A decision support system has been developed to support local authorities in air quality manageme... more A decision support system has been developed to support local authorities in air quality management for big Turkish cities. The system is based on CALPUFF dispersion model, digital maps and related databases to estimate the emissions and spatial distribution of air pollutants. It applies a geographical information system. The system estimates ambient air pollution levels at high temporal and spatial resolutions. The system enables mapping of emissions and air quality levels. Mapping and scenario results can be compared with air quality limits. Impact assessment of air pollution abatement measures can also be carried out. r
The CALMET meteorological model and its puff dispersion model CALPUFF were used to predict disper... more The CALMET meteorological model and its puff dispersion model CALPUFF were used to predict dispersion of the sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial and domestic heating sources in Izmir, the third biggest province in Turkey. The modeling domain covered an area of 80 Â 100 km centered at the metropolitan area of Izmir with grid spacing of 1000 m. Statistical analyses were carried out to evaluate the model performance by comparing the predicted and measured time series of sulfur dioxide concentrations at four monitoring stations using two main methods: root of the mean square error (RMSE) and an index of agreement (d). The index of agreement varied from 0.51 to 0.77 at four monitoring stations and the total RMSE ranged from 0.36 to 0.66 for the year 2000. The overall model performance for four monitoring stations was found good with an accuracy of about 68%. The agreement of model predictions and measurements was better for two urban monitoring stations (Karsiyaka and Bornova), compared with the other urban stations (Alsancak and Konak). r
The estimated atmospheric emissions of aircraft operations at a midsized Turkish airport ͑Adnan M... more The estimated atmospheric emissions of aircraft operations at a midsized Turkish airport ͑Adnan Menderes Airport, AMA͒ for the year 2004 are presented in this paper. The landing and takeoff ͑LTO͒ emissions of hydrocarbons ͑HC͒, carbon monoxide ͑CO͒, and nitrogen oxides ͑NO X ͒ were calculated using the flight data recorded by the State Airports Authority Directorate General. Emission factors from the International Civil Aviation Organization Engine Exhaust Emission Databank were used for different aircraft operation modes such as take-off, climbout, approach, and taxi/idle engine conditions. Total LTO emissions from commercial aircrafts at AMA were estimated as 21 t / y for HC, 138 t / y for CO, and 197 t / y for NO X . Boeing 737-800 type aircrafts have the biggest portions in total emissions ͑12% for HC, 18% for CO, and 35% for NO X ͒. It is estimated that an increase of 1 min in taxiing time causes an increase of 4.2%, 4.6%, and 0.4% in the amount of HC, CO, and NO X emissions, respectively. Estimations show that the full capacity of aircraft movements at AMA might cause annual emissions to be 176 t / y for HC, 1,184 t / y for CO, and 1,306 t / y for NO X .
Atmospheric bulk deposition (wet + dry deposition) samples (n = 40) were collected concurrently a... more Atmospheric bulk deposition (wet + dry deposition) samples (n = 40) were collected concurrently at ten sites in four seasons between June 2009 and April 2010 in the Aliaga heavily industrialized region, Turkey, containing a number of significant air pollutant sources. Analyses of trace elements were carried out using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). While there were significant differences in the particulate matter (PM) deposition fluxes among the sampling sites, seasonal variations were not statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis test, p b 0.05). Both PM deposition and elemental fluxes were increased at the sampling sites in the vicinity of industrial activities. The crustal elements (i.e., Ca, Mg) and some anthropogenic elements (such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, and Cr) were high, and the highest fluxes were mostly measured in summer and winter seasons. The enrichment factor (EF) and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the data to determine the possible sources in the study area. High EF values were obtained for the anthropogenic elements such as Ag, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and Sb. The possible sources were identified as anthropogenic sources (i.e., iron-steel production) (45.4%), crustal and re-suspended dust (27.1%), marine aerosol (7.9%), and coal and wood combustion (8.2%). Thus, the iron-steel production and its related activities were found to be the main pollutant sources for this region.
