Books by Felix Pirson
Tagungen und Kongresse 3, 2024
The growing awareness of the current climate crisis has led to an increased interest in the inves... more The growing awareness of the current climate crisis has led to an increased interest in the investigation of historical human-environment interactions. In this context, the micro-region has proven to be a significant category for ecological, socio-economic and cultural analyses. Within the framework of the micro-region, it is possible to reconstruct complex socio-ecological systems. The present volume offers a collection of papers held in 2022 at a workshop organized by the project »The Transformation of the Pergamon Micro Region between the Hellenistic and the Roman Imperial Period«. The interdisciplinary contributions reflect on micro-regions as spaces of socio-ecological interaction on a theoretical, methodological and empirical level. They convey the current state of knowledge for various regions of the Mediterranean and reveal perspectives for future research.
Häfen und Hafenstädte im östlichen Mittelmeerraum von der Antike bis in byzantinische Zeit. Neue Entdeckungen und aktuelle Forschungsansätze - Harbors and Harbor Cities in the Eastern Mediterranean from Antiquity to the Byzantine Period: Recent Discoveries and Current Approaches
Byzas 19 – ÖAI Sonderschriften 52
2 Bände, 836 Seiten
Band 1 464 Seiten
Band 2 372 Seiten, f... more Byzas 19 – ÖAI Sonderschriften 52
2 Bände, 836 Seiten
Band 1 464 Seiten
Band 2 372 Seiten, farbig und schwarz-weiß. Beiträge in Englisch, Deutsch und Türkisch (Zusammenfassungen in Englisch und Türkisch)
Band 1
Vorwort / S. Ladstätter – F. Pirson – Th. Schmidts
Einführung / S. Ladstätter – F. Pirson – Th. Schmidts
Geschichte und Perspektiven der Forschung
History of Research and Perspectives
Julia Daum – Nicola Daumann – Sarah Wolfmayr:
Karl Lehmann-Hartleben und die Erforschung antiker Häfen
Hannah Baader – Gerhard Wolf :
Ästhetiken der Schwelle. Sieben Aspekte der Morphologie und Topologie von Hafenstädten im nachantiken Mittelmeerraum
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Die Levante und Ägypten
New Research and Discoveries: The Levant and Egypt
Christopher J. Brandon:
The Herodian Harbour of Caesarea Maritima. Recent Research and Related Studies
Franck Goddio – David Fabre:
Heracleion-Thonis and Alexandria, Emporia of Egypt. New Researches and Recent Discoveries
Marianne Bergmann – Michael Heinzelmann:
Schedia – Zollstation und Flusshafen Alexandrias am Kanopischen Nil
Stefano De Luca – Anna Lena:
The Harbor of the City of Magdala/Taricheae on the Shores of the Sea of Galilee, from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine Times. New Discoveries and Preliminary Results
Eva Grossmann:
The Harbours of Tel Michal and Apollonia 1750 B.C.–A.D. 1265
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Türkei, Südküste
New Research and Discoveries: Turkey, South Coast
Hatice Pamir:
Recent Researches and New Discoveries in the Harbours of Seleucia Pieria
K. Levent Zoroğlu:
Kelenderis’in Limanları ve Çapalama Yerleri
Nevzat Çevik – Süleyman Bulut – Çakır Afşin Aygün:
Myra’nın Limanı Andriake
T. Mikail P. Duggan – Çakır Afşin Aygün:
The Medieval and Later Port of Myra/Stamira – Taşdibi
Havva Işkan – Mustafa Koçak, mit Beiträgen von Harun Özdaş, Nilhan Kızıldağ, Pascal Brengel, Frederik Berger:
Der Hafen von Patara. Altes Wissen, neue Forschungen
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Türkei, Westküste
New Research and Discoveries: Turkey, West Coast
Hayat Erkanal:
Klazomenai/Liman Tepe’nin Limanları
Akın Ersoy:
Smyrna: Yeni Keşfedilen Kamu Yapıları ve Alanlar (2007–2010) Çerçevesinde Bir Değerlendirme
Martin Steskal:
Ephesos and its Harbors: A City in Search of its Place
Felix Pirson:
Elaia, der (maritime) Satellit Pergamons
Winfried Held:
Häfen der Rhodischen Peraia
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Türkei, Marmarameer
New Research and Discoveries: Turkey, Marmara Sea
Rahmi Asal – Zeynep Kızıltan:
M.Ö. 7 – M.S. 12. Yüzyıllar Theodosius Limanı’nın 1900 Yılı
Şehrazat Karagöz:
Marmaray Kazıları ve Antik Liman Khrysopolis Limanı
Reyhan Körpe – Mehmet Fatih Yavuz:
Eski Çağlarda Gelibolu Yarımadası’nın Limanları
Şengül Aydıngün – Haldun Aydıngün – Hakan Öniz:
Küçükçekmece Lake’s Basin Antique Harbours
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Griechenland
New Research and Discoveries: Greece
Kalliopi Baika :
Ancient Harbour Cities – New Methodological Perspectives and Recent Research in Greece
Theotokis Theodoulou:
Recording the Harbour Network of Ancient Lesbos (2008–2009)
Band 2
Hafenbauten und Bautechnik
Harbour Installations and Building Techniques
John Peter Oleson:
The Evolution of Harbour Engineering in the Ancient Mediterranean World
David J. Blackman:
Ancient Shipsheds
Scott Redford:
Medieval Anatolian Arsenals at Sinop and Alanya
Wirtschaft und Politik
Economy and Politics
Mantha Zarmakoupi:
Die Hafenstadt Delos
Thomas Schmidts:
Der Einfluss der römischen Administration auf die Entwicklung der Hafenstädte im östlichen Mittelmeerraum
Caroline Autret – Matthew Dillon – John Lund – Nicholas Rauh – Levent Zoroğlu:
The Trading Networks of Ancient Rough Cilicia
Hafenstädte: Städtebau und Wahrnehmung
Harbour Cities: City Planning and Perception
Felix Pirson :
Antike Hafenstädte – Gestaltung, Funktion, Wahrnehmung
Martina Schupp:
Caput Ioniae. Zur Untersuchung römischer Hafenfassaden am Beispiel von Milet
Catherine Bouras.
On the Urbanism of Roman Harbours: the Evolution of Space Organization in Harbours of the Aegean Sea
Stefan Feuser:
Torbauten und Bogenmonumente in römischen Hafenstädten
Geowissenschaften und die Erforschung antiker Häfen
Geo-Sciences and the Exploration of Ancient Harbours
Christophe Morhange – Nick Marriner – Guénaelle Bony – Nicolas Carayon – Clément Flaux – Majid Shah-Hosseini:
Coastal Geoarchaeology and Neocatastrophism: a Dangerous Liaison?
