Mɔfoloji
| Yaɣ sheli | linguistics  |
|---|---|
| Pahi la | linguistics |
| Di nyɛla bɔhimbu zaŋ ti | Mɔfim, flexion, Biɛlimpahirili |
| Stack Exchange tag | https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/tags/morphology |
Siliminsi ni boli shɛli linguistics la ni, mɔfoloji (mor-FOL-ə-jee[1]) nyɛla bɔhimbu yaɣishɛli din jɛndi bachinima, di ni nam shɛm ni dini n kpini taba shɛm yɛltɔɣa ni.[2][3] Di ni tooi zooi ka ti doli so'shɛli n baŋdi mɔfoloji ni nyɛ shɛli nyɛla mɔfim, din nyɛ billinli shɛli din pɔra ka mali gbunni yɛltɔɣa ni. Mɔfim ni tooi nyɛ bachi tuga din ni tooi n zani di gama zuɣu ka nyɛ bachi bee ka di ni tooi n lahi nyɛ mɔfim tuɣirili din pahiri bachikara zuɣu. Shɛhira kamani, dagbanli ni, bachi tuŋa ŋɔ 'gbaai' (catch) di mini mɔfim tuɣirili ŋɔ 'bu' zaaha nyɛla mɔfimnima; 'gbaai' ni tooi n zani di gama zuɣu n-nyɛ bachi bee ka di deei bilinmpahirili 'bu' n nam bachi palli 'gbaabu'. Mɔfɔloji lahi wuhiri ti bachinima ni niŋdi bee n taɣiri di biɛhigu bachi pubu balibu ni shɛm siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni parts of speech la, ni ŋanima ni ni tooi n taɣi di bachi pubu balibu ka yina shɛm sintaɣisi yaɣa kamani kalinli ni, din pun niŋ ni din na niŋda, ni kpatuɣa ni. Baŋsim bɔhimbu kamani bɛ ni boli shɛli productivity la, din nyɛ din jɛndi alizam'diriba ni namdi bachi bachinima ka di luri n zahindi bɛ yɛltɔɣa puuni shɛm, din nyɛ din gili yɛltɔɣa bee balli taarihi.
Siliminsi ni boli shɛli linguistics ŋɔ puuni yaɣ'shɛli din bi tɔi ka di bɔhimbu lahi n nyaɣisa ka di lihiri yɛltɔɣa biɛhigu yaɣa balibu balibu siliminsi ni boli shɛli "scale"la. Mɔfɔloji nyɛla din lahi n ʒeya n tumdi n gari fonoloji, din wuhiri bachinima kɔmsi yɛltɔɣa ni, din nyɛ wɔligimsim shɛli ŋan be mɔfim mini di taba puuni. Mɔfɔloji lɛbili n-nyɛ, sintaɣisi nyɛla zalisi ŋan jɛndi sabbu ka lahi n wuhiri bachinima ni namdi bachi tuɣira mini yɛltɔɣa shɛm. Mɔfoloji pubu nyɛla yaɣ'gahindili shɛli din puri yɛltɔɣa bɔŋbɔŋ n doli mɔfɔloji nanhingbana shɛli di ni wuhi.
Taarihi
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Bɛ ni boli shɛli ni ancient Indian mɔfoloji wuhibu la taarihi daa nyɛla din pilila ni bɛ ni boli so ni linguist Pāṇini, ŋun nyɛ ŋun daa mali di zalisi siliminsili kalinli 3,959 Sanskrit mɔfoloji puuni gbaŋ shɛli ni bɛ ni boli Aṣṭādhyāyī ka di daa nyɛla siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni constituency grammar la ka o daa n zaŋ n tum tuma. Bɛ ni boli shɛba ni the Greco-Roman grammatical tradition la gba daa nyɛla din wuhiri ka vihiri mɔfoloji.[4] Mɔfɔloji bɔhimbu ni wuhibu ŋan n be Rarigu shɛŋa ni n-nyɛ the Marāḥ Al-Arwāḥ of Aḥmad b. Mas'ūd, din daa beni yuuni 1200 CE la saha.[5]
Lala bachi jilikpeeni ŋɔ "morphology" daa nyɛla August Schleicher ni daa n zaŋ shɛli n kpɛhi yɛltɔɣa bɔhimbu ni yuuni 1859 la ni.[lower-alpha 1][6]
Fundamental Concepts
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Lexeme nima mini bachi behigu
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]"Bachi" nyɛla din gbunni bee fasara din zilim pam.[7] Dinzuɣu, di zaŋdila bachinima dibaa ayi ŋan kpini taba n mali kuri ti bukaatanima mɔfɔloji puuni ka di nyɛ: lexeme mini bachi pubu[definition needed].Siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni a lexeme ŋɔ nyɛla bachinima din laɣim taba ka yee bee sabbu zalisi be di biɛhigu ni ka mali bɛ ni boli shɛli ni citation form la ka di be bachi kɔb'bihi ni.[8] Shɛhira kamani, lexeme ŋɔ DI (eat) puuni di, diya, ni dirimi zaa ni tooi n yina ka di zaa nyɛ bachi pubu balibu. Di ni dirimi bela bachi pubu konkɔba kamani diya mini di gba ni be bachi pubu konkɔba shɛm laka di wuhiri ni ŋa zaa yila lexemes konkɔba ni na bɔhimbu ni.
