Papers by Philip Eberbach
Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2021
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Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1983
ABSTRACT Glyphosale was added to samples of a sandy loam at rates of 0, 2, 5 and 10μg g−1soil. Af... more ABSTRACT Glyphosale was added to samples of a sandy loam at rates of 0, 2, 5 and 10μg g−1soil. After 120 days, soil was transferred to pots which were planted with subterranean clover. Plants were inoculated with Rhizohium trifolii and N2 fixation (C2H2-reduction) was recorded after 9, 13, 15 and 19 weeks of growth. Nodule numbers and root weights were determined after the final C2H2-reduction assays had been performed. Decreased C2H2-reduction, nodule numbers and root weights associated with plants growing in glyphosate-treated soil indicated that this herbicide was not inactivated during the 120-days before planting.
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Plant and Soil, 1991
The herbicides 2,4-D, amitrole, atrazine, diclofop-methyl, diquat, paraquat and trifiluralin were... more The herbicides 2,4-D, amitrole, atrazine, diclofop-methyl, diquat, paraquat and trifiluralin were applied at rates of 0, 2, 5 and 10 μg ai. g−1 to a sandy loam soil and allowed to degrade for 120 days. After this period, subterranean clover seedlings were transplanted into treated soil and the effect of herbicide residues on plant growth, number of nodules formed and nitrogenase activity was investigated. At all rates of atrazine and chlorsulfuron, and at all rates of amitrole in excess of 2 mg ai g−1 of soil, sufficient herbicide remained to be lethal to the seedlings. When amitrole was applied at the rate of 2 mg ai g−1 of soil, plant growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity of plants were reduced. Residues of diquat reduced all plant parameters studied while, residues of 2,4-D reduced plant growth and nodule formation, but plant nitrogenase activity was unaffected. Residues of trifluralin had no effect on plant growth parameters but the number of nodules formed per plant was reduced. Residues of paraquat and diclofop-methyl had no effect on any of the plant parameters studied.
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Plant and Soil, 2003
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Plant Methods, 2013
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Chemosphere, 2015
Flooded rice soils produce elevated concentrations of soluble manganous manganese (Mn(2+)) that c... more Flooded rice soils produce elevated concentrations of soluble manganous manganese (Mn(2+)) that could be potentially toxic to subsequent crops. To provide insight into how soil pore Mn(2+) changes its concentration in a rice and post rice drying soil, we used an artificial microcosm system to follow Mn(2+) concentrations in two different soil types (red sodosol and grey vertosol) and under two irrigation regimes (flooded and saturated). Soil pore water was collected from four different depths of soil (2.5cm, 7.5cm, 15cm and 25cm) and Mn(2+) concentrations were analysed during and after the rice phase over a one year cycle. Mn(2+) increased with the advancement of anaerobic conditions at all soil depths, but the concentration was higher in flooded soil compared to saturated soil. Initially, the highest concentration of Mn(2+) was found at a depth of 7.5cm, while at the later stage of rice growth, more Mn(2+) was found in the deepest sampling depth (25cm). Plants grown in saturated soils showed a delay in flowering of approximately 3weeks compared to flooded cultures. Moreover, plants grown in flooded soil produced more tillers and leaf area than those grown in saturated soil. Peak concentrations of soil Mn(2+) were associated with the reproductive stage of rice growth. Mn(2+) concentrations decreased after drainage of water. In post rice soils, Mn(2+) remained elevated for some time (lag phase), and then rapidly declined. Regression analysis revealed that the process of oxidation of Mn(2+) to Mn(4+) following water drainage decreased with soil depth.
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1991
... Philip L. Eberbach'J and Lyle A. Douglas School of Agriculture and Forestry, Univers... more ... Philip L. Eberbach'J and Lyle A. Douglas School of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia ... This was necessary as TFAA reacts violently with water, forming trifluoroacetic acid (Bretherick and Muir, 1981). ...
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Journal of AOAC International
Anaerobic water samples containing levels of soluble Fe(II) may form insoluble Fe(III) particulat... more Anaerobic water samples containing levels of soluble Fe(II) may form insoluble Fe(III) particulates that could hinder subsequent extraction and analysis. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges could become blocked by this material, reducing the volume that can be processed. The ability of ascorbic acid to reduce these Fe(III) colloids and/or to prevent further oxidation of Fe(II) by dissolved oxygen during sampling was investigated and compared to sample stabilization with hydrochloric acid. Ascorbic acid (5%, w/v) proved the most effective treatment because it prevented 95% of the dissolved iron in the sample from precipitating during processing, compared to 40% in untreated samples. The effect of ascorbic acid addition on degradation of 2 rice pesticides, fipronil and thiobencarb, was investigated and compared to degradation rates in water. Pesticide reduction by ascorbic acid over a 3 h period was insignificant compared to the natural degradation occurring in deionized water. Wh...
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Water Sharing Plans (WSPs) have been developed for most of the regulated rivers and some ground w... more Water Sharing Plans (WSPs) have been developed for most of the regulated rivers and some ground water systems in New South Wales and ‘Macro’ WSPs are currently being developed for most of the remaining water resources of the state. Case studies for four contrasting individual plans are presented: the Murrumbidgee River (regulated surface water dominated by irrigation demand); the Coxs River (surface and groundwater with uses that include mining, electricity generation and supply for metropolitan Sydney); Lower Murray groundwater (consumptive use and over-allocation) and Toorumbee Creek (high conservation value with proposed irrigation demand). The design of Macro WSPs and progress with the first plan for the Lower North Coast is described. In April 2006 the National Water Commission published concerns about the New South Wales Water Reform progress and proposed conditions under which the withheld competition payment of $13 million could be recouped. Concerns include the rigour of un...
