A new genus, Paradysderina, is established for a speciose group of Andean goblin spiders belonging to the Dysderina complex. Members of Paradysderina resemble those of Scaphidysderina Platnick and Dupérré in having the dorsal abdominal scutum of females either greatly reduced or entirely absent, but lack the highly crenulated sternum characteristic of Scaphidysderina and have instead a distinctively flattened, rugose sternal surface. Males of various species of Paradysderina show a wide range of remarkable autapomorphies, including projections at the sides of the clypeus and various kinds of excavations and projections on or between the chelicerae. Several species share the highly unusual occurrence of asymmetry between the left and right male pedipalps; in some species the asymmetry involves the size of the palpal bulb, but in those and other cases, the embolus structure also differs consistently between the two sides, to such an extent that if the left and right palps were studied in isolation, they would be considered to belong to different species. Dysderina globosa (Keyserling) from Colombia and D. montana (Keyserling) from Peru are transferred to Paradysderina, and their males are described for the first time. A total of 52 new species are described, including 26 from Peru (P. watrousi, P. consuelo, P. excavata, P. silvae, P. malkini, P. maldonado, P. asymmetrica, P. apurimac, P. convencion, P. macho, P. tambopata, P. schizo, P. wygodzinskyi, P. newtoni, P. thayerae, P. carpish, P. rothae, P. tabaconas, P. sauce, P. piura, P. tambo, P. fatima, P. bagua, P. yasua, P. loreto, and P. pithecia), 15 from Ecuador (P. zamora, P. lostayos, P. puyo, P. hermani, P. yanayacu, P. baehrae, P. righty, P. centro, P. fusiscuta, P. lefty, P. vlad, P. yasuni, P. dracula, P. pecki, and P. sucumbios), and 11 from Colombia (P. imir, P. pinzoni, P. leticia, P. pira, P. vaupes, P. huila, P. chingaza, P. boyaca,
The present paper is the third in a series devoted to the Dysderina complex, a large and diverse assemblage of heavily scutate, long-spined gamasomorphines that represents a significant fraction of the total Neotropical oonopid fauna. It completes our coverage of those members of the complex in which the dorsal scutum on the abdomen of females is (rarely) greatly reduced or (much more commonly) completely absent. Species with such unarmed females abound in the Andean nations (Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia), and at least one species also extends into far western Amazonas, Brazil. Two new genera are described here; one (Paradysderina) is highly speciose, and found throughout the northern Andes, whereas the other (Semidysderina) contains just a few species and is known only from Colombia. Both genera include some remarkable taxa. Paradysderina includes a number of species notable for the highly unusual occurrence of asymmetrical male pedipalps. Several of these species resemble those of some members of Escaphiella Platnick and Dupérré (2009b), in that either the right or left palp may be significantly less “inflated” than its counterpart. Such differences occur in P. asymmetrica, P. tambopata, P. schizo, P. righty, P. fusiscuta, and P. lefty (see figs. 144–151, 202–207, 218–223, 482–489, 516–521, 532–537). The differences are not confined, however, to just the degree to which the bulb is enlarged; even the embolar structure differs between the right and left palps (e.g., figs. 144, 145; 200, 201; 482, 486; 514, 515). In the four most northern species of Paradysderina, from central and northern Colombia (P. boyaca, P. carrizal, P. monstrosa, and P. chinacota), there are no significant differences in the size or shape of the right and left bulbs, but the actual intromittent organ (the embolus) nevertheless has consistently different shapes on the left and right palps (see the photograph on the cover, and also figs. 689–696, 713–720, 725–732, 736–741). In these cases, as well, the differences between the left and right embolus are fully as extensive as those normally found between different species! Almost all the species treated below show no trace of a dorsal abdominal scutum in females. The single exception is P. fusiscuta, from Ecuador, in which the epigastric scutum of females extends backward across the anterior surface of the abdominal dorsum (figs. 522, 523). It is, of course, possible that this represents an autapomorphic modification of the epigastric scutum. However, it may instead be the result of a fusion of the epigastric and dorsal scuta that may have occurred, phylogenetically, as one stage in the reduction and subsequent loss of the dorsal scutum. Such a process has evidently occurred in other oonopids. In the genus Niarchos Platnick and Dupérré (2010), males of most species have a fully developed dorsal scutum, but in males of two species, the dorsal scutum is represented only by a narrow, longitudinal, sclerotized strip covering just the cardiac area of the abdomen (Platnick and Dupérré, 2010: figs. 407, 430). In those males, the anterior end of the narrow strip is fully fused to the epigastric scutum. The reduction in size of the anterior scutum, and the fusion with the epigastric scutum, are clearly independent characters, however, as in the hypothesized sister genus of Niarchos, Scaphios Platnick and Dupérré (2010), males of the one species that have a similarly reduced dorsal scutum nevertheless have that scutum entirely separate from the epigastric scutum (Platnick and Dupérré, 2010: fig. 867). As in the other Andean genus including species with a reduced or absent dorsal scutum in females, Scaphidysderina Platnick and Dupérré (2011), males can show some bizarre modifications of the clypeus and chelicerae. In one group of four species (P. vlad from Ecuador and P. imir, P. pinzoni, and P. vaupes from Colombia), the clypeus of males bears a pair of sharply pointed, anteriorly directed projections (figs. 545, 604, 609, 610, 643, 644). In P. dracula, from a lowland site in Amazonian Ecuador, the male chelicerae bear long, fanglike anterior projections (figs. 566, 567). In species like P. excavata and P. maldonado from Peru, the male chelicerae are medially excavated and bear sclerotized projections (figs. 101, 135) similar to those found in some Scaphidysderina males. Even odder are species like P. yasua, P. imir, and P. chingaza that have projections originating from the soft cuticle separating the chelicerae (figs. 371, 604, 665). Most Paradysderina specimens have a relatively unmodified sternum that is basically flat, except for the radial grooves between the leg coxae, with a finely rugose surface (as in figs. 15, 57), and little apparent sexual dimorphism. However, in two species, P. fusiscuta and its likely sister species, P. centro, the sternal surface is variable; some specimens have fairly typical sculpturing (fig. 512), whereas others (usually, but not always, males) have the rugosity emphasized (fig. 513), and thus resemble some species of Scaphidysderina, although the elevated ridges are both smaller and weaker than in Scaphidysderina (cf. Platnick and Dupérré, 2011: figs. 116, 139). A few specimens of these two species even show some coalescence of the rugosity into weak transverse ridges reminiscent of those of Dysderina (cf. Platnick and Dupérré, 2011: fig. 3). It is conceivable that these two species are aberrant members of Scaphidysderina, but the occurrence of palpal asymmetry in P. fusiscuta suggests that the sternal variation has been independently acquired, and that these two species are best placed in Paradysderina. Paradysderina watrousi, new species, male. 1. Carapace, dorsal view. 2. Same, lateral view. 3. Same, anterior view. 4. Chelicerae, anterior view. 5. Same, posterior view. 6. Mouthparts, ventral view. 7. Labrum and endites, dorsal view. 8. Labrum, dorsal view. Paradysderina watrousi, new species, male. 9. Left palp, prolateral view. 10. Same, retrolateral view. 11. Left embolus, prolateral view. 12. Same, retrolateral view. 13. Palpal tibia, dorsal view. 14. Tarsal organ, palp, dorsal view. 15. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 16. Anterior portion of abdomen, ventral view. Another species, Paradysderina loreto, shows a different kind of sternal modification, with more distinct elevations accompanying the radial grooves at the sides of the sternum (figs. 379, 402). In this case, those sternal modifications resemble those of a different set of species belonging to the Dysderina complex. Those species are common both in the Andes and elsewhere in northern South America; two of them were placed by Dumitrescu and Georgescu (1987) in their genus Prodysderina. However, all the specimens of that group that we have examined to date have a strong dorsal scutum on the abdomen of females that does not occur in P. loreto, and they typically have the postepigastric scutum of females separate from the epigastric scutum (in P. loreto, those two scuta are fused). Here again, P. loreto therefore seems best placed in Paradysderina, despite its somewhat aberrant sternal sculpturing. Most of the species recorded below have been taken from forest litter, and seem to have the relatively small distribution ranges characteristic of litter-dwelling oonopids. However, at least three species from Peru have been taken by canopy fogging (P. bagua, P. loreto, and P. pithecia), and at least the first two of those species seem to have significantly broader ranges. Unlike the Andean endemics, which occur at elevations as high as 3370 m, at least one of these lowland Amazonian taxa, P. loreto, extends into western Brazil, and we would not be surprised if that were the case also for the other canopy-dwelling species. Males of the species here assigned to the new genus Semidysderina have unusual palps. In four species, all from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia, a seam is still present between the palpal cymbium and bulb, at least on the prolateral side of the bulb (figs. 818, 831). So far as we have observed to date, these are the only members of the Dysderina complex to retain that seam. Under scanning electron microscopy, the seam appears as a depression, with tiny, periodic pores along the depressed line (fig. 750). We suspect that the unknown male of S. marta, from the same mountain range, will also have the seam, but it apparently does not occur in the males of the sixth species we assign to the genus, S. sturmi from central Colombia. The palpal bulb of that species is not greatly inflated, and the embolus is very different from that of the northern species, but has a similarly narrow, sharply pointed basal projection (cf. figs. 752, 864). We suspect that additional species (and possibly even additional species groups) of Semidysderina remain to be discovered in Colombia. Our methods follow those of Platnick and Dupérré (2009a, 2009b); because Paradysderina is so speciose, its species are treated geographically, beginning in southern Peru and proceeding northward, and separate keys are provided to the species of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. Only differences from the males (beyond the obvious lack of male cheliceral and endite modifications) are mentioned in the descriptions of females. Scans were taken from uncoated right male palps, and the images were flipped for consistency. All measurements are in mm. High-resolution, full-color versions of the images, many additional images, the geocoded locality data, and a distribution map for each species will be available on the goblin spider Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (PBI) project's website ( http://research.amnh.org/oonopidae). AMNH American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY BMNH Natural History Museum, London, England CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL IAVH Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia ICN Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá, Colombia KBIN Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Brussels, Belgium MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina MELM Museo de Entomología, Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina, Peru MHNG Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland MUSM Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru QCAZ Museum of Invertebrates, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Quito, Ecuador USNM National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Paradysderina, new genus Members of this genus resemble those of Scaphidysderina and Semidysderina (and differ from all other members of the Dysderina complex) in having the dorsal scutum of females either greatly reduced (in the case of P. fusiscuta, fig. 522) or entirely absent. They differ from those of Scaphidysderina by having the sternal surface flat, rather than highly crenulated, and from those of Semidysderina in lacking a groove connecting the posterior spiracles. The male embolus varies greatly among species, but the female genitalia resemble those of Semidysderina in having a distinctive, elevated anterior ridge at the front of the genital atrium (fig. 82). Total length of males 1.3–2.3, of females 1.4–2.7. Coloration typically carapace orange-brown, without pattern; sternum and mouthparts orange, sternum without pattern; abdominal scuta orange, abdominal soft portions white, without pattern; legs yellow, without pattern (exceptions mentioned in species diagnoses). Cephalothorax: Carapace broadly oval in dorsal view (figs. 1, 41), anteriorly narrowed to between 0.5 and 0.75 times its maximum width, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view (figs. 2, 42), anterolateral corners without