Jean-Philippe Goiran – Nick Marriner – Christophe Morhange – Julien Cavero – Christine Oberlin – Jean-Yves Empereur:
Geoarchaeology of Alexandria (Egypt): 8,000 Years of Coastal Evolution
Andreas Vött – Hanna Hadler – Timo Willershäuser – Konstantin Ntageretzis – Helmut Brückner – Heinz Warnecke – Pieter M. Grootes – Franziska Lang –Oliver Nelle – Dimitris Sakellariou:
Ancient Harbours Used as Tsunami Sediment Traps – the Case Study of Krane (Cefalonia Island, Greece)
Helmut Brückner – Alexander Herda – Marc Müllenhoff –Wolfgang Rabbel – Harald Stümpel:
Der Löwenhafen von Milet – eine geoarchäologische Fallstudie
Pergamon A Hellenistic Capital in Anatolia Anadolu’da Bir Hellenistik Dönem Başkenti
Since the establishment of the Attalid dynasty in the 3rd century bc the ancient city of Pergamon... more Since the establishment of the Attalid dynasty in the 3rd century bc the ancient city of Pergamon had been the capital and royal residence of the Attalid kingdom as well as a more or less independent Hellenistic polis with all its civic institutions.
Consequently this book concentrates above all on Pergamon as a city and a royal capital, on its inhabitants and its sacred spaces, which feature so prominently in the urban fabric and include the Sanctuary of Athena, the Great Altar, the Asklepieion and the Red Hall (or Red Basilica). Although the chronological focus lies on the Hellenistic epoch, the articles in this volume cover a span from prehistory to the Byzantine period, as is essential if one is to understand the prerequisites for the city's development within its landscape, and also to appreciate how the legacy of Hellenism was handed down, changed, enriched and also destroyed in subsequent periods.
Ansichten des Krieges. Kampfreliefs klassischer und hellenistischer Zeit im Kulturvergleich
The study is dedicated to the visual language and the messages of reliefs showing images of battl... more The study is dedicated to the visual language and the messages of reliefs showing images of battle and fight, which provided the contemporary viewers with models of explanation for their own cognition. The analysis of 195 reliefs from Athens, Lycia, the Black Sea-Region, the Hellenistic world and from Etruria has been conceived as a further element in a history of the perception of war examining media practices in association with a central cultural phenomenon. The identification of a great variety of perceptions of war already in Classical and Hellenistic times results in the abandonment of the dichotomy between Greek and Roman in the consideration of ancient battle depictions, which has dominated scholarship on this topic until now.
Extended Summary:
Battle scenes are not only among the most common, but also among the most impressive subjects of ancient art. Archaeology, however, has not dedicated many studies to these images, dealing with their visual language and their messages. The ongoing discussion about the conditions under which modern journalistic images of war are generated and about their influence on public opinion has influenced archaeology and classical studies as well and led to an increasing interest in the subject of battle and fighting in visual media. Against this background, the study shows that ancient images are testimonies of selective perceptions as well, which provided the contemporary viewers with models of explanation for their own cognition. Analysis and interpretation of such models of explanation contribute very much to the comprehension of the importance of war and military force in different social contexts, but tell us relatively little about war as such. Accordingly, this study has been conceived as a further element in a history of the perception of war examining media practices in association
with a central phenomenon of ancient and modern cultures as well.
The comparison of different conceptions of war, victory and military force depicted on reliefs dating from the late 5th to the early 1st cent. B.C. serves this particular aim. They originate from various cultural complexes defined by chronological and geographical criteria, reaching from Athens to Lycia, the Black Sea region and Etruria. These contexts share a common visual language in the Greek tradition, which ensures their comparability. Furthermore, the study can contribute to the understanding of the functioning of one visual language in changing cultural and contextual frameworks.
The concentration on reliefs has two main reasons: the particular applicability of this genre for images in the public sphere and their wide spread both spatially and chronologically. Thematically, the study is confined to images showing armed conflicts between opponents which were familiar to contemporary ancient viewers or at least came from their historical environment. Thus historical scenes, showing battles between Persians and Greeks for instance, were much closer to the presence of the contemporaries than images of mythological battles. General battle depictions, however, confront the viewer with an always updatable behaviour, since they are of purely descriptive nature and not based on a specific narrative.
The analysis of altogether 195 reliefs with battle depictions concentrates on three central elements of their visual language: first the repertoire of motifs, i. e. the totality of figure schemes of a relief, which envisage the actions of the players and therefore become an expression of specific perceptions of battle and fighting. Second are basic stylistic features, which together with the repertoire of motifs create the aesthetic evidence of the images. Finally the modes of representation – such as historical scenes – which defined the relation of the images to the present of the ancient viewer both temporally and regarding the content.
The examination of reliefs from Athens, Lycia, the Black Sea region, the Hellenistic world and Etruria has shown that, besides similarities in the basics of visual language and some general aspects of content, there are significant differences between the various cultural complexes concerning the perception of war, battle and violence. Within the different cultural complexes a great variety of new figure schemes have been created in addition to the generally accepted basic motifs. The new schemes can be regarded as products of specific interests of the viewers and hence are first-rate sources for the various concepts of war and battle. The same goes for new formal solutions which were developed for instance in the northern Black Sea region in order to show the confusion and swiftness of cavalry combat in a most convincing way. The flexibility of the language of images in relation to motifs and form is the precondition of its remarkable adaptability. On this basis it could create convincing solutions in very different cultural contexts. The differences between the various cultural complexes analysed here become particularly obvious in the
weight given to the depiction of fight on the one hand, of victory and defeat on the other. Similarly significant are the frequency and the functions of extreme violence in the images and the importance of individual actors vs. the collective. Thus the representation of accomplished victory is limited at Athens to the collective of the citizen soldiers, while at Lycia also individuals can be shown as triumphant vanquishers. The rule of local dynasts at Lycia is in accordance with the subordination of the single subject under the leadership of one distinguished person, who becomes a guarantor of success. Images from the northern Black Sea region, in contrast, completely do without the representation of the collective and just focus on the single actor with his individual military skills and achievements. In Etruria, on the other hand, the perception of war and battle
strongly depends on the sepulchral context of the images. Inside the burial chambers of extended family units, the achievements of the gens of the deceased are put forward along with possible references to the eschatological meaning of battle.
Battle depictions of some cultural complexes also contain references to contemporary military practice that go beyond the use of antiquarian details. The reliefs thereby sought to appeal to the interests of viewers with military training and experience. Thus the Attic images, especially the friezes of the Athena–Nike temple, contributed to the discourse about the right way of fighting – i. e. the just measure between attack and cover, or daring and caution. In the northern Black-Sea region, on the other hand, not only are the above mentioned specific features of cavalry combat highlighted but also comradeship is particularly praised. Thereby a level of meaning of the images becomes obvious, which refers in a concrete way to personal experiences of the viewers. Nevertheless, analysis of the images often neglects this level in favour of the impact which cultural convictions and political ideologies had on the depictions of war and fighting.
