons from «Los Cascajos» is exceptional in its geographical context, since it is the only one recovered in the province of La Rioja, and it is also exceptional at the Peninsular level for the pieces that make it up: number, typology, origin and conservation. It’s a set of metal pieces from the transit of the Late Bronze Age I to the Late Bronze Age II (1200-1000 B.C.), some of them unpublished in the Peninsula, since they are not of local manufacture but imported from other territories of the Atlantic Bronze Age. The formal characteristics of some pieces point to the Thames Valley as place of origin, although it is not possible to dismiss the Gallic origin of others.
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The resultant finds of the archaeological intervention confine themselves to a part of an environ... more The resultant finds of the archaeological intervention confine themselves to a part of an environment of dump of the urban pars of the Roman occupation, with sumptuous materials of the last third of the 1st century and the first years of the 2nd century d. C, assimilated to pits and other structures, with certain rooting to native tastes.
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Papers by Javier Jiménez Echevarría
This article presents the archaeological study of two churches whose construction has traditionally been dated on either side of the year 711. Santa Coloma is a cruciform martyrium with a central floor plan. Ventas Blancas has a cruciform floor plan with a larger space at its feet. By combining an interpretation of the walls, archaeological contexts, 14C dates, liturgy and historical documentation, it has been possible to determine that a large part of the preserved buildings was built in the late sixth or first half of the seventh century and that vaulted tufa roofs were added in the tenth century. The building materials and techniques are very similar, as well as the organisation of the privileged part of the cemeteries.
renovación del urbanismo en el siglo XIV.
Historical information about the chronology of Burgos’s medieval wall has never been ratified by urban archaeology in the city, while its construction was neither linear nor took place at a single time. This article presents the archaeological study carried out at the gates of San Juan and San Martín, the entrance and exit of the French Way of St James in the medieval city. The funerary use of the former came to an end in the late Middle Ages, when a section of the wall was built. At the latter, at least three building phases are known and supported by the stratigraphic sequence, the mineralogical comparison of the mortars and a 14C AMS date. Profound renovation of the urban plan in the fourteenth century has been demonstrated at both sites.
in the transit from Late Antiquity to the High Middle Age. Also the idea that some old Burgos alfoces reinforced centers that were already
consolidated and provided with fortresses, rather than ex novo foundations in the repopulation.
dating 4097 ± 36 BP (2866-2498 cal BC 2σ); it anticipates the features of regional Early Bronze Age (ca. 2400 cal
BC) without an abrupt rupture. The deficit of interventions in synchronic settlements in front of megalith tombs and cavity contexts requires diversifying the information at a regional scale to obtain more adjusted profiles of these communities.
This article presents the archaeological study of two churches whose construction has traditionally been dated on either side of the year 711. Santa Coloma is a cruciform martyrium with a central floor plan. Ventas Blancas has a cruciform floor plan with a larger space at its feet. By combining an interpretation of the walls, archaeological contexts, 14C dates, liturgy and historical documentation, it has been possible to determine that a large part of the preserved buildings was built in the late sixth or first half of the seventh century and that vaulted tufa roofs were added in the tenth century. The building materials and techniques are very similar, as well as the organisation of the privileged part of the cemeteries.
renovación del urbanismo en el siglo XIV.
Historical information about the chronology of Burgos’s medieval wall has never been ratified by urban archaeology in the city, while its construction was neither linear nor took place at a single time. This article presents the archaeological study carried out at the gates of San Juan and San Martín, the entrance and exit of the French Way of St James in the medieval city. The funerary use of the former came to an end in the late Middle Ages, when a section of the wall was built. At the latter, at least three building phases are known and supported by the stratigraphic sequence, the mineralogical comparison of the mortars and a 14C AMS date. Profound renovation of the urban plan in the fourteenth century has been demonstrated at both sites.
in the transit from Late Antiquity to the High Middle Age. Also the idea that some old Burgos alfoces reinforced centers that were already
consolidated and provided with fortresses, rather than ex novo foundations in the repopulation.
dating 4097 ± 36 BP (2866-2498 cal BC 2σ); it anticipates the features of regional Early Bronze Age (ca. 2400 cal
BC) without an abrupt rupture. The deficit of interventions in synchronic settlements in front of megalith tombs and cavity contexts requires diversifying the information at a regional scale to obtain more adjusted profiles of these communities.
intacta buena parte de su estructura, en la que destaca su planta centrada y la cripta. Esta última, un martyrium destinado al culto funerario, es la razón de ser del edificio, un espacio excepcional por su cúpula baída responsable de articular el flujo litúrgico. La primera intervención arqueológica realizada en Santa Coloma tuvo lugar entre 1999 y 2000. Le sucedieron dos más, en 2008 y 2012, y entre 2017 y 2019 se llevó a cabo un proyecto de investigación que permitió realizar un conjunto de análisis multivariable que incluyeron la lectura arqueológica de paramentos, catas murarias, dataciones 14C y estudios de materiales arqueológicos y bioantropológicos. La investigación perseguía analizar conjuntamente la totalidad de registros disponibles desde la arqueología, la documentación
histórica, la arquitectura y la liturgia, con el objetivo de conseguir una visión lo más completa posible del edificio y esclarecer su adaptación y evolución a lo largo del tiempo. De la mano del equipo multidiciplinar que llevó a cabo la investigación, el lector tiene la oportunidad de realizar un detenido viaje por el devenir del martyrium de Santa Coloma, que comienza en el siglo VII y concluye en nuestros días.
El Prado is one of the few open-air Early Neolithic sites in the northern half of Spain. In the archaeological excavation of the site, fifty negative structures associated with an Early Neolithic settlement were documented, with absolute datings ca. 5295-4690 cal BC. From the typological and functional points of view, there are storage pits, coated pits, uncoated pits, burial pits, water storage structures and a Polynesian oven. There is also a votive-type ritual pit of the Late Neolithic (4045-3299 cal BC). The authors here present a multidisciplinary study of the only Early Neolithic open-air settlement that has been entirely excavated in the interior of Iberia. This is a previously unpublished study that helps to explain the first Neolithic settlements of Western Europe and segmental societies, through analyses of the use of space, ceramics, lithic tools, funerary ritual, bioarchaeology, the paleoenvironment and faunal remains.
were descended from Anatolian migrants who received a limited amount of
admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. Many open questions remain, how-
ever, about the spatial and temporal dynamics of population interactions and
admixture during the Neolithic period. Using the highest-resolution genome-
wide ancient DNA data set assembled to date|a total of 177 samples, 127
newly reported here, from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic of Hungary (6000{
2900 BCE, n = 98), Germany (5500{3000 BCE, n = 42), and Spain (5500{
2200 BCE, n = 37)|we investigate the population dynamics of Neolithization
across Europe.