extension or projections, pars thoracica with rounded posterolateral corners, without depressions or radiating rows of pits, posterolateral edge without pits, posterior margin not bulging below posterior rim, posterolateral surface without spikes; elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate (but granules sometimes very low, producing reticulate appearance under light microscopy, noted as “appears reticulate” in species descriptions), sides strongly granulate; fovea absent, lateral margin straight, rebordered, without denticles projecting past lateral margin in dorsal view; plumose setae near posterior margin of pars thoracica absent; nonmarginal pars cephalica and pars thoracica setae light, needlelike, scattered; marginal setae light, needlelike. Clypeus margin strongly rebordered, sinuous in front view (figs. 3, 43), vertical in lateral view, high, ALE separated from edge of carapace by their radius or more, median projection absent (except for fused chilum), some males with pair of anteriorly directed projections (figs. 545, 604, 609, 610, 643, 644); setae light, needlelike. Chilum undivided, fused to clypeus, with seam. Eyes six, well developed, all subequal, ALE oval, PME squared, PLE oval; posterior eye row slightly recurved from above, slightly procurved from front; ALE usually separated by their radius to diameter (rarely by their diameter or more), ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME separated by less than PME radius. Sternum wider than long, not fused to carapace, surface flat rather than highly crenulated, median concavity and hair tufts absent, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrows usually with tiny pits, rarely with tiny granules, radial furrow opposite coxae III absent; aside from furrows, surface finely rugose (figs. 15, 57), without pits, microsculpture present everywhere but front, sickle-shaped structures absent, anterior margin with continuous transverse groove, posterior margin extending posteriorly beyond anterior edges of coxae IV as single extension but without posterior hump, anterior corner unmodified, lateral margin with infracoxal grooves and anterior and posterior openings, distance between coxae approximately equal, extensions of precoxal triangles absent, lateral margins with bridges to coxae; setae sparse, dark, needlelike, densest laterally, originating from surface. Chelicerae slightly divergent (fig. 4), anterior face with swelling; males usually with one promarginal tooth, females usually with one promarginal and one retromarginal tooth (fig. 44); fang without toothlike projections, directed medially, shape normal, without prominent basal process, tip unmodified (figs. 5, 45); setae light, needlelike, densest medially; paturon inner margin with pairs of enlarged setae, distal region unmodified, posterior surface unmodified, anterior surface frequently with modifications in males, promargin with row of flattened setae, inner margin unmodified, laminate groove absent. Labium triangular, not fused to sternum (fig. 46), anterior margin indented at middle, same as sternum in sclerotization, with six or more setae on anterior margin, subdistal portion with unmodified setae. Endites same as sternum in sclerotization, those of males distally excavated, with separate ventral and dorsal processes (figs. 6, 7) anteriorly, posterior part unmodified; serrula present in single row in females (fig. 48), apparently reduced to two teeth in males, one situated at about one-third of length of median setal row, second situated more basally, near median margin of endite; proximalmost seta of row widened, without distal fringe (fig. 7). Labrum with triangular median protrusion (figs. 8, 47). Female palp without claw or spines (figs. 59, 60); patella without prolateral row of ridges; tibia with three trichobothria (fig. 61), tarsus unmodified. Abdomen: Ovoid, without long posterior extension, rounded posteriorly, interscutal membrane rows of small sclerotized platelets absent. Book lung covers large, ovoid, without setae, anterolateral edge unmodified; neither anterior nor posterior spiracles connected by groove (figs. 16, 63). Pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, plumose hairs absent, matted setae on anterior ventral abdomen in pedicel area absent, cuticular outgrowths near pedicel absent. Dorsal scutum present in males, strongly sclerotized, not fused to epigastric scutum, middle surface smooth, sides smooth, anterior half without projecting denticles; dorsal scutum present in females only in P. fusiscuta, where small, fused to epigastric scutum (fig. 522). Epigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, surrounding pedicel, not protruding, small lateral sclerites absent, without lateral joints in females. Postepigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, anterior margin unmodified, with short posteriorly directed lateral apodemes; in males almost semicircular to elongated, extending to about three-fourths of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum, in females, short, often but not always fused to epigastric scutum. Spinneret scutum absent; supraanal scutum absent. Abdominal dorsal, epigastric, and postepigastric setae dark, needlelike; frontal epigastric area setae not thickened; dense patch of setae anterior to spinnerets absent; interscutal membrane with setae. Colulus present, tiny, with pair of setae. Anterior lateral spinnerets bisegmented, posterior medians unisegmented, posterior laterals bisegmented (figs. 33, 37); spigots scanned only in P. watrousi, anterior laterals with one major ampullate gland spigot plus four piriform gland spigots in both male (fig. 34) and female (fig. 38); posterior medians with one minor ampullate gland spigot plus two aciniform gland spigots in male (fig. 35), six in female (fig. 39); posterior laterals with one minor ampullate gland spigot plus three aciniform gland spigots in male (fig. 36), 10 in female (fig. 40). Legs: Femur IV not thickened, same size as femora I–III, patella plus tibia I shorter than carapace, tibia I unmodified, tibia IV ventral scopula and specialized hairs on ventral apex absent, metatarsi I, II mesoapical comb absent, metatarsi III, IV ventral scopula absent. Leg spines present on femur I (and sometimes II); anterior tibiae and metatarsi with several pairs of very long spines (figs. 29, 30, 65, 66), legs III, IV without spines (figs. 31, 32). Tarsi without inferior claw. Superior claws with four or five large teeth on median and lateral surfaces (figs. 17–24, 49–56). Trichobothrial base with numerous parallel ridges (fig. 58). Tarsal organ with three sensillae on legs I, II (figs. 25, 26, 67, 68), two on legs III, IV, palp (figs. 14, 27, 28, 62, 69, 70). Genitalia: Male epigastric region with sperm pore small, oval, situated at level of posterior spiracles, rebordered, furrow