The different perceptions of war transmitted by the images are rooted in the social, political and military conditions of their time of origin and evidently depend on their original contexts of display. Thus neither cultural convictions and political ideologies, nor the social and military environments alone can explain the artistic perceptions of war and fighting in antiquity. Instead a multitude of factors were responsible for the specific perceptions conveyed by the images. These factors prove to be products of the historical framework of the images. Within the various cultural complexes, the individual historical framework can be as variable and multifaceted as the perceptions of the images themselves.
Papers/Varia by Felix Pirson
Türkiye Bilimler akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, 2009
The İstanbul branch of the German Archaeological Institute is the largest foreign scientific inst... more The İstanbul branch of the German Archaeological Institute is the largest foreign scientific institute in Turkey. Even though it has had a long and successful past, the institute must redefine its goals to meet the needs of the changing Turkish and international academic environment. This article presents research plans and aims ultimately to contribute to continuing archaeological discussions in Turkey. Research should be conducted by endorsing the values of collaboration and partnership and by embracing the joint responsibility towards cultural heritage. Such an approach will ensure that cultural policies are maintained through united efforts and accredited academic research standards
Wohnen und Arbeiten im antiken Pompeji : Die Erforschung der Casa dei Postumii zwischen Archäologie und Denkmalpflege
Shops and Industries
The World of Pompeii, 2009
Ü. Yalçın– H.-D. Bienert, Anatolien – Brücke der Kulturen. Kültürlerin Köprüsü Anadolu. Bericht Kolloquium Bonn 2014. Der Anschnitt. 27. Beiheft (Bochum – Bonn 2015) 39–46, 2015
Papers Pergamon and Environs by Felix Pirson
Caves as places of human-environment interaction in the longue durée: the example of Ballık Cave in the Pergamon Micro-region
E. Menestò (ed.), «IN PRINCIPIO ERA LA GROTTA» FONDAZIONE CENTRO ITALIANO DI STUDI SULL’ALTO MEDIOEVO SPOLETO . Atti del X Convegno internazionale sulla civiltà rupestre Savelletri di Fasano (BR), 23-25 novembre 2023 (Savelletri di Fasano 2024), p. 123-139 , 2024
Caves had an outstanding significance for the interactions of humans
with the natural environment... more Caves had an outstanding significance for the interactions of humans
with the natural environment since the beginning of mankind.The longue durée of such interaction in in caves will be exemplified in by Ballık Cave next to Dikili (province of İzmir in northwest Türkiye), where layers of human occupation and usage date back to the Epipaleolithic (12th mill. BC) and can be traced at least until Byzantine times (13th C AD). The example of Ballık Cave indicates that changes in the human-environment interaction followed
no linear development with irreversible consequences, but that the same natural monument can attract human interest again and again under changed cultural and religious circumstances.
Tumuli and natural sanctuaries. Visual aspects of urban space and landscape-interaction in Hellenistic Pergamon and its micro-region
Ch. G. Williamson (ed.), Sacred Landscapes, Connecting Routes. Caeculus 10 (Leuven 2024) p. 33-62), 2024
The paper examines the relationship between the monumental city and its surroundings through the ... more The paper examines the relationship between the monumental city and its surroundings through the visuality of its sacred landscape, as represented by Hellenistic tumuli and natural sanctuaries. Visibility analyses aids in demonstrating how the tumuli around Pergamon, as well as the natural sanctuaries inside and outside the city, are parts of a larger `visual region´ of the city. Moreover, these special places are shown to have been visually linked to specific places of meaning on the city-hill, highlightning their function as catalysts for the wider urban-landscape interactions (Ch. G. Willimason, Introduction p. 4.)
Archaeological Prospection; 1–29, 2021
The Yıgma Tepe of Pergamon is one of the largest known burial mounds in the Eastern Mediterranean... more The Yıgma Tepe of Pergamon is one of the largest known burial mounds in the Eastern Mediterranean. Its internal structure, especially the existence and location of burials, remains unknown so far because its height of 32 m and the diameter of 158 m have restricted extensive excavations. To explore the interior of the Yı gma Tepe, we applied shear wave reflection profiling and traveltime tomography, locally complemented by electrical resistivity tomography. Shear wave reflection imaging enabled us to identify the layering and localize structures down to the basal surface of the mound with a metre-scale resolution. A grid of crossing SH-wave profiles with 4-m line spacing covered the central mound area. The Yı gma Tepe can be subdivided into three stratigraphic layers representing different construction phases, each about 10 m thick. The deepest is a consolidated layer with a locally compacted surface. SH-wave reflection imaging verified the collapsed remains of a tunnel system and a shaft at about 30-m depth that had been dug into the mound at the level of the basal surface at the beginning of the 20th century. The tunnel collapse created a damage zone of decreased S-wave velocity reaching up to the overlying middle layer, in which four seismic objects of interest (SOIs) were detected. The largest of these SOIs is a north-south-oriented structure, about 15 m long and 4 m wide. SH-viscoelastic forward modelling showed that it likely consists of a collapsed walled cavity with a zone of loosened soil above. The third layer covers the underlying two and is enriched with large stone packages as verified by local excavations. We show the capabilities of shear-wave reflection seismic to image small-scale structures under complicated topographic conditions and how characteristics of cavities and volumes of decompacted soil can be evaluated by wavefield modelling.
