Books by Andrés Diego Espinel
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Papers by Andrés Diego Espinel
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This article studies some maceheads with a hard-tipped leaf scale motif discovered in the mortuar... more This article studies some maceheads with a hard-tipped leaf scale motif discovered in the mortuary complex of king Teti at Saqqara (early 6th dynasty). Considering several pieces of evidence, such pattern would recall the lion’s mane and/or tuft of its tail instead of depicting some kind of vegetable, according to previous interpretations.
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From the mid 4th Dynasty, there is evidence in some private mortuary chapels of unusual figures d... more From the mid 4th Dynasty, there is evidence in some private mortuary chapels of unusual figures driving the cattle in some scenes of presentation of livestock to the tomb owner. On a first instance, disabled and emaciated people and, in a lesser extent, boys and dwarves appear occasionally as drovers of heavy bulls or cows, mixed among conventional adult servants. At the end of the Old Kingdom some of these figures transformed into starving Bedouins, a motif that was displayed later in some provincial Middle Kingdom tombs in Middle Egypt.
By studying their attestations from the Old Kingdom to the early stages of the Middle Kingdom, a possible iconographic development of these iconographic motifs along time and space is traced. Furthermore, some possible meanings of these figures are proposed, considering their possible symbolism, social status and socio-economic role in the coetaneous Egyptian society.
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Desert hunting is a well-known scene type in Old Kingdom monuments. They have been extensively an... more Desert hunting is a well-known scene type in Old Kingdom monuments. They have been extensively analysed by egyptologists, who have mainly taken into account both their symbolic and social meanings and the animal information depicted on them. However, few authors have devoted specific studies on the iconography of the desert hunters. The present study takes into consideration their clothes, tools and gestures, analysing their development in time and space during the Old Kingdom. Moreover, depictions of the Old Kingdom desert hunters, their implements and techniques are compared with data from other periods, shedding light on the role of desert hunting and hunters during the pyramid age.
To this end, an unpublished fragmentary relief of a hunting scene, probably dating from the Sixth Dynasty, will be firstly examined. It is the relief Pitt Rivers 1926.14.6, donated in 1926 to the Oxonian museum by Cecil Mallaby Firth, who discovered it somewhere in Saqqara. Despite of its fragmentary state, it is an important document as it is the only known non-royal depiction of an Old Kingdom bowman in a Memphite hunting scene.
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This chapter is an overview of the use and acquisition by the Egyptians of two wellknown vegetal ... more This chapter is an overview of the use and acquisition by the Egyptians of two wellknown vegetal products from eastern Africa: snṯr and antw. For the sake of space this survey is limited to the Old Kingdom. The aim of this paper is not to offer new botanical identifications of these terms, or to study their symbolic meanings, but to approach them by studying both the social and cultural context in which they were consumed and the different trade routes and middlemen that the Egyptians used for obtaining them. A study based on traded products can offer interesting insights into their commercial, symbolic, and political meanings.1 Moreover, it can be an effective approach to profiling better their producing areas and related trade networks.
The present paper includes a significant addition that was not considered in the
initial presentation of this material at the seminar. In order to gain a wider perspective on the relevance and meaning of the products under study, the last pages of this chapter will address the different ways in which these products could be administered and distributed by the state as well as by private individuals.
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The present study analyses two epithets related to the Egyptian activities abroad: “who brings th... more The present study analyses two epithets related to the Egyptian activities abroad: “who brings the produce from the foreign countries” (inn(.w) xr(y.w)t m xAs.wt) and its variants, and “who places the fear of Horus in the foreign countries” (dd(.w) nrw Hrw m xAs.wt). As with other Old Kingdom epithets, they have generally been overlooked as informative data on the administrative roles and vital experiences of their holders. In order to evaluate their potential significance as sources of information, both expressions are brought into connection with the titles of their holders and related biographical accounts. As a result, the epithets become complementary data that help to profile the actual functions and actions of these officials. For the sake of completion, certain titles related to the acquisition of intelligence are also included in this study. Moreover, further thoughts on the possible origins and values of Old Kingdom epithets are also presented.