Surface seawater and coastal sediment samples were collected concurrently at 22 sampling sites du... more Surface seawater and coastal sediment samples were collected concurrently at 22 sampling sites during two sampling periods in the Aliaga industrial region, Turkey. In the study area there are two major bays, with many ports belonging to a petrochemical plant, a petroleum refinery, scrap steel production plants, and a fertilizer plant. Samples were analyzed for 48 trace elements using an ICP-MS system. The concentrations of P, Al, Zn, Fe, Se, Mo, and Ba were found to be higher than those of the other elements in the seawater samples but with no significant spatial and temporal variations. Similarly, concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, and Zn were high in sediment samples from almost all sampling sites. The concentrations of the elements Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Sn, Mo, Ni, and Hg showed significant spatial variations due to different distances from industrial facilities. In order to determine the contribution of anthropogenic sources in sediment samples, the levels of pollution were evaluated using pollution indicators, enrichment factors and index of geoaccumulation. The effects on aquatic environments were also determined in accordance with the sediment quality guidelines. Principal component analysis was also employed to find out the factors affecting the elemental composition of the sediments. Principal component analysis indicated that the possible sources in the region were iron-steel production, refinery and petrochemical processes, ship breaking facilities, seawater, crustal sources and re-suspended dust. Environ Earth Sci (2015) 73:405-421 409
Several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polych... more Several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in needle, branch, bark, and tree ring samples in pine samples collected at 27 sites (21 industrial, 6 background) in Aliaga industrial region in Turkey. Soil, litter, and air samples were also collected to investigate the relationships between the air and soil, litter, and tree components. Concentrations decreased with distance from the sources and the lowest ones were measured at background sites. The spatial distribution of POPs indicated that the major sources in the region are the iron-steel, ship-breaking, petrochemical plants and the petroleum refinery. Significant correlations between the air concentrations and, soil, litter, and tree components indicated the interaction of these compartments with air. Observed increasing trends of POPs in the tree-ring sample...
Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap p... more Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap processing steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (n ) 5) in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey and in air (n ) 11) at a site near those plants. Measured stack-gas concentrations for the four plants without scrap preheating (611 ( 311, 165 000 ( 285 000, and 33 ( 3 ng m -3 , average ( SD for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively) indicated that they are significant sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). POP emissions from the plant with scrap preheating were significantly higher (13 500, 445 000, and 91 ng m -3 for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively). It was also shown that the steel plants emit considerable amounts of fugitive POPs in particle-phase. Estimated emissions using the emission factors generated in this study and the production amounts suggested that the steel plants with EAFs may significantly contribute to local and global PAH, PCB, and PBDE emissions. Several other compounds (aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine-containing organic compounds, n ) 49) were identified and determined semiquantitatively in the stack-gas and ambient air samples. Ambient air concentrations (62 ( 35, 320 ( 134 ng m -3 , 1451 ( 954 pg m -3 , for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively) were significantly higher than those measured previously around the world and in the region, further confirming that the steel plants with EAFs are "hot spots" for POPs.
The estimated exhaust emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey were presented. The emissions of ... more The estimated exhaust emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey were presented. The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO X ), hydrocarbon compounds (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the diesel locomotives and railcars were calculated using the railway traffic data recorded by Turkish State Railways (TSR) for the period of 2000-2005. EPA emission factors were used for different vehicle types and operation modes such as shunting and line-hauling. Total emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey were estimated as 384 t y − 1 for HC, 1016 t y − 1 for CO, 6799 t y − 1 for NO X , 256 t y − 1 for PM, 357 t y − 1 for SO 2 and 383 537 t y − 1 for CO 2 for the year 2005. The distribution of emissions with respect to type of railway vehicles shows that the mainline locomotives contribute ∼91% to the total emissions. The increases of 22%, 39% and 49% in the current numbers of mainline locomotives, shunting locomotives and diesel railcars, respectively corresponding to the full capacity of railway network in Turkey will increase the annual emissions to 431 t y − 1 for HC, 1121 t y − 1 for CO, 7399 t y − 1 for NO X , 342 t y − 1 for PM, 552 t y − 1 for SO 2 and 420 256 t y − 1 for CO 2 . Total railway emissions constitute 0.15%, 0.08% and 4.21% of total Turkish traffic emissions for HC, CO and NO X , respectively.
Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap p... more Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap processing steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (n ) 5) in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey and in air (n ) 11) at a site near those plants. Measured stack-gas concentrations for the four plants without scrap preheating (611 ( 311, 165 000 ( 285 000, and 33 ( 3 ng m -3 , average ( SD for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively) indicated that they are significant sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). POP emissions from the plant with scrap preheating were significantly higher (13 500, 445 000, and 91 ng m -3 for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively). It was also shown that the steel plants emit considerable amounts of fugitive POPs in particle-phase. Estimated emissions using the emission factors generated in this study and the production amounts suggested that the steel plants with EAFs may significantly contribute to local and global PAH, PCB, and PBDE emissions. Several other compounds (aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine-containing organic compounds, n ) 49) were identified and determined semiquantitatively in the stack-gas and ambient air samples. Ambient air concentrations (62 ( 35, 320 ( 134 ng m -3 , 1451 ( 954 pg m -3 , for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively) were significantly higher than those measured previously around the world and in the region, further confirming that the steel plants with EAFs are "hot spots" for POPs.
The spatial distribution of several air pollutants emitted from iron-steel industries in Hatay-Is... more The spatial distribution of several air pollutants emitted from iron-steel industries in Hatay-Iskenderun industrial region in Turkey was investigated by measuring their concentrations in soil. Collected soil samples (n=20) were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs; i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated naphthalenes), anions, and trace elements. Generally, all measured POP concentrations and marker trace elements for iron-steel industry (Zn, Pb, and Cu) were high relative to those reported previously for rural and urban areas around the world, and they were comparable to those measured recently in a similar industrial region (Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey). For all investigated POPs, elements, and anions, the highest concentrations were measured at points located north of the iron-steel industries where their emissions are transported by the prevailing southerly winds. The spatial distribution and levels of POPs, elemental, and anionic concentrations indicated that the iron-steel plants in Hatay-Iskenderun region are important sources for these pollutants. Statistically significant relationships between several organic and inorganic pollutants further confirmed that they are emitted by common sources (iron-steel plants).
VOCs, NO 2 , SO 2 and O 3 were measured around a densely populated industrial zone. Five separate... more VOCs, NO 2 , SO 2 and O 3 were measured around a densely populated industrial zone. Five separate weekly passive sampling campaigns were conducted at 55 locations. The spatial distribution of pollutants extracted in PMF were used to realize sources. Six factors were identified using a large number of chemical species available. The cancer risk due to benzene inhalation was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation.
VOCs, NO 2 , SO 2 and O 3 were measured around a densely populated industrial zone. Five separate... more VOCs, NO 2 , SO 2 and O 3 were measured around a densely populated industrial zone. Five separate weekly passive sampling campaigns were conducted at 55 locations. The spatial distribution of pollutants extracted in PMF were used to realize sources. Six factors were identified using a large number of chemical species available. The cancer risk due to benzene inhalation was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation.
