Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Hawker centre

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Hawker centre
Yaɣ shelifood court Mali niŋ
Tingbani shɛli din yinaSingapore Mali niŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Mali niŋ
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01568, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/01568, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/01568 Mali niŋ

For the sports centre in London, see Hawker Centre, Kingston-upon-Thames.

Tɛmplet:Chinese

Hawker centre bee cooked food centre nyɛla open-air complex din be Hong Kong, Malaysia mini Singapore. Bɛ daa miɛ li mi ni kpaŋsi sab'ta zaŋ n-ti mobile hawker ka mali "stall" nim pam din kuhiri bindira din be alaha. Teebuli nim mini kuɣsi nyɛla bɛn ʒini shɛli zuɣu n-diri bindira.

Lala yaɣa ŋɔ nyɛla gomnanti ni su shɛli ka maani li ka zaŋ di duri ŋɔ n-tiri "hawkers" ka bɛ kuhiri bɛ nima.

Tiŋgbana bee "region" nima

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Hong Kong

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See also: Hawkers in Hong Kong

Hong Kong, bindiri duɣira pam (熟食中心; bee bindiri duɣira kuhibu shee, 熟食市場) nyɛla din be din ni amaa ka mali zalikpani (kamani. Mong Kok Cooked Food Market nyɛla din be "lower levels" zaŋ n-ti Langham Place Hotel). Ban su bindiri duɣira kuhibu yaɣa nyɛ Food and Environmental Hygiene Department.

" Stall" pam din yina hawker centres nyɛla bɛn lɛbigi shɛli dai pai dong (cooked food stalls) ka zalikpana lee gbubi li; Hong Kong Government nyɛla ban nya bindiri duɣira zaashee ŋɔ ka di nyɛ din yɛn kari traditional dai pai yila din nyɛ palla zuɣu bindira kuhibu yuuni 1970s. Yuuni 1960s mini yuuni 1970s, gomnanti nyɛla ŋun daa miɛ bindirigu duɣira kuhibu shɛhi ni di sɔŋ niriba bindirigu dibu wahala Kwun Tong, Tsuen Wan n-ti pahi Fo Tan.

"Stall" din be bindirigu kuhibu shee nyɛla bɛn din kpaŋsiri bindirigu sab'ta.

Malaysia

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
A hawker center in Johor, Malaysia.

Yuuni 1950s, British nyɛla ban daa niŋ zaŋ bɛ zaɣa niŋ "economic influence" zaŋ n-ti hawkers. Gomnanti so doligu ni o tabi sɔŋ Kuala Lumpur Hawkers mini Petty Traders Association tuma, ninvuɣ shɛba ban be din nyɛla ban daa deei li Naawuni zuɣu kpɛ Malaysian Emergency kpaɣiri gomnanti ka dizuɣu daa che ka di bi chaŋ tooni.[1]

Yuuni 1967, tuuli "hawker center" nim ayi din be Malaysia nyɛla bɛn daa miɛ shɛliKuala Lumpur ka bɛ nia daa nyɛla bɛ yɛn kpaŋsi la sab'ta ka tuhi kari palla zuɣu bindira kuhibu. Di piligu niriba daa nyɛla ban bɛ kpaŋsi li amaa di nyaaŋa ka hawkers ŋɔ daa chaŋ lala duri ŋɔ ni.[1] Amaa shɛba nyɛla ban na kuli kuhiri bindira palla zuɣu, "hawker centre" nim ŋɔ nyɛla hawker licences dibaa ayopɔin la yini Kuala Lumpur nim ni ti.[2]

Penang, hawker nim pam nyɛla ban gba daa chaŋ luɣ'shɛŋa din mali sab'ta. Bɛ daa nyɛla ban zaŋ "mobile hawking" pahi.[3] Yaɣa palla chani nyɛla hawker nim ŋɔ shɛba ni daa na mali dabiɛm ka di nyɛla bɛ jɛ ni bɛ koŋ bɛ bindiri dariba n-ti pahi laɣa shɛli din daa tu ni yora.[4] Tun tumdiba kalinsi yuuni 1980s mini yuuni 1990s daa che ka "hawker centre" nim pam daa koŋ be zaashɛhi n-ti tiŋduya nima.[3]

Bindiri duɣiriba "hawker centre" nim nyɛla ʒin'gama tuma. "Hawking" nyɛla niriba pam ni nya shɛli" low-status" mini "low-paying".[5] COVID-19 pandemic nyɛla din daa tahi yɛlimuɣ'sira pam na.[6] Penang gomnanti nyɛla ŋun niŋ nia ni o labi niŋ Gurney Drive hawker centre, din nyɛ niriba pam ni mi shɛli .[7] Kuhima ni damma din be Penang's hawker centre nim nyɛla din booi kɔbigi puuni vaabu 50%, din niŋ ka zaligu wuhiri di tuma pilibu saha.[8]

Singapore

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
A hawker centre in Singapore.