Archaeological Prospection;1–33, 2020
The monumental tumulus Yıgma Tepe is an important part of the cityscape of the ancient city of Pe... more The monumental tumulus Yıgma Tepe is an important part of the cityscape of the ancient city of Pergamon. The tumulus construction is estimated in the Hellenistic period, the internal structure and exact purpose have been unknown so far. Its height of 32 m and diameter of 158 m make the deep interior of the tumulus practically inaccessible for excavations. Therefore, we applied a combination of geophysical measurements and archaeological sondages to explore the structure of the Yı gma Tepe. The investigations centre on P-wave refraction soundings. They were carried out to clarify the stratigraphic structure and soil composition as a prerequisite for a better understanding of construction techniques, building history and soil deposition. Interactive seismic raytracing, traveltime tomography and visco-elastic forward modelling were applied to derive a three-dimensional seismic velocity model, which was validated by excavations and soil analysis, historical records and additional geo-electric measurements. Our results reveal that the tumulus is composed of three layers, each about 10 m thick, separated by first-order seismic discontinuities which were locally verified. These layers form a stack of conical disks, the interfaces of which define two internal plateaus. The analysis of soil samples showed that the seismic velocity increase at the interfaces is likely to be caused by anthropogenic com-paction applied to soils showing increased fractions of silt and clay. By combining topographic data with results from seismic and geoelectric sounding on the tumulus, the surrounding trench and the unaltered surrounding area, we show that the tumu-lus was built almost completely from the surrounding soils and that 17% of its original volume was displaced by destruction and erosion. Based on this mass balance the strongly destroyed and eroded original surface of the tumulus and its surrounding trench is reconstructed. K E Y W O R D S
B. Engels – S. Huy – Ch. Steitler (Hrsg,), Natur und Kult in Anatolien. Viertes Wissenschaftliches Netzwerk an der Abteilung Istanbul des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. Byzas 24 (Istanbul, Ege Yayinlari), 2019
Between 2008 and 2014, several presumed natural sanctuaries were discovered and researched on the... more Between 2008 and 2014, several presumed natural sanctuaries were discovered and researched on the eastern and western slopes of Pergamon's City Hill, which at the time had hardly been investigated. A comparison of their positioning and spatial design as well as their inventories reveals the basic features of the phenomenon of inner-city natural sanctuaries in Pergamon. The focus is on the presence and function of water, which is a constituent feature of most of Pergamon's inner-city natural sanctuaries in the context of prominent rock formations. The rock sanctuaries of the 1st century B.C. presented here reveal two different forms of integration of water: on the one hand its artificial staging in the form of artificial reinforcement of the exit from rocks or crevices, on the other hand its diversion in the context of steep rock walls. In this way, both blessing and threatening aspects of water were brought to mind in the urban context.
Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 2017
Until recently, Pergamon’s settlement history was told according to doctrines already formulated ... more Until recently, Pergamon’s settlement history was told according to doctrines already formulated in the early 20th c. Now a re-evaluation becomes apparent. For instance, the idea of a groundbreaking urbanistic initiative under Philetairos can hardly be maintained anymore. At the same time, there is increasing evidence for the existence of a fortified polis with urbanistic standard repertoire already in the late 4th c. B. C. Pergamon´s upgrading to an internationally competitive Hellenistic residence took place in the 2nd c. B. C., when both the representative city center and the slopes of the city-hill were integrated in a general project of urban design. However, the largest part of the newly acquired settlement area was only built up in the 1st c. B. C., which appears as another key-period of Pergamon’s urban development. The urban area doubled once again in the Roman imperial age. There is no evidence, however, for the repeatedly assumed shift of the settlement from the city-hill to the plain. Both zones rather acted in a complementary way until the end of the Byzantine era. The reasons for these developments can only be comprehended in the context of Pergamon’s micro-region, which is included in the analysis of
the settlement’s history for the first time.
Ü. Yalçın– H.-D. Bienert, Anatolien – Brücke der Kulturen. Bericht Kolloquium Bonn 2014. Kültürlerin Köprüsü Anadolu. Der Anschnitt. 27. Beiheft (Bochum – Bonn 2015) 289–310, 2015
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Books by Felix Pirson
2 Bände, 836 Seiten
Band 1 464 Seiten
Band 2 372 Seiten, farbig und schwarz-weiß. Beiträge in Englisch, Deutsch und Türkisch (Zusammenfassungen in Englisch und Türkisch)
Band 1
Vorwort / S. Ladstätter – F. Pirson – Th. Schmidts
Einführung / S. Ladstätter – F. Pirson – Th. Schmidts
Geschichte und Perspektiven der Forschung
History of Research and Perspectives
Julia Daum – Nicola Daumann – Sarah Wolfmayr:
Karl Lehmann-Hartleben und die Erforschung antiker Häfen
Hannah Baader – Gerhard Wolf :
Ästhetiken der Schwelle. Sieben Aspekte der Morphologie und Topologie von Hafenstädten im nachantiken Mittelmeerraum
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Die Levante und Ägypten
New Research and Discoveries: The Levant and Egypt
Christopher J. Brandon:
The Herodian Harbour of Caesarea Maritima. Recent Research and Related Studies
Franck Goddio – David Fabre:
Heracleion-Thonis and Alexandria, Emporia of Egypt. New Researches and Recent Discoveries
Marianne Bergmann – Michael Heinzelmann:
Schedia – Zollstation und Flusshafen Alexandrias am Kanopischen Nil
Stefano De Luca – Anna Lena:
The Harbor of the City of Magdala/Taricheae on the Shores of the Sea of Galilee, from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine Times. New Discoveries and Preliminary Results
Eva Grossmann:
The Harbours of Tel Michal and Apollonia 1750 B.C.–A.D. 1265
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Türkei, Südküste
New Research and Discoveries: Turkey, South Coast
Hatice Pamir:
Recent Researches and New Discoveries in the Harbours of Seleucia Pieria
K. Levent Zoroğlu:
Kelenderis’in Limanları ve Çapalama Yerleri
Nevzat Çevik – Süleyman Bulut – Çakır Afşin Aygün:
Myra’nın Limanı Andriake
T. Mikail P. Duggan – Çakır Afşin Aygün:
The Medieval and Later Port of Myra/Stamira – Taşdibi
Havva Işkan – Mustafa Koçak, mit Beiträgen von Harun Özdaş, Nilhan Kızıldağ, Pascal Brengel, Frederik Berger:
Der Hafen von Patara. Altes Wissen, neue Forschungen
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Türkei, Westküste
New Research and Discoveries: Turkey, West Coast
Hayat Erkanal:
Klazomenai/Liman Tepe’nin Limanları
Akın Ersoy:
Smyrna: Yeni Keşfedilen Kamu Yapıları ve Alanlar (2007–2010) Çerçevesinde Bir Değerlendirme
Martin Steskal:
Ephesos and its Harbors: A City in Search of its Place
Felix Pirson:
Elaia, der (maritime) Satellit Pergamons
Winfried Held:
Häfen der Rhodischen Peraia
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Türkei, Marmarameer
New Research and Discoveries: Turkey, Marmara Sea
Rahmi Asal – Zeynep Kızıltan:
M.Ö. 7 – M.S. 12. Yüzyıllar Theodosius Limanı’nın 1900 Yılı
Şehrazat Karagöz:
Marmaray Kazıları ve Antik Liman Khrysopolis Limanı
Reyhan Körpe – Mehmet Fatih Yavuz:
Eski Çağlarda Gelibolu Yarımadası’nın Limanları
Şengül Aydıngün – Haldun Aydıngün – Hakan Öniz:
Küçükçekmece Lake’s Basin Antique Harbours
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Griechenland
New Research and Discoveries: Greece
Kalliopi Baika :
Ancient Harbour Cities – New Methodological Perspectives and Recent Research in Greece
Theotokis Theodoulou:
Recording the Harbour Network of Ancient Lesbos (2008–2009)
Band 2
Hafenbauten und Bautechnik
Harbour Installations and Building Techniques
John Peter Oleson:
The Evolution of Harbour Engineering in the Ancient Mediterranean World
David J. Blackman:
Ancient Shipsheds
Scott Redford:
Medieval Anatolian Arsenals at Sinop and Alanya
Wirtschaft und Politik
Economy and Politics
Mantha Zarmakoupi:
Die Hafenstadt Delos
Thomas Schmidts:
Der Einfluss der römischen Administration auf die Entwicklung der Hafenstädte im östlichen Mittelmeerraum
Caroline Autret – Matthew Dillon – John Lund – Nicholas Rauh – Levent Zoroğlu:
The Trading Networks of Ancient Rough Cilicia
Hafenstädte: Städtebau und Wahrnehmung
Harbour Cities: City Planning and Perception
Felix Pirson :
Antike Hafenstädte – Gestaltung, Funktion, Wahrnehmung
Martina Schupp:
Caput Ioniae. Zur Untersuchung römischer Hafenfassaden am Beispiel von Milet
Catherine Bouras.