Prosodic bachinim mini Morphological bachinima
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Shɛhira shɛŋa din bɔŋɔ nyɛla shɛhira shɛŋa ŋan Zuliya shɛŋa yɛltɔɣa ni na ka di wuhiri bachi kumsi tooisim kalimsi ni di kpɛ mɔfoloji bachi ni shɛm. Latin puuni, so'shɛli ti ni tooi n doli n wuhi bachinamda shɛŋa siliminsi ni boli ni 'NOUN-PHRASE1 mini NOUN-PHRASE2' (kamani "Apples mini Oranges(Leemunima)" puuni ) nyɛla ti yɛn zaŋla bilintuɣirili '-que' n pahi bachinamdili din pahiri ayi la ni: "apples oranges-and". Din bɔŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni boli zuliya shɛba ni Kwak'wala ni wuhi shɛli n kpɛ puuni.[lower-alpha 2] Kwak'wala puuni, kamani zuliya kam puuni, bachinamda gbunni kamani din jɛndi sulinsi ni bachi gbunni nyɛla bɛ ni mali mɔfim sumaŋa n kpɛhiri shɛŋa puuni, din yɛn che ka di bi nyɛ bachi tuŋa. Siliminsili ni bachituɣira dibaa ata la, "with his club", di puuni 'with' (mini) nyɛla din wuhiri di bachinamdi tuɣirili ni nyɛ shɛli ka 'his' (O) nyɛla din wuhiri sulinsi ka di ni tooi n mali bachinima ayi bee ka di gari lala Zuliya shɛŋa yɛltɔɣa ni. Kamani Zuliya pam ni, Kwak'wala nima ŋɔ bachi gbunni bilinli tuɣirili bi tabiliri di lexeme shɛli di ni yɛri tiri maa fonoloji puuni naɣila lexeme shɛli ŋa be di tooni maa. Nyami shɛhira shɛli ŋan do gbunni ŋɔ (Kwak'wala ni, yɛltɔɣa pilindimi ni binshɛli bee bachi shɛli din doli siliminsili ni bachiniŋdili):[lower-alpha 3]
kwixʔid-i-da
clubbed-PIVOT-DETERMINER
bəgwanəmai-χ-a
man-ACCUSATIVE-DETERMINER
q'asa-s-isi
otter-INSTRUMENTAL-3SG-POSSESSIVE
t'alwagwayu
club
"the man clubbed the otter with his club."