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Cet article étudie deux possibles observations éthologiques des Anciens Égyptiens. La première es... more Cet article étudie deux possibles observations éthologiques des Anciens Égyptiens. La première est la sueur d’hippopotame qui semble être mentionnée dans un fragment de la biographie d’Ânkhtyfy dans lequel un hippopotame enragé est en rapport avec un seuil de la tombe de ce fonctionnaire. La seconde observation ferait de la thanatose des papillons Danaus chrysippus un symbole de régénération, en plus de prendre en considération d’autres significations religieuses de ces lépidoptères.
This paper looks into two possible ethological observations by ancient Egyptians. The first one is on the so-called hippo sweat. It would be mentioned indirectly in a passage of Ankhtyfy’s biography in which an angry hippo is related to a threshold in the tomb of this official. The second observation suggests thanatosis in Danaus chrysippus butterflies as a symbol of regeneration, and considers other religious meanings for these lepidopterans.
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The present article reanalyses and offers different readings of some inscriptions and texts comin... more The present article reanalyses and offers different readings of some inscriptions and texts coming from, or related to, Egyptian activities outside the Egyptian Nile Valley during the Old Kingdom. The study is made up of four different, but interconnected notes dealing with different subjects: Egyptian inscriptions in Lower Nubia (§1); some data concerning the activity of the smntyw-prospectors and ἰaAw-personnel abroad (§2-3); and some rock inscriptions and monuments related to desert guides (§4).
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Aula Orientalis 30: 359-367.
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Books by Andrés Diego Espinel
Papers by Andrés Diego Espinel
By studying their attestations from the Old Kingdom to the early stages of the Middle Kingdom, a possible iconographic development of these iconographic motifs along time and space is traced. Furthermore, some possible meanings of these figures are proposed, considering their possible symbolism, social status and socio-economic role in the coetaneous Egyptian society.
To this end, an unpublished fragmentary relief of a hunting scene, probably dating from the Sixth Dynasty, will be firstly examined. It is the relief Pitt Rivers 1926.14.6, donated in 1926 to the Oxonian museum by Cecil Mallaby Firth, who discovered it somewhere in Saqqara. Despite of its fragmentary state, it is an important document as it is the only known non-royal depiction of an Old Kingdom bowman in a Memphite hunting scene.
The present paper includes a significant addition that was not considered in the
initial presentation of this material at the seminar. In order to gain a wider perspective on the relevance and meaning of the products under study, the last pages of this chapter will address the different ways in which these products could be administered and distributed by the state as well as by private individuals.
This paper looks into two possible ethological observations by ancient Egyptians. The first one is on the so-called hippo sweat. It would be mentioned indirectly in a passage of Ankhtyfy’s biography in which an angry hippo is related to a threshold in the tomb of this official. The second observation suggests thanatosis in Danaus chrysippus butterflies as a symbol of regeneration, and considers other religious meanings for these lepidopterans.
By studying their attestations from the Old Kingdom to the early stages of the Middle Kingdom, a possible iconographic development of these iconographic motifs along time and space is traced. Furthermore, some possible meanings of these figures are proposed, considering their possible symbolism, social status and socio-economic role in the coetaneous Egyptian society.
To this end, an unpublished fragmentary relief of a hunting scene, probably dating from the Sixth Dynasty, will be firstly examined. It is the relief Pitt Rivers 1926.14.6, donated in 1926 to the Oxonian museum by Cecil Mallaby Firth, who discovered it somewhere in Saqqara. Despite of its fragmentary state, it is an important document as it is the only known non-royal depiction of an Old Kingdom bowman in a Memphite hunting scene.
The present paper includes a significant addition that was not considered in the
initial presentation of this material at the seminar. In order to gain a wider perspective on the relevance and meaning of the products under study, the last pages of this chapter will address the different ways in which these products could be administered and distributed by the state as well as by private individuals.
This paper looks into two possible ethological observations by ancient Egyptians. The first one is on the so-called hippo sweat. It would be mentioned indirectly in a passage of Ankhtyfy’s biography in which an angry hippo is related to a threshold in the tomb of this official. The second observation suggests thanatosis in Danaus chrysippus butterflies as a symbol of regeneration, and considers other religious meanings for these lepidopterans.