On the Urbanism of Roman Harbours: the Evolution of Space Organization in Harbours of the Aegean Sea
Stefan Feuser:
Torbauten und Bogenmonumente in römischen Hafenstädten
Geowissenschaften und die Erforschung antiker Häfen
Geo-Sciences and the Exploration of Ancient Harbours
Christophe Morhange – Nick Marriner – Guénaelle Bony – Nicolas Carayon – Clément Flaux – Majid Shah-Hosseini:
Coastal Geoarchaeology and Neocatastrophism: a Dangerous Liaison?
Jean-Philippe Goiran – Nick Marriner – Christophe Morhange – Julien Cavero – Christine Oberlin – Jean-Yves Empereur:
Geoarchaeology of Alexandria (Egypt): 8,000 Years of Coastal Evolution
Andreas Vött – Hanna Hadler – Timo Willershäuser – Konstantin Ntageretzis – Helmut Brückner – Heinz Warnecke – Pieter M. Grootes – Franziska Lang –Oliver Nelle – Dimitris Sakellariou:
Ancient Harbours Used as Tsunami Sediment Traps – the Case Study of Krane (Cefalonia Island, Greece)
Helmut Brückner – Alexander Herda – Marc Müllenhoff –Wolfgang Rabbel – Harald Stümpel:
Der Löwenhafen von Milet – eine geoarchäologische Fallstudie
Consequently this book concentrates above all on Pergamon as a city and a royal capital, on its inhabitants and its sacred spaces, which feature so prominently in the urban fabric and include the Sanctuary of Athena, the Great Altar, the Asklepieion and the Red Hall (or Red Basilica). Although the chronological focus lies on the Hellenistic epoch, the articles in this volume cover a span from prehistory to the Byzantine period, as is essential if one is to understand the prerequisites for the city's development within its landscape, and also to appreciate how the legacy of Hellenism was handed down, changed, enriched and also destroyed in subsequent periods.
Extended Summary:
Battle scenes are not only among the most common, but also among the most impressive subjects of ancient art. Archaeology, however, has not dedicated many studies to these images, dealing with their visual language and their messages. The ongoing discussion about the conditions under which modern journalistic images of war are generated and about their influence on public opinion has influenced archaeology and classical studies as well and led to an increasing interest in the subject of battle and fighting in visual media. Against this background, the study shows that ancient images are testimonies of selective perceptions as well, which provided the contemporary viewers with models of explanation for their own cognition. Analysis and interpretation of such models of explanation contribute very much to the comprehension of the importance of war and military force in different social contexts, but tell us relatively little about war as such. Accordingly, this study has been conceived as a further element in a history of the perception of war examining media practices in association
with a central phenomenon of ancient and modern cultures as well.
The comparison of different conceptions of war, victory and military force depicted on reliefs dating from the late 5th to the early 1st cent. B.C. serves this particular aim. They originate from various cultural complexes defined by chronological and geographical criteria, reaching from Athens to Lycia, the Black Sea region and Etruria. These contexts share a common visual language in the Greek tradition, which ensures their comparability. Furthermore, the study can contribute to the understanding of the functioning of one visual language in changing cultural and contextual frameworks.
The concentration on reliefs has two main reasons: the particular applicability of this genre for images in the public sphere and their wide spread both spatially and chronologically. Thematically, the study is confined to images showing armed conflicts between opponents which were familiar to contemporary ancient viewers or at least came from their historical environment. Thus historical scenes, showing battles between Persians and Greeks for instance, were much closer to the presence of the contemporaries than images of mythological battles. General battle depictions, however, confront the viewer with an always updatable behaviour, since they are of purely descriptive nature and not based on a specific narrative.
The analysis of altogether 195 reliefs with battle depictions concentrates on three central elements of their visual language: first the repertoire of motifs, i. e. the totality of figure schemes of a relief, which envisage the actions of the players and therefore become an expression of specific perceptions of battle and fighting. Second are basic stylistic features, which together with the repertoire of motifs create the aesthetic evidence of the images. Finally the modes of representation – such as historical scenes – which defined the relation of the images to the present of the ancient viewer both temporally and regarding the content.
The examination of reliefs from Athens, Lycia, the Black Sea region, the Hellenistic world and Etruria has shown that, besides similarities in the basics of visual language and some general aspects of content, there are significant differences between the various cultural complexes concerning the perception of war, battle and violence. Within the different cultural complexes a great variety of new figure schemes have been created in addition to the generally accepted basic motifs. The new schemes can be regarded as products of specific interests of the viewers and hence are first-rate sources for the various concepts of war and battle. The same goes for new formal solutions which were developed for instance in the northern Black Sea region in order to show the confusion and swiftness of cavalry combat in a most convincing way. The flexibility of the language of images in relation to motifs and form is the precondition of its remarkable adaptability. On this basis it could create convincing solutions in very different cultural contexts. The differences between the various cultural complexes analysed here become particularly obvious in the
weight given to the depiction of fight on the one hand, of victory and defeat on the other. Similarly significant are the frequency and the functions of extreme violence in the images and the importance of individual actors vs. the collective. Thus the representation of accomplished victory is limited at Athens to the collective of the citizen soldiers, while at Lycia also individuals can be shown as triumphant vanquishers. The rule of local dynasts at Lycia is in accordance with the subordination of the single subject under the leadership of one distinguished person, who becomes a guarantor of success. Images from the northern Black Sea region, in contrast, completely do without the representation of the collective and just focus on the single actor with his individual military skills and achievements. In Etruria, on the other hand, the perception of war and battle
strongly depends on the sepulchral context of the images. Inside the burial chambers of extended family units, the achievements of the gens of the deceased are put forward along with possible references to the eschatological meaning of battle.