Daily average SO 2 concentrations were measured during August 1999-September 2000 period in the m... more Daily average SO 2 concentrations were measured during August 1999-September 2000 period in the mountains around Izmir. Sampling devices to collect integrated daily SO 2 samples were located at four different sites. These sites were Yamanlar Mountain in the north, Tekketepe height of Karabelen Mountain in the south, and two mountain villages (Kiziluzum and Bespinar) located east of Izmir. Samples were analyzed by using standard methods. Maximum daily SO 2 concentrations up to 433 µg m −3 were found with the average values ranging between 75-135 µg m −3 per day at the four mountain stations. Annual mean values were above the threshold levels acceptable for the health of trees. It is concluded that such high SO 2 pollution might have caused the noted decline in the forests. In order to decide the sources of such high levels of pollution on the forested mountains, trajectory analyses were carried out. Results obtained at Tekketepe station are given in this article and they point to the fractional contributions of dense industrial areas around Izmir, to the forested heights of Tekketepe. Local topography and location of industrial zones around the city are seen to have a strong effect on the deteriorated air quality over the mountains. The annual and seasonal averages and ten maximum daily measurements at the Tekketepe sampling site indicate that the highest contribution to the deterioration of air quality is associated with the northerly wind sectors.
In this study, an inventory of air pollutant emission estimates from major air polluting sources ... more In this study, an inventory of air pollutant emission estimates from major air polluting sources in Turkey for period between 1985 and 2005 with 5-year intervals were estimated. Inventory covers anthropogenic sources of five major air pollutants of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds. Their breakdown with respect to main activity sectors were shown and their distribution by the largest industrial source categories were worked out as annual estimates. This inventory and its analysis point to serious environmental implications of air pollutants and a need to develop a policy plan for reducing these emissions.
This paper presents the air pollutant emission inventory of primary pollutants for Izmir, which i... more This paper presents the air pollutant emission inventory of primary pollutants for Izmir, which is a highly industrialized area situated in the western part of Turkey. A proper emission inventory is very important for planning pollution control programs, particularly in coastal sites like Izmir, where environmental quality is of growing concern owing to their typical meteorological conditions. The sources were broadly classified as point, line and area sources in a systematic way. The data on activity levels of industries, fuel consumption in vehicles and domestic activities along with the respective emission factors were used for estimating the emissions for the year 2000. The results showed that industry is the most polluting sector for sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) in the study area contributing about 88% of total emissions. On the other hand, domestic heating is the most polluting sector contributing about 56% of total PM emissions while traffic has the highest portion for NO X emissions. Especially, emissions from industries located outside the metropolitan city center are much higher in amount. Industries located around the Izmir metropolitan center contribute to the industrial SO 2 emissions by 93%, PM emissions by 59% and NO X emissions by 80% of the total. r
Odor levels around a meat packaging and rendering plant were predicted by using the CALPUFF dispe... more Odor levels around a meat packaging and rendering plant were predicted by using the CALPUFF dispersion model. The product of olfactometrically measured odor concentration and volumetric flow rate of the stack gas stream was used as emission strength of the source. Ambient odor levels were also measured at two sites downwind of the plant by olfactometry. This was possible, as odor concentrations were above 50 odor units per cubic meter (OU m Ϫ3 ), and this means that the concentrations were always exceeding the minimum 10 OU m Ϫ3 that can be safely measured by this technique. Odor samples were taken consecutively at two sites downwind of the source with 10 s duration each. These sampling sites were chosen so that they had continuous odor nuisance problems, which indicated that they were near the centerline of the plume. Between samples 10-s intervals were necessary to prepare the sampler for the next sampling bag connection. The overall sampling period was 10 min each at the two sites. Meteorological measurements were carried out throughout the odor sampling process at the sites. Wind direction and speeds were recorded at the end of each sampling and used in predictions made using the model. Predicted results were compared with the odor measurements carried out on the samples. Measured and predicted odor concentrations were tested to see the degree of correlation. The measured and predicted results at such very short averaging times correlated well, with a good agreement between the two series.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the predominant VOCs in the Aliaga atmosphere. Major sources were ref... more Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the predominant VOCs in the Aliaga atmosphere. Major sources were refinery, petrochemical industry, diesel exhaust, and solvent use. The largest contribution (54%) to VOCs was from the refinery and petroleum products. Carcinogenic risks were the highest for 1,2-dichloroethane followed by benzene.