Din bɔŋɔ wuhiya ni ŋun tɔɣisiri Kwak'wala, o yɛltɔɣa puuni bachinima ŋɔ 'him-the-otter' bee 'with-his-club' ka di puuni naɣila siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni the markers -i-da (PIVOT-'the'), din yɛri n-tiri daadam "man", ka di nyɛ din bi tabi bachinamdili bəgwanəma ("man") amaa ka lee n tabi di bachiniŋdili; the markers -χ-a (ACCUSATIVE-'the'), ka di yɛri n-tiri otter, ka tabi bəgwanəma ka bi tabi q'asa ('otter'), ni din kam kpalim pahi pahi. Yaha, ŋun tɔɣisiri Kwak'wala bi nya ka yɛltɔɣa mali lala bachi kumsi nima ŋɔ:
kwixʔid
clubbed
i-da-bəgwanəma
PIVOT-the-mani
χ-a-q'asa
hit-the-otter
s-isi-t'alwagwayu
with-hisi-club
Di ni daa niŋ ka lala yeli yina Dixon mini Aikhenvald (2002) n daa nyɛ ban daa n mali li n-niŋ, ka daa n yuli yuli lala bɛ ni boli shɛli ni prosodic-phonological mini bachi ŋmɛbu zalisi ni nyɛ shɛli n-ti bachi yaɣa pam puuni kamani Amazonian, Australian Aboriginal, Caucasian, Eskimo, Indo-European, Native North American, West African, ni birilim ni ni bi chaŋ viɛyɛlinga shɛm. Di daa wuhiya ni bala pam n mali bɛ ni boli shɛli ni hybrid linguistic unit clitic la din mali bachinima nambu nanhingbana n-ti bachinima amaa ka di bɛ ni boli shɛli ni prosodic-phonological la lee ka di maŋmaŋa mɔfim tuɣirili siliminsi ni boli shɛli ni bound morphemes. Din be be bɛ ni boli shɛli ni clitics la ni ka di mali di maŋmaŋa yɛltɔɣa baŋsim.[9]
Inflection vs. word formation
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]Ti yi yuli bachi shɛli bɛ ni boli shɛli ni "lexeme" la gbunni viɛyelinga ti ni tooi n yihi mɔfoloji zalisi dibaa ayi. Mɔfoloji ŋɔ zalisi shɛŋa chaŋmi n-ti kpini lala "lexeme" ŋɔ balibu shɛŋa din nyɛ yim amaa ka zalisi shɛŋa gba chaŋ n ti kpini lexeme nima shɛŋa ŋan nyɛ kɔnkoba. Zalisi shɛŋa din be tuuli balibu maa ni nyɛla bɛ ni boli shɛli ni inflectional rule ka din paya la mii ka bɛ boli li ni zalisi ŋan jɛndi bachi nambu.[10] Lala zali shɛli bɛ ni booni "inflectional rule" ŋɔ ka bɛ daa zaŋ n nya baa zaɣ'bɔbu siliminsili ni ka bachijaba tuɣira mini bachinima kamani ba'gbahira bee ŋman'paɣira mii nima nyɛ shɛhiranima n-ti bachi nambu. Bachi nambu zalisi n-nyɛ din namdi bachi pala din bahi bahindi lexemes pala ka bɛ ni boli shɛli ni "inflection rules" la mii namdi bachi bali shɛli din yi di ko ka chɛ bachi yinsi (lexeme).
Wɔliginsim shɛli din be bɛ ni boli shɛli ni "inflection" la mini bachi nambu puuni nyɛla din bi ne n do polo ni dɔminchi shɛhiranima pam yina ka yɛltɔɣa baŋdiba la bi tooi n bɔ kahigibu n-ti ŋa nima din yɛn wuhi ni ŋa zalisi nyɛla bachi nambu dini bee bɛ ni boli shɛli ni inflection la ni. Bɔhimbu din doli ŋɔ ni ti ni nya ti ni yɛn tooi n bɔ kahigibu nima n-ti ŋanima shɛm.
Kundivihira
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]- ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
- ↑ Anderson, Stephen R. (n.d.). "Morphology". Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Macmillan Reference, Ltd., Yale University. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ↑ Aronoff, Mark; Fudeman, Kirsten (n.d.). "Morphology and Morphological Analysis" (PDF). What is Morphology?. Blackwell Publishing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ↑ Beard, Robert (1995). Lexeme-Morpheme Base Morphology: A General Theory of Inflection and Word Formation. Albany: NY: State University of New York Press. pp. 2, 3. ISBN 0-7914-2471-5.
- ↑ Åkesson 2001.
- ↑ Schleicher, August (1859). "Zur Morphologie der Sprache". Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. VII°. I, N.7. St. Petersburg. p. 35.
- ↑ Haspelmath & Sims 2002, p. 15.
- ↑ Haspelmath & Sims 2002, p. 16.
- ↑ Word : a cross-linguistic typology. Robert M. W. Dixon, A. I︠U︡. Aĭkhenvalʹd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-511-48624-1. OCLC 704513339.CS1 maint: others (link)
- ↑ Anderson, Stephen R. (1992). A-Morphous Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 74, 75. ISBN 9780521378666.
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