Battle depictions of some cultural complexes also contain references to contemporary military practice that go beyond the use of antiquarian details. The reliefs thereby sought to appeal to the interests of viewers with military training and experience. Thus the Attic images, especially the friezes of the Athena–Nike temple, contributed to the discourse about the right way of fighting – i. e. the just measure between attack and cover, or daring and caution. In the northern Black-Sea region, on the other hand, not only are the above mentioned specific features of cavalry combat highlighted but also comradeship is particularly praised. Thereby a level of meaning of the images becomes obvious, which refers in a concrete way to personal experiences of the viewers. Nevertheless, analysis of the images often neglects this level in favour of the impact which cultural convictions and political ideologies had on the depictions of war and fighting.
The different perceptions of war transmitted by the images are rooted in the social, political and military conditions of their time of origin and evidently depend on their original contexts of display. Thus neither cultural convictions and political ideologies, nor the social and military environments alone can explain the artistic perceptions of war and fighting in antiquity. Instead a multitude of factors were responsible for the specific perceptions conveyed by the images. These factors prove to be products of the historical framework of the images. Within the various cultural complexes, the individual historical framework can be as variable and multifaceted as the perceptions of the images themselves.
Papers/Varia by Felix Pirson
Papers Pergamon and Environs by Felix Pirson
with the natural environment since the beginning of mankind.The longue durée of such interaction in in caves will be exemplified in by Ballık Cave next to Dikili (province of İzmir in northwest Türkiye), where layers of human occupation and usage date back to the Epipaleolithic (12th mill. BC) and can be traced at least until Byzantine times (13th C AD). The example of Ballık Cave indicates that changes in the human-environment interaction followed
no linear development with irreversible consequences, but that the same natural monument can attract human interest again and again under changed cultural and religious circumstances.
the settlement’s history for the first time.
2 Bände, 836 Seiten
Band 1 464 Seiten
Band 2 372 Seiten, farbig und schwarz-weiß. Beiträge in Englisch, Deutsch und Türkisch (Zusammenfassungen in Englisch und Türkisch)
Band 1
Vorwort / S. Ladstätter – F. Pirson – Th. Schmidts
Einführung / S. Ladstätter – F. Pirson – Th. Schmidts
Geschichte und Perspektiven der Forschung
History of Research and Perspectives
Julia Daum – Nicola Daumann – Sarah Wolfmayr:
Karl Lehmann-Hartleben und die Erforschung antiker Häfen
Hannah Baader – Gerhard Wolf :
Ästhetiken der Schwelle. Sieben Aspekte der Morphologie und Topologie von Hafenstädten im nachantiken Mittelmeerraum
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Die Levante und Ägypten
New Research and Discoveries: The Levant and Egypt
Christopher J. Brandon:
The Herodian Harbour of Caesarea Maritima. Recent Research and Related Studies
Franck Goddio – David Fabre:
Heracleion-Thonis and Alexandria, Emporia of Egypt. New Researches and Recent Discoveries
Marianne Bergmann – Michael Heinzelmann:
Schedia – Zollstation und Flusshafen Alexandrias am Kanopischen Nil
Stefano De Luca – Anna Lena:
The Harbor of the City of Magdala/Taricheae on the Shores of the Sea of Galilee, from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine Times. New Discoveries and Preliminary Results
Eva Grossmann:
The Harbours of Tel Michal and Apollonia 1750 B.C.–A.D. 1265
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Türkei, Südküste
New Research and Discoveries: Turkey, South Coast
Hatice Pamir:
Recent Researches and New Discoveries in the Harbours of Seleucia Pieria
K. Levent Zoroğlu:
Kelenderis’in Limanları ve Çapalama Yerleri
Nevzat Çevik – Süleyman Bulut – Çakır Afşin Aygün:
Myra’nın Limanı Andriake
T. Mikail P. Duggan – Çakır Afşin Aygün:
The Medieval and Later Port of Myra/Stamira – Taşdibi
Havva Işkan – Mustafa Koçak, mit Beiträgen von Harun Özdaş, Nilhan Kızıldağ, Pascal Brengel, Frederik Berger:
Der Hafen von Patara. Altes Wissen, neue Forschungen
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Türkei, Westküste
New Research and Discoveries: Turkey, West Coast
Hayat Erkanal:
Klazomenai/Liman Tepe’nin Limanları
Akın Ersoy:
Smyrna: Yeni Keşfedilen Kamu Yapıları ve Alanlar (2007–2010) Çerçevesinde Bir Değerlendirme
Martin Steskal:
Ephesos and its Harbors: A City in Search of its Place
Felix Pirson:
Elaia, der (maritime) Satellit Pergamons
Winfried Held:
Häfen der Rhodischen Peraia
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Türkei, Marmarameer
New Research and Discoveries: Turkey, Marmara Sea
Rahmi Asal – Zeynep Kızıltan:
M.Ö. 7 – M.S. 12. Yüzyıllar Theodosius Limanı’nın 1900 Yılı
Şehrazat Karagöz:
Marmaray Kazıları ve Antik Liman Khrysopolis Limanı
Reyhan Körpe – Mehmet Fatih Yavuz:
Eski Çağlarda Gelibolu Yarımadası’nın Limanları
Şengül Aydıngün – Haldun Aydıngün – Hakan Öniz:
Küçükçekmece Lake’s Basin Antique Harbours
Neue Forschungen und Entdeckungen: Griechenland
New Research and Discoveries: Greece
Kalliopi Baika :
Ancient Harbour Cities – New Methodological Perspectives and Recent Research in Greece
Theotokis Theodoulou:
Recording the Harbour Network of Ancient Lesbos (2008–2009)
Band 2
Hafenbauten und Bautechnik
Harbour Installations and Building Techniques
John Peter Oleson:
The Evolution of Harbour Engineering in the Ancient Mediterranean World
David J. Blackman:
Ancient Shipsheds
Scott Redford:
Medieval Anatolian Arsenals at Sinop and Alanya
Wirtschaft und Politik
Economy and Politics
Mantha Zarmakoupi:
Die Hafenstadt Delos
Thomas Schmidts:
Der Einfluss der römischen Administration auf die Entwicklung der Hafenstädte im östlichen Mittelmeerraum
Caroline Autret – Matthew Dillon – John Lund – Nicholas Rauh – Levent Zoroğlu:
The Trading Networks of Ancient Rough Cilicia
Hafenstädte: Städtebau und Wahrnehmung
Harbour Cities: City Planning and Perception
Felix Pirson :
Antike Hafenstädte – Gestaltung, Funktion, Wahrnehmung
Martina Schupp:
Caput Ioniae. Zur Untersuchung römischer Hafenfassaden am Beispiel von Milet
Catherine Bouras.