"Hawker centre" nim nyɛla din daa pahi tiŋ shɛŋa din mali lɛbigimsim ka di zuɣu daa che ka niriba tiŋ'kpansi yihi kpɛ faŋ ni pahi yuuni 1950s mini yuuni 1960s. Di miɛbu nia daa nyɛla di kpaŋsi sab'ta ka taɣi palla zuɣu bindira kuhibu.[9] Saha ŋɔ di nyɛla din booi ka di daliri nyɛ Malaysia mini Singapore kalinli ni kuli pahiri la zuɣu. Singapore kalinli ŋɔ pahi zuɣu che ka bɛ taɣi food courts din nyɛ air conditioned.

Yuuni 1950s mini yuuni 1960s, hawker centre nim nyɛla bɛn daa nya shɛli ka di tu ni di be luɣ'shɛŋa din kalinli bɛ galisi pam. Hawker centre nim ŋɔ shɛŋa daa nyɛla din daa bi nya gbubiri suŋ ka daa lahi ka running water mini cleaning nima. Saha ŋɔ sab'ta nyɛla din kpaŋsi ni ka di nyɛla bɛ zali la zalikpana.[10][11] Kamani kɔbigi puuni vaabu 85% bee din gari nyɛ "A", ka din bi nyɛ kpaŋmaŋ zaa nyɛ "D", din nyɛ kɔbigi puuni vaabu 40 hali ni vaabu 49%. Upgrading or reconstruction of hawker centre nim miɛ pahi nyɛla bɛn daa gbaai shɛli yuyuuni 1990s, Singapore.

Yuuni 1987, "point demerit system" nyɛla bɛn daa piligi shɛli ni bɛ lihiri sab'ta zuɣu. Demerit point nim ayobu nyɛla din daa yihi US$400 fee (HK$2470). Ŋun zaɣasi "license" niŋbu nyɛla ŋun yɛn yo' liɣiri .[11]

Hawker centre nim din be Singapore nyɛla din be gomnanti kpeen tali yaɣa ata sulinsi ni, din nyɛ National Environment Agency (NEA) din be Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE), Housing and Development Board (HDB) n-ti pahi JTC Corporation. Centre nim kam din be HDB mini NEA sulinsi ni zaa nyɛla din be NEA ka individual Town Councils nyɛ ban su HDB centre nima. JTC sulinsi nyɛla din be ŋun niŋdi li maa.[11]

Yuuni 2011, Singapore nyɛla ban yɛli bɛn mali nia shɛm ni bɛ miɛ hawker center nim pia. Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla din yɛn che ka bindira dahi bi lahi pahi.[11]

Yuuni 2016, Singaporean food stall nim ayi ka di zaa be hawker centre nima, daa lee tuuli "street food vendors" din nya pini din booni Michelin Star. Lala "stall" nim ayi ŋɔ nyɛ Hong Kong Soya Sauce Chicken Rice and Noodle mini Hill Street Tai Hwa Pork Noodle.[12][13] Yuuni 2019, kalinli din gari 40 hawker stall nim nyɛla din daa nya pini din yuli booni Michelin Star and Bib Gourmand in Singapore. Yuuni 2023, bɛ sabi yuya ŋɔ doli din deei pina gari taba shɛm.[14]

Yuuni 2019, Singapore nyɛla ban daa sabi wuhiri bɛn bɔri ni bɛ hawker culture pahi UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[15] Lahabali daa wuhiya silimin gɔli December biɛɣ'pinaayobu dali yuuni 2020 ni bɛ zaŋ li pahi din daa niŋ ka UNESCO nim buɣisi hawker centre "‘community dining rooms’ luɣ'shɛli niriba ni laɣindi diri asiba bindirigu, wuntaŋ ni bindirigu n-ti pahi yuŋ bindirigu."[16]

Silimin gɔli September dahin yini dali yuuni 2021, zalikpana daa nyɛla din zali n-ti bindirigu duɣibu ni di kuhibu mini di kuhibu nima hawker centre nima. Di yi niŋ ka so tuui tum birigi zalikpana ŋɔ bɛ yɛn sabi gbaŋ kpahi o zuɣu ni. Di yi niŋ ka o labi tum birigi zalikpana ŋɔ pahi ayi ka o yɛn yo' la liɣiri din yiɣisi $300, di yi niŋ ka o tum pahi ata bɛ yɛn zaŋ o mi tahi court fines, Environmental Public Health Act.[17]