A decision support system has been developed to support local authorities in air quality manageme... more A decision support system has been developed to support local authorities in air quality management for big Turkish cities. The system is based on CALPUFF dispersion model, digital maps and related databases to estimate the emissions and spatial distribution of air pollutants. It applies a geographical information system. The system estimates ambient air pollution levels at high temporal and spatial resolutions. The system enables mapping of emissions and air quality levels. Mapping and scenario results can be compared with air quality limits. Impact assessment of air pollution abatement measures can also be carried out. r
The CALMET meteorological model and its puff dispersion model CALPUFF were used to predict disper... more The CALMET meteorological model and its puff dispersion model CALPUFF were used to predict dispersion of the sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial and domestic heating sources in Izmir, the third biggest province in Turkey. The modeling domain covered an area of 80 Â 100 km centered at the metropolitan area of Izmir with grid spacing of 1000 m. Statistical analyses were carried out to evaluate the model performance by comparing the predicted and measured time series of sulfur dioxide concentrations at four monitoring stations using two main methods: root of the mean square error (RMSE) and an index of agreement (d). The index of agreement varied from 0.51 to 0.77 at four monitoring stations and the total RMSE ranged from 0.36 to 0.66 for the year 2000. The overall model performance for four monitoring stations was found good with an accuracy of about 68%. The agreement of model predictions and measurements was better for two urban monitoring stations (Karsiyaka and Bornova), compared with the other urban stations (Alsancak and Konak). r
The estimated atmospheric emissions of aircraft operations at a midsized Turkish airport ͑Adnan M... more The estimated atmospheric emissions of aircraft operations at a midsized Turkish airport ͑Adnan Menderes Airport, AMA͒ for the year 2004 are presented in this paper. The landing and takeoff ͑LTO͒ emissions of hydrocarbons ͑HC͒, carbon monoxide ͑CO͒, and nitrogen oxides ͑NO X ͒ were calculated using the flight data recorded by the State Airports Authority Directorate General. Emission factors from the International Civil Aviation Organization Engine Exhaust Emission Databank were used for different aircraft operation modes such as take-off, climbout, approach, and taxi/idle engine conditions. Total LTO emissions from commercial aircrafts at AMA were estimated as 21 t / y for HC, 138 t / y for CO, and 197 t / y for NO X . Boeing 737-800 type aircrafts have the biggest portions in total emissions ͑12% for HC, 18% for CO, and 35% for NO X ͒. It is estimated that an increase of 1 min in taxiing time causes an increase of 4.2%, 4.6%, and 0.4% in the amount of HC, CO, and NO X emissions, respectively. Estimations show that the full capacity of aircraft movements at AMA might cause annual emissions to be 176 t / y for HC, 1,184 t / y for CO, and 1,306 t / y for NO X .
Atmospheric bulk deposition (wet + dry deposition) samples (n = 40) were collected concurrently a... more Atmospheric bulk deposition (wet + dry deposition) samples (n = 40) were collected concurrently at ten sites in four seasons between June 2009 and April 2010 in the Aliaga heavily industrialized region, Turkey, containing a number of significant air pollutant sources. Analyses of trace elements were carried out using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). While there were significant differences in the particulate matter (PM) deposition fluxes among the sampling sites, seasonal variations were not statistically significant (Kruskal-Wallis test, p b 0.05). Both PM deposition and elemental fluxes were increased at the sampling sites in the vicinity of industrial activities. The crustal elements (i.e., Ca, Mg) and some anthropogenic elements (such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, and Cr) were high, and the highest fluxes were mostly measured in summer and winter seasons. The enrichment factor (EF) and principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the data to determine the possible sources in the study area. High EF values were obtained for the anthropogenic elements such as Ag, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and Sb. The possible sources were identified as anthropogenic sources (i.e., iron-steel production) (45.4%), crustal and re-suspended dust (27.1%), marine aerosol (7.9%), and coal and wood combustion (8.2%). Thus, the iron-steel production and its related activities were found to be the main pollutant sources for this region.