On the Urbanism of Roman Harbours: the Evolution of Space Organization in Harbours of the Aegean Sea
Stefan Feuser:
Torbauten und Bogenmonumente in römischen Hafenstädten
Geowissenschaften und die Erforschung antiker Häfen
Geo-Sciences and the Exploration of Ancient Harbours
Christophe Morhange – Nick Marriner – Guénaelle Bony – Nicolas Carayon – Clément Flaux – Majid Shah-Hosseini:
Coastal Geoarchaeology and Neocatastrophism: a Dangerous Liaison?
Jean-Philippe Goiran – Nick Marriner – Christophe Morhange – Julien Cavero – Christine Oberlin – Jean-Yves Empereur:
Geoarchaeology of Alexandria (Egypt): 8,000 Years of Coastal Evolution
Andreas Vött – Hanna Hadler – Timo Willershäuser – Konstantin Ntageretzis – Helmut Brückner – Heinz Warnecke – Pieter M. Grootes – Franziska Lang –Oliver Nelle – Dimitris Sakellariou:
Ancient Harbours Used as Tsunami Sediment Traps – the Case Study of Krane (Cefalonia Island, Greece)
Helmut Brückner – Alexander Herda – Marc Müllenhoff –Wolfgang Rabbel – Harald Stümpel:
Der Löwenhafen von Milet – eine geoarchäologische Fallstudie
Consequently this book concentrates above all on Pergamon as a city and a royal capital, on its inhabitants and its sacred spaces, which feature so prominently in the urban fabric and include the Sanctuary of Athena, the Great Altar, the Asklepieion and the Red Hall (or Red Basilica). Although the chronological focus lies on the Hellenistic epoch, the articles in this volume cover a span from prehistory to the Byzantine period, as is essential if one is to understand the prerequisites for the city's development within its landscape, and also to appreciate how the legacy of Hellenism was handed down, changed, enriched and also destroyed in subsequent periods.
Extended Summary:
Battle scenes are not only among the most common, but also among the most impressive subjects of ancient art. Archaeology, however, has not dedicated many studies to these images, dealing with their visual language and their messages. The ongoing discussion about the conditions under which modern journalistic images of war are generated and about their influence on public opinion has influenced archaeology and classical studies as well and led to an increasing interest in the subject of battle and fighting in visual media. Against this background, the study shows that ancient images are testimonies of selective perceptions as well, which provided the contemporary viewers with models of explanation for their own cognition. Analysis and interpretation of such models of explanation contribute very much to the comprehension of the importance of war and military force in different social contexts, but tell us relatively little about war as such. Accordingly, this study has been conceived as a further element in a history of the perception of war examining media practices in association
with a central phenomenon of ancient and modern cultures as well.
The comparison of different conceptions of war, victory and military force depicted on reliefs dating from the late 5th to the early 1st cent. B.C. serves this particular aim. They originate from various cultural complexes defined by chronological and geographical criteria, reaching from Athens to Lycia, the Black Sea region and Etruria. These contexts share a common visual language in the Greek tradition, which ensures their comparability. Furthermore, the study can contribute to the understanding of the functioning of one visual language in changing cultural and contextual frameworks.
The concentration on reliefs has two main reasons: the particular applicability of this genre for images in the public sphere and their wide spread both spatially and chronologically. Thematically, the study is confined to images showing armed conflicts between opponents which were familiar to contemporary ancient viewers or at least came from their historical environment. Thus historical scenes, showing battles between Persians and Greeks for instance, were much closer to the presence of the contemporaries than images of mythological battles. General battle depictions, however, confront the viewer with an always updatable behaviour, since they are of purely descriptive nature and not based on a specific narrative.
The analysis of altogether 195 reliefs with battle depictions concentrates on three central elements of their visual language: first the repertoire of motifs, i. e. the totality of figure schemes of a relief, which envisage the actions of the players and therefore become an expression of specific perceptions of battle and fighting. Second are basic stylistic features, which together with the repertoire of motifs create the aesthetic evidence of the images. Finally the modes of representation – such as historical scenes – which defined the relation of the images to the present of the ancient viewer both temporally and regarding the content.
The examination of reliefs from Athens, Lycia, the Black Sea region, the Hellenistic world and Etruria has shown that, besides similarities in the basics of visual language and some general aspects of content, there are significant differences between the various cultural complexes concerning the perception of war, battle and violence. Within the different cultural complexes a great variety of new figure schemes have been created in addition to the generally accepted basic motifs. The new schemes can be regarded as products of specific interests of the viewers and hence are first-rate sources for the various concepts of war and battle. The same goes for new formal solutions which were developed for instance in the northern Black Sea region in order to show the confusion and swiftness of cavalry combat in a most convincing way. The flexibility of the language of images in relation to motifs and form is the precondition of its remarkable adaptability. On this basis it could create convincing solutions in very different cultural contexts. The differences between the various cultural complexes analysed here become particularly obvious in the
weight given to the depiction of fight on the one hand, of victory and defeat on the other. Similarly significant are the frequency and the functions of extreme violence in the images and the importance of individual actors vs. the collective. Thus the representation of accomplished victory is limited at Athens to the collective of the citizen soldiers, while at Lycia also individuals can be shown as triumphant vanquishers. The rule of local dynasts at Lycia is in accordance with the subordination of the single subject under the leadership of one distinguished person, who becomes a guarantor of success. Images from the northern Black Sea region, in contrast, completely do without the representation of the collective and just focus on the single actor with his individual military skills and achievements. In Etruria, on the other hand, the perception of war and battle
strongly depends on the sepulchral context of the images. Inside the burial chambers of extended family units, the achievements of the gens of the deceased are put forward along with possible references to the eschatological meaning of battle.
Battle depictions of some cultural complexes also contain references to contemporary military practice that go beyond the use of antiquarian details. The reliefs thereby sought to appeal to the interests of viewers with military training and experience. Thus the Attic images, especially the friezes of the Athena–Nike temple, contributed to the discourse about the right way of fighting – i. e. the just measure between attack and cover, or daring and caution. In the northern Black-Sea region, on the other hand, not only are the above mentioned specific features of cavalry combat highlighted but also comradeship is particularly praised. Thereby a level of meaning of the images becomes obvious, which refers in a concrete way to personal experiences of the viewers. Nevertheless, analysis of the images often neglects this level in favour of the impact which cultural convictions and political ideologies had on the depictions of war and fighting.