Urban Hawker (New York City)

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Silimin gɔli September biɛɣ'pishi ni yini dali yuuni 2022, Singaporean-style hawker centre nyɛla bɛn daa piligi shɛli Manhattan, New York City. Di nyɛla bɛn daa piligi shɛli yɛltɔɣa yuuni 2013, ŋun daa piligi li ŋɔ nyɛ American chef Anthony Bourdain din daa niŋ ka o chaŋ Singapore nyaaŋa, ka daa gba saawara ni Singaporean chef K.F. Seetoh. Seetoh nyɛla ŋun daa deei li din daa niŋ ka Bourdain's kpi yuuni 2018 nyaaŋa.[18] Ka bɛ booni li Urban Hawker, di nyɛla din mali Singaporean kali bindira, ka bindiri kuhiriba ŋɔ pam nyɛ ban yina Singapore.[19][20][21]

Lihimi m-pahi

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Kundivihira

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Teh, Leam Seng Alan (17 March 2019). "Tracing our hawker roots". New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/03/470008/tracing-our-hawker-roots.
  2. ↑ Norhaslina Hassan (2003). Accommodating the Street Hawkers into Modern Urban Management in Kuala Lumpur.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Khoo Gaik Cheng (March 2017). "The Cheapskate Highbrow and the Dilemma of Sustaining Penang Hawker Food". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 32 (1): 36–77. DOI:10.1355/sj32-1b.
  4. ↑ (2011) ""I am too old! Who is going to give me a job?" Women hawkers in Teluk Bahang, Penang, Malaysia". Journal of Workplace Rights 15 (1).
  5. ↑ Chong, Nicholas (1 February 2019). Making Food Hawking in Penang Sustainable. Penang Institute.
  6. ↑ Lim, Rena (20 May 2021). "Two food centres close due to virus". The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2021/05/20/two-food-centres-close-due-to-virus.
  7. ↑ Sekaran, R. (24 November 2020). "Facelift for famous hawker centre". The Star. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/11/24/facelift-for-famous-hawker-centre.
  8. ↑ "MBPP appeals to MKN to consider allowing 35 hawker centres in or near markets on Penang island to operate from 6am". Buletin Mutiara. 24 June 2021. https://www.buletinmutiara.com/mbpp-appeals-to-mkn-to-consider-allowing-35-hawker-centres-in-or-near-markets-on-penang-island-to-operate-from-6am/.
  9. ↑ Tam, Andrew (1 February 2017). "Singapore Hawker Centers: Origins, Identity, Authenticity, and Distinction". Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies 17 (1): 44–55. DOI:10.1525/gfc.2017.17.1.44. ISSN 1529-3262.
  10. ↑ Trinidad, Elson (30 August 2013). The Singapore Solution to L.A.'s Illegal Street Food Vending Problem. KCET.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Hawker Policy in Singapore". Legislative Council Secretariat: 1–10.
  12. ↑ Kim, Soo (25 July 2016). "Singapore street food stalls get Michelin star". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/singapore/articles/singapore-street-food-stalls-get-michelin-star/.
  13. ↑ Singapore gets the world's first Michelin star for a food stall (en).
  14. ↑ https://www.michelin.com/en/documents/michelin-guide-2023-singapore-five-restaurants-are-newly-awarded-with-one-michelin-star/
  15. ↑ Singapore submits Unesco bid to recognise hawker culture (29 March 2019).
  16. ↑ Nomination file No. 01568 — Hawker culture in Singapore, community dining and culinary practices in a multicultural urban context. UNESCO. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  17. ↑ Mandatory For Diners To Return Dirty Trays, Crockery And Clean Table Litter At Hawker Centres, Coffeeshops And Food Courts (14 May 2021).
  18. ↑ Anthony Bourdain's unrealized dream comes to life: "Tony would say, 'Darn it, you did it without me' (20 September 2022).
  19. ↑ 12 Street Foods To Try at Midtown's New Singaporean Food Hall (en) (23 September 2022).
  20. ↑ New York's first Singapore-style hawker center opens in Midtown next week (20 September 2022).
  21. ↑ An Authentic Singaporean Hawker Center Just Opened in NYC (en) (9 September 2022).
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Tɛmplet:Hong Kong restaurants

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