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The Journal "Agriculture and Forestry, 2014
In rural Lao PDR farm ponds and small reservoirs, allow farmers in rainfed lowland rice-based far... more In rural Lao PDR farm ponds and small reservoirs, allow farmers in rainfed lowland rice-based farming systems to capture rainfall, and to divert and conserve water from other areas and then use to supplementary irrigate short duration dry season crop production or support aquaculture with products destined either for local markets or for home consumption. The South Lao PDR region has a tropical monsoon climate where more than 85% of the rain falls during the months of MaySeptember. Average annual rainfall is 1000-1500 mm. Harvesting rainwater in ponds for agricultural production is commonly practiced to support food security and generate extra income farmers. This study was conducted to provide baseline information on pond characteristics, its multiple-roles in the farm enterprise and the economic benefits derived from its use Savannakheth and Champasack provinces. A household survey was conducted in Savannakhet (Outhoumphone and Champhone Districts) and Champasack (Phonethong and S...
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Field Crops Research, 2016
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Late stubble burning just prior to sowing is commonly practiced in the south-eastern cropping are... more Late stubble burning just prior to sowing is commonly practiced in the south-eastern cropping areas of Australia. With large stubble loads before sowing, late stubble burning in March/April minimises the duration the soil surface is exposed before the establishment of soil surface protection, usually by early winter (June/July). However better alternatives are needed because burning may become prohibited due to the perceived public health hazard from smoke. Consequently, we reviewed information from southern Australia, particularly from southern and central NSW, relative to other areas, to identify the basis for non adoption of stubble retention (Figure 1). We sought to highlight gaps in knowledge of stubble retention practice, and reasons why perceived benefits from adoption may not accrue, as these may contribute to non adoption.
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ABSTRACT Lucerne is widely used and promoted to ameliorate dryland salinity problems across a lar... more ABSTRACT Lucerne is widely used and promoted to ameliorate dryland salinity problems across a large proportion of the southern Australian mixed farming zone. To serve this purpose it must use its deep root system to extract subsoil water that has accumulated beneath a series of annual crops. Lucerne has a very high capacity to use water from the surface as shown by it's response to rainfall or irrigation, but less is known about it's ability to extract water from the deep subsoil. The soil environment of mature lucerne plants was manipulated to assess water extraction patterns from soil cores in a drainage lysimeter. A fresh watertable was established and maintained at 2.5 m depth; soil water contents were monitored with a neutron moisture meter and tensiometers, and roots were observed using minirhizotrons. Lucerne's dry matter response to a fresh watertable applied at 2.5 m was minimal. Results indicated that the rate at which lucerne will utilise water from depth for foliage growth was restricted by its genetic adaptations to surviving in a semi-arid environment. These adaptations will determine the upper limits of the extraction rate at which deeper drainage water can be retrieved by lucerne roots. To test the nature of the extractive function of the deep roots of lucerne, an experiment was set up in the drainage lysimeters at Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga. This investigation examined the relationship between the application of surface and subsoil water and above-ground dry matter production, to determine if lucerne would use subsoil water as it's primary water source for above-ground dry matter production. Methods Twelve intact cylindrical (250 cm long, 74 cm in diameter) monoliths each of two soil types were extracted during the summer of 1998-99. The two soils were a light clay kandosol, with 0-20 cm A, 20-55 cm B and 55+ cm C horizons, and a medium clay, high bulk density sodic (SAR >15%) vertisol, with 0-25 cm A and 25+ cm B horizons. The cores were enclosed in cylindrical steel casing and had a sand-filled base where
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Machinery for sowing wheat directly into rice residues has become more common in the rice-wheat s... more Machinery for sowing wheat directly into rice residues has become more common in the rice-wheat systems of the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, with increasing numbers of farmers now potentially able to access the benefits of residue retention. However, surface residue retention affects soil water and temperature dynamics, thus the optimum sowing date and irrigation management for a mulched crop may vary from those of a traditional non-mulched crop. Furthermore, the effects of sowing date and irrigation management are likely to vary with soil type and seasonal conditions. Therefore, a simulation study was conducted using the APSIM model and 40 years of weather data to evaluate the effects of mulch, sowing date and irrigation management and their interactions on wheat grain yield, irrigation requirement (I) and water productivity with respect to irrigation (WPI) and evapotranspiration (WPET). The results suggest that the optimum wheat sowing date in central Punjab depen...
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The purpose of this study was to test the Aqua Crop model in simulate canopy cover and above grou... more The purpose of this study was to test the Aqua Crop model in simulate canopy cover and above ground biomass of maize under three soil water regimes in a semi-humid environment. The trial at the Cambodian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI), Cambodia, over the 2015-2016 growing season used 3 plots each with three water regimes. The comparison between the observations and simulated values using statistics indicators R, RMSE, nRMSE, Nash, D, and MBE were 0.93, 10.9%, 46.6%, 0.36, 0.9, and 0.37t/ha for canopy cover (overestimation) and 0.97, 1.91 t/ha, 46.9%, 0.44, 0.89, and 0.43 t/ha (overestimation) for biomass respectively.
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Papers by Philip Eberbach