The different perceptions of war transmitted by the images are rooted in the social, political and military conditions of their time of origin and evidently depend on their original contexts of display. Thus neither cultural convictions and political ideologies, nor the social and military environments alone can explain the artistic perceptions of war and fighting in antiquity. Instead a multitude of factors were responsible for the specific perceptions conveyed by the images. These factors prove to be products of the historical framework of the images. Within the various cultural complexes, the individual historical framework can be as variable and multifaceted as the perceptions of the images themselves.
with the natural environment since the beginning of mankind.The longue durée of such interaction in in caves will be exemplified in by Ballık Cave next to Dikili (province of İzmir in northwest Türkiye), where layers of human occupation and usage date back to the Epipaleolithic (12th mill. BC) and can be traced at least until Byzantine times (13th C AD). The example of Ballık Cave indicates that changes in the human-environment interaction followed
no linear development with irreversible consequences, but that the same natural monument can attract human interest again and again under changed cultural and religious circumstances.
the settlement’s history for the first time.
Wall‹ in the 3rd century CE could be confirmed. The discovery and documentation of an imperial-period peristyle building east of the Red Hall also contribute to our knowledge of the city's settlement history. The investigations of the amphitheatre, the theatre at the Musalla Mezarlığı, and the ›Lower Western Gymnasion‹ by archaeological building research were completed. The excavation of a Roman imperial funeral building northwest of the Asklepieion, significant new evidence for the funerary culture of Pergamon's imperial-period elites was obtained. In the surroundings of the ancient city, the investigation of the extra-urban thermal baths was completed. The survey in the western micro-region focused on the transition zone of the eastern foothills of the Kara Dağ peninsula and the adjacent western Bakır Çay plain. In addition to the diachronic reconstruction of land use in an intensively surveyed area, surprisingly diverse settlement sites were newly discovered and documented. The investigations of sediment archives in the river plain and in Pergamon by Physical Geography were continued. The interdisciplinary rescue excavation at the Ballık cave discovered the previous year was able to confirm a temporary place of settlement and tool-production of Epipalaeolithic hunter-gatherers as well as the use of the site as a sanctuary of the goddess Meter presumably since Archaic times.
the previous year, was able to confirm the temporary presence of Epipalaeolithic hunters and gatherers as well as the later use of the site as a sanctuary of Meter. The investigations of sediment archives in Pergamon and the river plain using physical geography methods were continued. Monument conservation measures focused on the east wall of the Great Gymnasium, the theatre terrace and the Lower Rotunda in
the Asklepieion as well as on the stabilization of a Hellenistic wall decoration in the incrustation style.
It is intended to publish the results in the same format as the 1st TransPergMikro Milestone Workshop: https://publications.dainst.org/books/dai/catalog/book/2106
to 1st November 2025
For the understanding of the ancient Mediterranean world, “city” and “micro-region” are central categories. While most archaeological and historical research has thus far focused on cities and their territories or on “micro-ecologies” without paying attention to the specific potential of the
cities, the concept of the micro-region opens up a broader approach. Cities can be studied as elements of complex socio-ecological systems of micro-regions, where urban and rural spaces and practices are interrelated agents without an intrinsic hierarchy between city and countryside. The conference series at Madrid and Istanbul aims to discuss this topic from different angles and with different focuses.
Although building played a major role for social and economic developments since human sedentism, it has hitherto attracted only marginal attention as a social, economic and ecological phenomenon and in that context rarely been subject of investigation. So far, focus was largely drawn on specific aspects of construction processes, such as building techniques, the production and supply of material or the architecture and ornamentation of buildings. As such, its economic importance as well as its impact on the metabolism of societies has been largely ignored. However, whether forming single large-scale projects or continuous building activities, construction works contributed significantly to the consumption of resources and the use of labour.
As for temporal scope, the networks range from major Neolithic building sites such as Göbekli Tepe to the Late Ottoman urban architecture of Istanbul. In order to be able to study different aspects of building in such a wide historical context, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary, for which scholars from different disciplines such as Archaeology, Bauforschung, Geography and History shall be brought together. Anatolia, with its diverse cultural traditions, numerous intensively studied archaeological sites, and unique geographical conditions provides ideal conditions for a diachronic comparative study of the subject.
Academics of all relevant disciplines, archaeologists, researchers in Bauforschung, historians, orientalists, geographers and other scholars with a research focus on Anatolia and its neighbouring regions with a Master’s degree can apply for the interdisciplinary network.
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Mit den wissenschaftlichen Netzwerken der Abteilung Istanbul des DAI soll der Austausch zwischen Kolleg*innen aus deutschen, türkischen und internationalen Hochschulen und Forschungsinstituten gestärkt werden. Die Netzwerke finden seit 2007 kontinuierlich statt und richten sich vor allem – aber nicht ausschließlich – an Nachwuchswissenschaftler*innen.
Obwohl seit der Sesshaftwerdung des Menschen dem Bauwesen eine enorme soziale und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung zugeschrieben werden muss, ist es als Phänomen von großer wirtschaftlicher, ökologischer und gesellschaftlicher Relevanz bisher nur wenig untersucht worden. Vielmehr richtet man das Interesse auf Teilaspekte des Bauens, wie Bauabläufe, Bautechniken, Rohstoffgewinnung, Architektur und Bauornamentik. Seine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung und sein Einfluss auf den Metabolismus von Gesellschaften wurden lange ausgeblendet. Dabei trugen Bauvorhaben wesentlich zum Verbrauch von Ressourcen und zum Einsatz von Arbeitskräften bei – unabhängig davon, ob es sich um herausragende Großprojekte oder kontinuierlich stattfindende Bautätigkeiten handelte.
Der zeitliche Ansatz des Netzwerkes soll von neolithischen Großbauten, wie wir sie etwa vom Göbekli Tepe kennen, bis zum Bauwesen im spätosmanischen Istanbul reichen. Darüber hinaus ist ein interdisziplinäres Vorgehen unter Einbeziehung von Archäologie, Bauforschung, Geographie, Geschichtswissenschaften und anderen Disziplinen erforderlich, um die verschiedenen Aspekte des Bauwesens und seine Auswirkungen in größeren Kontexten untersuchen zu können. Gerade Anatolien mit seinen vielfältigen kulturellen Traditionen und geographischen Voraussetzungen, zahlreichen intensiv untersuchten Fundplätzen und einer hohen sozioökonomischen Relevanz des Bauwesens bis in die Gegenwart hinein bietet ideale Voraussetzung für die diachrone und kulturvergleichende Auseinandersetzung mit dem anvisierten Thema.
Bewerben können sich für das interdisziplinäre Netzwerk Wissenschaftler*innen aller einschlägigen Fachrichtungen, d. h. Archäolog*innen und Bauforscher*innen, Historiker*innen, Orientwissenschaftler*innen, Geograph*innen und andere mit einem Forschungsschwerpunkt in Anatolien und seinen Nachbarregionen sowie abgeschlossenem Masterstudium.