Surface seawater and coastal sediment samples were collected concurrently at 22 sampling sites du... more Surface seawater and coastal sediment samples were collected concurrently at 22 sampling sites during two sampling periods in the Aliaga industrial region, Turkey. In the study area there are two major bays, with many ports belonging to a petrochemical plant, a petroleum refinery, scrap steel production plants, and a fertilizer plant. Samples were analyzed for 48 trace elements using an ICP-MS system. The concentrations of P, Al, Zn, Fe, Se, Mo, and Ba were found to be higher than those of the other elements in the seawater samples but with no significant spatial and temporal variations. Similarly, concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, and Zn were high in sediment samples from almost all sampling sites. The concentrations of the elements Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Sn, Mo, Ni, and Hg showed significant spatial variations due to different distances from industrial facilities. In order to determine the contribution of anthropogenic sources in sediment samples, the levels of pollution were evaluated using pollution indicators, enrichment factors and index of geoaccumulation. The effects on aquatic environments were also determined in accordance with the sediment quality guidelines. Principal component analysis was also employed to find out the factors affecting the elemental composition of the sediments. Principal component analysis indicated that the possible sources in the region were iron-steel production, refinery and petrochemical processes, ship breaking facilities, seawater, crustal sources and re-suspended dust. Environ Earth Sci (2015) 73:405-421 409
Several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polych... more Several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in needle, branch, bark, and tree ring samples in pine samples collected at 27 sites (21 industrial, 6 background) in Aliaga industrial region in Turkey. Soil, litter, and air samples were also collected to investigate the relationships between the air and soil, litter, and tree components. Concentrations decreased with distance from the sources and the lowest ones were measured at background sites. The spatial distribution of POPs indicated that the major sources in the region are the iron-steel, ship-breaking, petrochemical plants and the petroleum refinery. Significant correlations between the air concentrations and, soil, litter, and tree components indicated the interaction of these compartments with air. Observed increasing trends of POPs in the tree-ring sample...
Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap p... more Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap processing steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (n ) 5) in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey and in air (n ) 11) at a site near those plants. Measured stack-gas concentrations for the four plants without scrap preheating (611 ( 311, 165 000 ( 285 000, and 33 ( 3 ng m -3 , average ( SD for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively) indicated that they are significant sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). POP emissions from the plant with scrap preheating were significantly higher (13 500, 445 000, and 91 ng m -3 for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively). It was also shown that the steel plants emit considerable amounts of fugitive POPs in particle-phase. Estimated emissions using the emission factors generated in this study and the production amounts suggested that the steel plants with EAFs may significantly contribute to local and global PAH, PCB, and PBDE emissions. Several other compounds (aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine-containing organic compounds, n ) 49) were identified and determined semiquantitatively in the stack-gas and ambient air samples. Ambient air concentrations (62 ( 35, 320 ( 134 ng m -3 , 1451 ( 954 pg m -3 , for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively) were significantly higher than those measured previously around the world and in the region, further confirming that the steel plants with EAFs are "hot spots" for POPs.
The estimated exhaust emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey were presented. The emissions of ... more The estimated exhaust emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey were presented. The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO X ), hydrocarbon compounds (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the diesel locomotives and railcars were calculated using the railway traffic data recorded by Turkish State Railways (TSR) for the period of 2000-2005. EPA emission factors were used for different vehicle types and operation modes such as shunting and line-hauling. Total emissions from railway vehicles in Turkey were estimated as 384 t y − 1 for HC, 1016 t y − 1 for CO, 6799 t y − 1 for NO X , 256 t y − 1 for PM, 357 t y − 1 for SO 2 and 383 537 t y − 1 for CO 2 for the year 2005. The distribution of emissions with respect to type of railway vehicles shows that the mainline locomotives contribute ∼91% to the total emissions. The increases of 22%, 39% and 49% in the current numbers of mainline locomotives, shunting locomotives and diesel railcars, respectively corresponding to the full capacity of railway network in Turkey will increase the annual emissions to 431 t y − 1 for HC, 1121 t y − 1 for CO, 7399 t y − 1 for NO X , 342 t y − 1 for PM, 552 t y − 1 for SO 2 and 420 256 t y − 1 for CO 2 . Total railway emissions constitute 0.15%, 0.08% and 4.21% of total Turkish traffic emissions for HC, CO and NO X , respectively.
Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap p... more Persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations were measured in stack-gases of ferrous scrap processing steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs) (n ) 5) in Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey and in air (n ) 11) at a site near those plants. Measured stack-gas concentrations for the four plants without scrap preheating (611 ( 311, 165 000 ( 285 000, and 33 ( 3 ng m -3 , average ( SD for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively) indicated that they are significant sources for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). POP emissions from the plant with scrap preheating were significantly higher (13 500, 445 000, and 91 ng m -3 for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively). It was also shown that the steel plants emit considerable amounts of fugitive POPs in particle-phase. Estimated emissions using the emission factors generated in this study and the production amounts suggested that the steel plants with EAFs may significantly contribute to local and global PAH, PCB, and PBDE emissions. Several other compounds (aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine-containing organic compounds, n ) 49) were identified and determined semiquantitatively in the stack-gas and ambient air samples. Ambient air concentrations (62 ( 35, 320 ( 134 ng m -3 , 1451 ( 954 pg m -3 , for Σ 41 PCBs, Σ 16 PAHs, and Σ 7 PBDEs, respectively) were significantly higher than those measured previously around the world and in the region, further confirming that the steel plants with EAFs are "hot spots" for POPs.
The spatial distribution of several air pollutants emitted from iron-steel industries in Hatay-Is... more The spatial distribution of several air pollutants emitted from iron-steel industries in Hatay-Iskenderun industrial region in Turkey was investigated by measuring their concentrations in soil. Collected soil samples (n=20) were analyzed for persistent organic pollutants (POPs; i.e., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated naphthalenes), anions, and trace elements. Generally, all measured POP concentrations and marker trace elements for iron-steel industry (Zn, Pb, and Cu) were high relative to those reported previously for rural and urban areas around the world, and they were comparable to those measured recently in a similar industrial region (Aliaga, Izmir, Turkey). For all investigated POPs, elements, and anions, the highest concentrations were measured at points located north of the iron-steel industries where their emissions are transported by the prevailing southerly winds. The spatial distribution and levels of POPs, elemental, and anionic concentrations indicated that the iron-steel plants in Hatay-Iskenderun region are important sources for these pollutants. Statistically significant relationships between several organic and inorganic pollutants further confirmed that they are emitted by common sources (iron-steel plants).
VOCs, NO 2 , SO 2 and O 3 were measured around a densely populated industrial zone. Five separate... more VOCs, NO 2 , SO 2 and O 3 were measured around a densely populated industrial zone. Five separate weekly passive sampling campaigns were conducted at 55 locations. The spatial distribution of pollutants extracted in PMF were used to realize sources. Six factors were identified using a large number of chemical species available. The cancer risk due to benzene inhalation was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation.
VOCs, NO 2 , SO 2 and O 3 were measured around a densely populated industrial zone. Five separate... more VOCs, NO 2 , SO 2 and O 3 were measured around a densely populated industrial zone. Five separate weekly passive sampling campaigns were conducted at 55 locations. The spatial distribution of pollutants extracted in PMF were used to realize sources. Six factors were identified using a large number of chemical species available. The cancer risk due to benzene inhalation was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation.
Daily average SO 2 concentrations were measured during August 1999-September 2000 period in the m... more Daily average SO 2 concentrations were measured during August 1999-September 2000 period in the mountains around Izmir. Sampling devices to collect integrated daily SO 2 samples were located at four different sites. These sites were Yamanlar Mountain in the north, Tekketepe height of Karabelen Mountain in the south, and two mountain villages (Kiziluzum and Bespinar) located east of Izmir. Samples were analyzed by using standard methods. Maximum daily SO 2 concentrations up to 433 µg m −3 were found with the average values ranging between 75-135 µg m −3 per day at the four mountain stations. Annual mean values were above the threshold levels acceptable for the health of trees. It is concluded that such high SO 2 pollution might have caused the noted decline in the forests. In order to decide the sources of such high levels of pollution on the forested mountains, trajectory analyses were carried out. Results obtained at Tekketepe station are given in this article and they point to the fractional contributions of dense industrial areas around Izmir, to the forested heights of Tekketepe. Local topography and location of industrial zones around the city are seen to have a strong effect on the deteriorated air quality over the mountains. The annual and seasonal averages and ten maximum daily measurements at the Tekketepe sampling site indicate that the highest contribution to the deterioration of air quality is associated with the northerly wind sectors.
In this study, an inventory of air pollutant emission estimates from major air polluting sources ... more In this study, an inventory of air pollutant emission estimates from major air polluting sources in Turkey for period between 1985 and 2005 with 5-year intervals were estimated. Inventory covers anthropogenic sources of five major air pollutants of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and non-methane volatile organic compounds. Their breakdown with respect to main activity sectors were shown and their distribution by the largest industrial source categories were worked out as annual estimates. This inventory and its analysis point to serious environmental implications of air pollutants and a need to develop a policy plan for reducing these emissions.
This paper presents the air pollutant emission inventory of primary pollutants for Izmir, which i... more This paper presents the air pollutant emission inventory of primary pollutants for Izmir, which is a highly industrialized area situated in the western part of Turkey. A proper emission inventory is very important for planning pollution control programs, particularly in coastal sites like Izmir, where environmental quality is of growing concern owing to their typical meteorological conditions. The sources were broadly classified as point, line and area sources in a systematic way. The data on activity levels of industries, fuel consumption in vehicles and domestic activities along with the respective emission factors were used for estimating the emissions for the year 2000. The results showed that industry is the most polluting sector for sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) in the study area contributing about 88% of total emissions. On the other hand, domestic heating is the most polluting sector contributing about 56% of total PM emissions while traffic has the highest portion for NO X emissions. Especially, emissions from industries located outside the metropolitan city center are much higher in amount. Industries located around the Izmir metropolitan center contribute to the industrial SO 2 emissions by 93%, PM emissions by 59% and NO X emissions by 80% of the total. r
Odor levels around a meat packaging and rendering plant were predicted by using the CALPUFF dispe... more Odor levels around a meat packaging and rendering plant were predicted by using the CALPUFF dispersion model. The product of olfactometrically measured odor concentration and volumetric flow rate of the stack gas stream was used as emission strength of the source. Ambient odor levels were also measured at two sites downwind of the plant by olfactometry. This was possible, as odor concentrations were above 50 odor units per cubic meter (OU m Ϫ3 ), and this means that the concentrations were always exceeding the minimum 10 OU m Ϫ3 that can be safely measured by this technique. Odor samples were taken consecutively at two sites downwind of the source with 10 s duration each. These sampling sites were chosen so that they had continuous odor nuisance problems, which indicated that they were near the centerline of the plume. Between samples 10-s intervals were necessary to prepare the sampler for the next sampling bag connection. The overall sampling period was 10 min each at the two sites. Meteorological measurements were carried out throughout the odor sampling process at the sites. Wind direction and speeds were recorded at the end of each sampling and used in predictions made using the model. Predicted results were compared with the odor measurements carried out on the samples. Measured and predicted odor concentrations were tested to see the degree of correlation. The measured and predicted results at such very short averaging times correlated well, with a good agreement between the two series.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the predominant VOCs in the Aliaga atmosphere. Major sources were ref... more Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the predominant VOCs in the Aliaga atmosphere. Major sources were refinery, petrochemical industry, diesel exhaust, and solvent use. The largest contribution (54%) to VOCs was from the refinery and petroleum products. Carcinogenic risks were the highest for 1,2-dichloroethane followed by benzene.
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