without Ω-shaped insertions, without setae (fig. 16). Male palp of normal size, not strongly sclerotized, right and left palps sometimes asymmetrical, proximal segments pale orange, cymbium and bulb yellow; embolus dark, prolateral excavation absent, bifid, with elaborate projections; trochanter minute, unmodified; femur of normal size, two or more times as long as trochanter, without posteriorly rounded lateral dilation, attaching to patella basally; patella shorter than femur, not enlarged, without prolateral row of ridges, setae unmodified; tibia with three trichobothria (fig. 13); cymbium ovoid in dorsal view, completely fused with bulb, no seam visible (figs. 9, 10), not extending beyond distal tip of bulb, plumose setae absent, without stout setae or distal patch of setae; bulb elongated, 1–1.5 times as long as cymbium, stout, embolus highly variable, often ornamented with microsculpture (figs. 11, 12). Female genitalia with strong apodemes (fig. 71), atrium with elevated anterior ridge and rebordered posterior margin (fig. 64); anterior genitalic projection typically with fine, toothlike extensions (fig. 72). Paradysderina watrousi, new species, male. 17. Claws of leg I, lateral view. 18. Same, leg II. 19. Same, leg III. 20. Same, leg IV. 21. Claws of leg I, apical view. 22. Same, leg II. 23. Same, leg III. 24. Same, leg IV. Paradysderina watrousi, new species, male. 25. Tarsal organ from leg I, dorsal view. 26. Same, leg II. 27. Same, leg III. 28. Same, leg IV. 29. Leg I, lateral view. 30. Same, leg II. 31. Same, leg III. 32. Same, leg IV. Paradysderina watrousi, new species, male (33–36) and female (37–40). 33, 37. Spinnerets, apical view. 34, 38. Anterior lateral spinneret, apical view. 35, 39. Posterior median spinneret, apical view. 36, 40. Posterior lateral spinneret, apical view. Paradysderina watrousi, new species, female. 41. Carapace, dorsal view. 42. Same, lateral view. 43. Same, anterior view. 44. Chelicerae, anterior view. 45. Same, posterior view. 46. Mouthparts, ventral view. 47. Labrum and endites, dorsal view. 48. Serrula, dorsal view. Paradysderina watrousi, new species, female. 49. Claws of leg I, lateral view. 50. Same, leg II. 51. Same, leg III. 52. Same, leg IV. 53. Claws of leg I, apical view. 54. Same, leg II. 55. Same, leg III. 56. Same, leg IV. Paradysderina watrousi, new species, female. 57. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 58. Trichobothrial base from metatarsus III, dorsal view. 59. Palp, prolateral view. 60. Same, retrolateral view. 61. Palpal tibia, dorsal view. 62. Tarsal organ, palp, dorsal view. 63. Anterior portion of abdomen, ventral view. 64. Genitalia, ventral view. Known only from the Andean nations (Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia), except that one species (P. loreto) extends from Amazonian Peru into far western Amazonas, Brazil; found on both slopes of the Andes, at a wide range of elevations (100–3367 m). 1. Males (those of fatima unknown)2 – Females (those of excavata, maldonado, macho, schizo, rothae, sauce, tambo, and yasua unknown)27 2. Palps asymmetrical3 – Palps symmetrical5 3. Left embolus greatly widened at about half its length (fig. 147)asymmetrica – Left embolus not greatly widened4 4. Left embolus notched at about half its length (figs. 200, 203)tambopata – Left embolus not notched (fig. 219)schizo 5. Embolus about as wide distally as basally (as in figs. 163, 360)6 – Embolus much wider distally than at base (as in figs. 179, 274)14 6. Embolus long, narrow, translucent (figs. 124, 163)7 – Embolus otherwise8 7. Embolus sharply bent (fig. 124)malkini – Embolus not sharply bent (fig. 163)apurimac 8. Embolus long, more than half of bulb length (figs. 231, 326)9 – Embolus much shorter10 9. Embolus relatively narrow (fig. 326)sauce – Embolus relatively wide (fig. 231)wygodzinskyi 10. Embolus sharply bent distally (figs. 90, 104)11 – Embolus not sharply bent distally12 11. Embolus with prolateral prong at about half its length (fig. 102)excavata – Embolus with distal prong (fig. 88)consuelo 12. Embolus with subbasal prong (figs. 309, 311)montana – Embolus without subbasal prong13 13. Embolus distally twisted (figs. 345, 347)tambo – Embolus not distally twisted (figs. 360, 362)bagua 14. Embolus deeply divided distally (as in figs. 111, 138, 297)15 – Embolus not deeply divided distally20 15. Embolus with two distal projections (as in figs. 138, 297)16 – Embolus with three distal projections (as in figs. 111, 289)18 16. Embolus directed prolaterally (fig. 297)tabaconas – Embolus directed distally (figs. 77, 138)17 17. Embolus C-shaped in prolateral view (fig. 76)watrousi – Embolus T-shaped in prolateral view (fig.137)maldonado 18. Embolus as wide as distal part of palpal bulb (figs. 260, 289)19 – Embolus narrower than distal part of palpal bulb (fig. 111)silvae 19. Embolar base with sharp prolateral process (fig. 260)thayerae – Embolar base without sharp process (fig.289)rothae 20. Embolus relatively small, with recurved tip (figs. 333, 391)21 – Embolus larger, with expanded tip22 21. Embolus relatively short (figs. 389, 391)pithecia – Embolus longer (figs. 331, 333)piura 22. Embolus relatively short, wide (figs. 192, 194)macho – Embolus longer23 23. Embolus about twice as wide distally as basally (figs. 177, 179, 403, 405)24 – Embolus distally wider25 24. Embolus width gradually increasing toward tip (figs. 177, 179)convencion – Embolus abruptly increasing in width (figs. 403, 405)loreto 25. Embolus fan shaped (figs. 250, 252)newtoni – Embolus not fan shaped26 26. Embolus with retrolateral expansion (figs. 374, 376)yasua – Embolus without retrolateral expansion (figs. 272, 274)carpish 27. Genitalic apodemes relatively short, each about one-fourth as long as transverse bar connecting the two apodemes (as in figs. 84, 157)28 – Genitalic apodemes longer34 28. Anterior genitalic process surrounded by long, wide sclerotization throughout its length (figs. 157, 186, 244, 304)29 – Anterior genitalic process otherwise32 29. Anterior genitalic process with transverse sclerotization at about half its length (figs. 157, 186)30 – Anterior genitalic process otherwise31 30. Transverse sclerotization situated at anterior atrial margin (fig. 186)convencion – Transverse sclerotization situated anterior of anterior atrial margin (fig. 157)asymmetrica 31. Anterior genitalic process sclerotized only at tip (fig. 304)tabaconas – Anterior genitalic process sclerotized throughout its length (fig. 244)wygodzinskyi 32. Atrium with conspicuous lateral sclerotizations (fig. 173)apurimac – Atrium without such sclerotizations33 33. Anterior genitalic process relatively short (fig. 244)newtoni – Anterior genitalic process relatively long (fig. 84)watrousi 34. Apodemes greatly widened, triangular (fig.340)piura – Apodemes not widened35 35. Apodemes directed posteriorly (figs. 118, 281, 385, 398)36 – Apodemes directed obliquely39 36. Apodemes longer than atrium (fig. 281)carpish – Apodemes shorter than atrium37 37. Apodemes with medially directed projections (fig. 398)pithecia – Apodemes without medially directed projections38 38. Atrium with triangular, paramedian sclerotizations (fig. 118)silvae – Atrium without such sclerotizations (fig.385)loreto 39. Anterior genitalic process with thumblike posterior sclerotization (fig. 213)tambopata – Anterior genitalic process otherwise40 40. Tubular, median anterior genitalic process absent (figs. 97, 131)41 – Tubular, median anterior genitalic process present42 41. Apodemes relatively long (fig. 97)consuelo – Apodemes relatively short (fig. 131)malkini 42. Anterior genitalic process with narrow, recurved tip (fig. 369)bagua – Anterior genitalic process otherwise43 43. Sclerotization around anterior genitalic process oval (fig. 356)fatima – Sclerotization around anterior genitalic process triangular44 44. Apodemes and transverse bar forming M-shaped structure (fig. 318)montana – Apodemes and transverse bar otherwise (fig. 267)thayerae Paradysderina watrousi, new species, male (73–78) and female (79–84). 73, Carapace, dorsal view. 74, 79. Same, anterior view. 75. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 76. Left palp, prolateral view. 77. Same, ventral view. 78. Same, retrolateral view. 80. Abdomen, lateral view. 81. Same, ventral view. 82, 83. Epigastric region, ventral view. 84. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina consuelo, new species, male (85–91) and female (92–97). 85, Carapace, dorsal view. 86, 92. Same, anterior view. 87. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 88. Left embolus, ventral view. 89. Left palp, prolateral view. 90. Same, ventral view. 91. Same, retrolateral view. 93. Abdomen, lateral view. 94. Same, ventral view. 95, 96. Epigastric region, ventral view. 97. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina excavata, new species, male. 98. Carapace, dorsal view. 99. Mouthparts, ventral view. 100. Sternum, ventral view. 101. Carapace, anterior view. 102. Left embolus, ventral view. 103. Left palp, prolateral view. 104. Same, ventral view. 105. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina silvae, new species, male (106–112) and female (113–118). 106, Carapace, dorsal view. 107, 113. Same, anterior view. 108. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 109. Left embolus, ventral view. 110. Left palp, prolateral view. 111. Same, ventral view. 112. Same, retrolateral view. 114. Abdomen, lateral view. 115. Same, ventral view. 116, 117. Epigastric region, ventral view. 118. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina malkini, new species, male (119–125) and female (126–131). 119. Carapace, dorsal view. 120, 126. Same, anterior view. 121. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 122. Left embolus, ventral view. 123. Left palp, prolateral view. 124. Same, ventral view. 125. Same, retrolateral view. 127. Abdomen, lateral view. 128. Same, ventral view. 129, 130. Epigastric region, ventral view. 131. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina maldonado, new species, male. 132. Carapace, dorsal view. 133. Mouthparts, ventral view. 134. Sternum, ventral view. 135. Carapace, anterior view. 136. Left embolus, ventral view. 137. Left palp, prolateral view. 138. Same, ventral view. 139. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina asymmetrica, new species, male. 140. Carapace, dorsal view. 141. Same, anterior view. 142. Mouthparts, ventral view. 143. Sternum and deflected chelicerae, ventral view. 144. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 145. Right embolus, retrolateral view. 146. Left palp, prolateral view. 147. Same, ventral view. 148. Same, retrolateral view. 149. Right palp, prolateral view. 150. Same, ventral view. 151. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina asymmetrica, new species, female. 152. Carapace, dorsal view. 153. Abdomen, lateral view. 154. Same, ventral view. 155, 156. Epigastric region, ventral view. 157. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina apurimac, new species, male (158–165) and female (166–173). 158, 168. Carapace, dorsal view. 159, 170. Same, anterior view. 160. Sternum, ventral view. 161. Mouthparts, ventral view. 162. Left palp, prolateral view. 163, 164. Same, ventral view. 165. Same, retrolateral view. 166. Abdomen, lateral view. 167. Same, ventral view. 169. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 171, 172. Epigastric region, ventral view. 173. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina convencion, new species, male (174–181) and female (182–186). 174. Carapace, dorsal view. 175, 182. Same, anterior view. 176. Sternum, ventral view. 177. Left embolus, ventral view. 178. Left palp, prolateral view. 179. Same, ventral view. 180. Same, retrolateral view. 181. Mouthparts, ventral view. 183. Abdomen, ventral view. 184, 185. Epigastric region, ventral view. 186. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina macho, new species, male. 187. Carapace, dorsal view. 188. Same, anterior view. 189. Abdomen, dorsal view. 190. Sternum, ventral view. 191. Mouthparts, ventral view. 192. Left embolus, ventral view. 193. Left palp, prolateral view. 194. Same, ventral view. 195. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina tambopata, new species, male. 196. Carapace, dorsal view. 197. Same, anterior view. 198. Sternum, ventral view. 199. Mouthparts, ventral view. 200. Left embolus, ventral view. 201. Right embolus, ventral view. 202. Left palp, prolateral view. 203. Same, ventral view. 204. Same, retrolateral view. 205. Right palp, prolateral view. 206. Same, ventral view. 207. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina tambopata, 208. Carapace, anterior view. 209. Abdomen, lateral view. 210. Same, ventral view. 211, 212. Epigastric region, ventral view. 213. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina schizo, new species, male. 214. Carapace, dorsal view. 215. Same, anterior view. 216. Sternum, ventral view. 217. Mouthparts, ventral view. 218. Left palp, prolateral view. 219. Same, ventral view. 220. Same, retrolateral view. 221. Right palp, prolateral view. 222. Same, ventral view. 223. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina wygodzinskyi, new species, male. 224. Carapace, dorsal view. 225. Same, anterior view. 226. Abdomen, dorsal view. 227. Sternum, ventral view. 228. Mouthparts, ventral view. 229. Left embolus, ventral view. 230. Left palp, prolateral view. 231. Same, ventral view. 232. Same, retrolateral view. 233–238. Paradysderina wygodzinskyi, new species, female. 239–244. P. newtoni, new species, female. 233, 239. Carapace, anterior view. 234, 240. Abdomen, lateral view. 235, 241. Same, ventral view. 236, 237, 242, 243. Epigastric region, ventral view. 238, 244. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina newtoni, new species, male. 245. Carapace, dorsal view. 246. Same, anterior view. 247. Sternum, ventral view. 248. Mouthparts, ventral view. 249. Left embolus, prolateral view. 250. Same, ventral view. 251. Left palp, prolateral view. 252. Same, ventral view. 253. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina thayerae, new species, male (254–261) and female (262–267). 254. Carapace, dorsal view. 255, 262. Same, anterior view. 256. Sternum, ventral view. 257. Mouthparts, ventral view. 258. Left embolus, ventral view. 259. Left palp, prolateral view. 260. Same, ventral view. 261. Same, retrolateral view. 263. Abdomen, lateral view. 264. Same, ventral view. 265, 266. Epigastric region, ventral view. 267. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina carpish, new species, male (268–275) and female (276–281). 268. Carapace, dorsal view. 269, 276. Same, anterior view. 270. Sternum, ventral view. 271. Mouthparts, ventral view. 272. Left embolus, ventral view. 273. Left palp, prolateral view. 274. Same, ventral view. 275. Same, retrolateral view. 277. Abdomen, lateral view. 278. Same, ventral view. 279, 280. Epigastric region, ventral view. 281. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina rothae, new species, male. 282. Carapace, dorsal view. 283. Same, anterior view. 284. Abdomen, dorsal view. 285. Sternum, ventral view. 286. Mouthparts, ventral view. 287. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 288. Left palp, prolateral view. 289. Same, ventral view. 290. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina tabaconas, new species, male (291–298) and female (299–304). 291. Carapace, dorsal view. 292, 299. Same, anterior view. 293. Sternum, ventral view. 294. Mouthparts, ventral view. 295. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 296. Left palp, prolateral view. 297. Same, ventral view. 298. Same, retrolateral view. 300. Abdomen, lateral view. 301. Same, ventral view. 302, 303. Epigastric region, ventral view. 304. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina montana (Keyserling), male (305–312) and female (313–318). 305. Carapace, dorsal view. 306, 313. Same, anterior view. 307. Sternum, ventral view. 308. Mouthparts, ventral view. 309. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 310. Left palp, prolateral view. 311. Same, ventral view. 312. Same, retrolateral view. 314. Abdomen, lateral view. 315. Same, ventral view. 316, 317. Epigastric region, ventral view. 318. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina sauce, new species, male. 319. Carapace, dorsal view. 320. Same, anterior view. 321. Abdomen, dorsal view. 322. Sternum, ventral view. 323. Mouthparts, ventral view. 324. Left embolus, ventral view. 325. Left palp, prolateral view. 326. Same, ventral view. 327. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina piura, new species, male (328–334) and female (335–340). 328. Carapace, dorsal view. 329, 335. Same, anterior view. 330. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 331. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 332. Left palp, prolateral view. 333. Same, ventral view. 334. Same, retrolateral view. 336. Abdomen, lateral view. 337. Same, ventral view. 338, 339. Epigastric region, ventral view. 340. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina tambo, new species, male. 341. Carapace, dorsal view. 342. Same, anterior view. 343. Sternum, ventral view. 344. Mouthparts, ventral view. 345. Left embolus, ventral view. 346. Left palp, prolateral view. 347. Same, ventral view. 348. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina fatima, new species, female. 349. Carapace, dorsal view. 350. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 351. Abdomen, ventral view. 352. Carapace, anterior view. 353. Abdomen, lateral view. 354, 355. Epigastric region, ventral view. 356. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina bagua, new species, male (357–363) and female (364–369). 357. Carapace, dorsal view. 358, 364. Same, anterior view. 359. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 360. Left embolus, ventral view. 361. Left palp, prolateral view. 362. Same, ventral view. 363. Same, retrolateral view. 365. Abdomen, lateral view. 366. Same, ventral view. 367, 368. Epigastric region, ventral view. 369. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina yasua, new species, male. 370. Carapace, dorsal view. 371. Same, anterior view. 372. Sternum, ventral view. 373. Mouthparts, ventral view. 374. Left embolus, ventral view. 375. Left palp, prolateral view. 376. Same, ventral view. 377. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina loreto, new species, female. 378. Carapace, dorsal view. 379. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 380. Abdomen, ventral view. 381. Carapace, anterior view. 382. Abdomen, lateral view. 383, 384. Epigastric region, ventral view. 385. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina pithecia, new species, male (386–392) and female (393–398). 386. Carapace, dorsal view. 387, 393. Same, anterior view. 388. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 389. Left embolus, ventral view. 390. Left palp, prolateral view. 391. Same, ventral view. 392. Same, retrolateral view. 394. Abdomen, lateral view. 395. Same, ventral view. 396, 397. Epigastric region, ventral view. 398. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina loreto, new species, male. 399. Carapace, dorsal view. 400. Same, anterior view. 401. Chelicerae and endites, lateral view. 402. Sternum, ventral view. 403. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 404. Left palp, prolateral view. 405. Same, ventral view. 406. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina watrousi, new species Male holotype and female allotype taken from vine litter at Pillahuata, Manu Road, km 128, Cusco, Peru (Sept. 24, 1982; L. Watrous, G. Mazurek), deposited in FMNH (33584, PBI_OON 10091). The specific name is a patronym in honor of one of the collectors of the types, Larry Watrous. Males can be recognized by the sickle-shaped embolus, with a narrow dorsal and much wider ventral flange (figs. 9–12, 76–78), females by the rectangular genital atrium, with the anterior genitalic process extending far anterior of the anterior atrial ridge (figs. 82–84). Total length 1.78. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Inner margin of paturon slightly excavated. Endites anteriorly with two short, curved, clawlike processes. Leg spination: femora I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus originating on strong lobe of cymbium, consisting of narrow basal stalk followed by bifid dorsal and ventral flanges forming sickle-shaped pair. Total length 2.08. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v3-4-1; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Genital atrium rectangular; anterior genitalic process extending as far anterior of anterior atrial ridge as posterior of it; anterior genitalic process with W-shaped base. Peru: Cusco: Consuelo, Manu Road, km 165, Oct. 4, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33576, PBI_OON 10083), 1♀; Pillahuata, Manu Road, km 128, Sept. 16, 1982, litter under ferns (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33577, PBI_OON 10084), 1♀, Sept. 17, 1982, wood chips (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33536, PBI_OON 10043), 1♀, Sept. 19, 2982, leaf litter after rain (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33575, PBI_OON 10082), 1♀, Sept. 20, 1982, litter in mossy forest (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33547, PBI_OON 10054), 1♂, 1♀, Sept. 21, 1982, litter after rain (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 523), 1♂, Sept. 25, 1982, vine litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33557, PBI_OON 10064), 1♀, Sept. 26, 1982, litter along stream (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 38399), 3♂, same, litter along gravel streambed (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33537, PBI_OON 10044), 1♂, same, moss and litter on xeric slope (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33585, PBI_OON 10092), 1♂, 4♀, same, rotten logs (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33539, PBI_OON 10046), 1♀, same, damp leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33591, PBI_OON 10098), 1♀, Sept. 27, 1982, vine litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33545, PBI_OON 10052), 3♂, 1♀, same, litter in runoff in mossy forest (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33595, PBI_OON 10102), 1♂, 2♀. Male holotype and female allotype taken under rotten palm at Consuelo, Manu Road, km 165, Cusco, Peru (Oct. 6, 1982; L. Watrous, G. Mazurek), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 38413). Males can be recognized by the short embolus, originating from an unsclerotized circle on the surface of the cymbium, with a weakly sclerotized, straight basal portion and a sharply hooked, distally bifid distal portion (figs. 88–91), females by the pentagonal sclerotization occupying most of the genital atrium (figs. 95–97). Total length 1.34. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with slight tubercle on inner margin. Endites with wide, blunt ventral process, dorsal process narrow, sharply pointed. Leg spination: femora I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-0; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Palps symmetrical; embolus small, hook shaped, only distal part heavily sclerotized. Total length 1.52. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Most of genital atrium occupied by pentagonal sclerotization. Peru: Cusco: Consuelo, Manu Road, km 165, Oct. 1, 1982, litter under rotten palm (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33540, PBI_OON 10047), 1♀, Oct. 2, 1982, litter under crown of felled tree (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33563, PBI_OON 10070), 1♂, Oct. 5, 1982, litter along stream (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33578, PBI_OON 10085), 1♂, same, rotten palm (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33581, PBI_OON 10088), 1♂, Oct. 6, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33555, PBI_OON 10062), 1♀, Oct. 7, 1982, exposed termite nest (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33582, PBI_OON 10089), 1♂, Oct. 8, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33579, PBI_OON 10086), 3♂, 1♀, Oct. 10, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33551, PBI_OON 10058), 1♂, 3♀, Oct. 12, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33549, 33552, 33562, PBI_OON 10056, 10059, 10069), 4♂, 2♀, Oct. 13, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33586, PBI_OON 10093), 2♂, 2♀. Male holotype taken from litter at rotten logs from Consuelo, Manu Road, km 165, Cusco, Peru (Oct. 1, 1982; L. Watrous, G. Mazurek), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 38412). This species is sympatric with P. consuelo, but males can easily be distinguished by the excavated chelicerae (fig. 101) and the narrow, sharply pointed prolateral flange situated at about half of the embolar length (figs. 102, 104). Total length 1.50. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum large, triangular. Proximal half of paturon with deep median excavation, median edge with pair of dark projections. Endites anteriorly with two short, curved, clawlike processes, ventral process enlarged. Leg spination: femora I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-3-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus small, with spiniform, prolaterally directed flange at about half its length, tip hooked. Peru: Cusco: Consuelo, Manu Road, km 165, Oct. 4, 1982, rotten palm (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 10394), 1♂, same, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 10063), 2♂, Oct. 8, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 40922), 1♂, Oct. 10, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 40810), 1♂, Oct. 12, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 40921), 1♂, Oct. 13, 1982, leaf litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 40807), 6♂. Male holotype taken from the canopy at an elevation of 2665 m at Paucartambo, Wayquecha, 13°11′25.41″S, 71°35′18.57″W, Cusco, Peru (Sept. 30, 2008; D. Silva), deposited in MUSM (501023, PBI_OON 544). The specific name is a patronym in honor of the collector of the holotype, Diana Silva (MUSM). The two sexes have not been collected together, and may be mismatched. Males can be recognized by the anterior prong on the chelicerae (figs. 107, 108) and the long, recurved ventral flange of the embolus (figs. 109–112), females by the T-shaped anterior portion of the anterior genitalic process (figs. 116–118). Total length 1.95. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum relatively wide, triangular. Paturon with sharp, anterior prong, directed medially. Endites anteriorly with two wide processes, ventral one with laterally directed projection, dorsal one with medially directed projection. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v3-3-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus with ventral flange elongated, recurved, extending past tip of bulb, dorsal flange flattened. Total length 2.31. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Posterior margin of atrium rebordered except at midline; dark, wide, T-shaped sclerotization visible through cuticle in front of anterior atrial ridge; atrium with anterolaterally directed, internal protrusions. Peru: Cusco: Ccasapata, 0.6 mi NW Pacaypata, La Convención, 13°23.98′S, 73°9.87′W, May 8, 1998, Winkler, cloud forest leaf litter, elev. 7860 ft (P. Parillo, FMNH 61006, PBI_OON 10879), 1♀, May 8–14, 1998, baited pitfall, cloud forest, elev. 7860 ft (P. Parillo, FMNH 61005, PBI_OON 10878), 1♀; Pillahuata, Manu Road, km 128, Sept. 26, 1982, litter along stream (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH PBI_OON 38398), 1♂, same, vine litter (L. Watrous, G. Mazurek, FMNH 33558, PBI_OON 10065), 1♂. Male holotype and female allotype taken at an elevation of 2000 m at Torentoy Canyon, base of Machu Picchu, Cusco, Peru (June 16–17, 1964; B. Malkin), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 37876). Males can easily be recognized by the long, narrow, sharply recurved embolus (figs. 122–125), females by the rectangular base of the anterior genitalic process, which occupies most of the genital atrium (figs. 129–131). Total length 1.89. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small, triangular, reflexed under clypeus. Paturon with sharp anterior prong directed dorsally and smaller, more basally situated, heavily sclerotized prong, also directed dorsally. Endite processes both short, wide, with tips directed medially. Leg spination: femora I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus ventral flange short, sharply pointed, dorsal flange much longer, recurved, forming backward C-shaped structure. Total length 2.17. Chilum almost rectangular. Postepigastric scutum extending about one-third of abdominal length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Genitalic atrium ovoid; anterior genitalic process with rectangular base, extending to anterior atrial margin. Peru: Cusco: Río Camisea, Armihuari, 11°51′S, 72°46′W, Oct. 12, 1997, pitfall, elev. 560 m (S. Córdova, MUSM 501452, PBI_OON 530), 2♂; Río Camisea, Cashiari 3, 11°52′57″S, 72°39′02″W, Nov.–Dec. 1997, elev. 690 m (J. Duárez, S. Córdova, MUSM 50148, PBI_OON 531, 532), 1♂, 1♀; Río Camisea, Pagoreni, 11°42′22.5″S, 72°54′10.7″W, May 7–28, 1998, elev. 465 m (S. Córdova, MUSM 501422, 501432, PBI_OON 528, 529), 3♂, same, pitfall with bait (S. Córdova, MUSM 501420, PBI_OON 533), 1♀; Torentoy Canyon, base of Machu Picchu, June 16–17, 1964, elev. 2000 m (B. Malkin, AMNH PBI_OON 37876), 1♂, 1♀, June 19–23, 1964, elev. 2000–2200 m (B. Malkin, AMNH PBI_OON 103), 1♂. Male holotype taken from leaf litter at Marcapata, Puerto Maldonado Road, km 175, Cusco, Peru (Oct. 21, 1981; L. Watrous, G. Mazurek), deposited in FMNH (33570, PBI_OON 10077). Males can be recognized by the relatively small embolus that is T-shaped in prolateral view and only distally divided into dorsal and ventral flanges (figs. 136–139). Total length 2.05. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum tiny, triangular, reflexed under clypeus. Paturon medially excavated, with rectangular median projection bearing dorsally directed, long, thin, heavily sclerotized spine. Endite processes short, tip of ventral process directed distally, tip of dorsal process directed medially. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Palps symmetrical; embolus relatively small, rectangular, ventral and dorsal flanges parallel, directed apically, with large (ejaculatory?) opening. Male holotype taken in pitfall trap at an elevation of 465 m at Río Camisea, Pagoreni, 11°42′22.5″S, 72°54′10.7″W, Cusco, Peru (May 7–28, 1998; S. Córdova), deposited in MUSM (501435, PBI_OON 534). Males can easily be distinguished by uninflated right palp (figs. 149–151) and the cross-shaped embolus (figs. 144, 145), females by the complex, wide anterior genitalic process (figs. 155–157). Total length 1.45. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum short, relatively wide. Paturon with strongly produced anterior ledge bearing small, sharp, ventrally directed process, inner margin with strong, heavily sclerotized spine. Endites anteriorly with two strong, curved, clawlike processes. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-3-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-1p-0. Right palp much less inflated than left palp, widened distally; right embolus with distal half much longer, directed more medially than left embolus. Total length 1.62. Chilum small, triangular. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Anterior genitalic process heavily sclerotized, wide, darkest along midline. Peru: Cusco: Río Camisea, Pagoreni, 11°42′22.5″S, 72°54′10.7″W, May 7–28, 1998, pitfalls, elev. 465 m (S. Córdova, MUSM 501421, 501423, 501435, PBI_OON 534, 535), 5♂, same (S. Córdova, MUSM 501428, 501447, 501468, PBI_OON 537–539), 3♀. Madre de Dios: Quebrada Las Piedras, UTM E:245504 N:8578114, May 2008, montane bamboo forest (M. Vasquez, MELM PBI_OON 15056), 1♂. Male holotype from Río Apurimac, Llactohuaman, 12°51′S, 73°30′W, Cusco, Peru (July 11–29, 1998; J. Duárez, S. Córdova), deposited in MUSM (501448, PBI_OON 540). Males and females have not been taken together, and may be mismatched. Males can be recognized by the long, narrow embolus, which resembles those of Scaphiella species and has the ventral prong reduced to a small tubercle (figs. 163, 164), females by the sclerotized lateral margins of the genitalic atrium (figs. 171–173), which is greatly widened and occupies most of the space between the anterior spiracles. Total length 1.47. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum triangular. Paturon with anterior ledge bearing dorsally directed process at its dorsomedian edge, plus long, thin, heavily sclerotized spine directed toward chilum. Endites anteriorly with two short, curved, clawlike processes. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus with ventral flange reduced to small tubercle, dorsal flange narrow, elongate. Total length 1.69. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Genitalic atrium very wide, laterally sclerotized, median one-third occupied by rectangular anterior genitalic elements. Peru: Junín: Estancia Naranjal, San Ramón, July 20–27, 1965, elev. 1000 m (P., B. Wygodzinsky, AMNH PBI_OON 102), 1♀; Pichita Caluga, Estancia Naranjal, San Ramón, July 21, 1965, elev. 2000 m (P., B. Wygodzinsky, AMNH PBI_OON 113), 2♀. Male holotype taken in a Winkler trap at an elevation of 581 m at Reserva Comunal Matsigenga, La Convención, 12°10′20.98″S, 73°02′32.48″W, Cusco, Peru (Aug. 16, 2007; A. Asenjo), deposited in MUSM (501483, PBI_OON 541). The two sexes have not been not collected together, and may be mismatched. Males can be recognized by the gradually increasing width of the embolus (figs. 177–180), females by the basally widened anterior genitalic process (figs. 184–186). Total length 1.62. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum wide, triangular. Paturon with ventrally directed, median prong situated on ventral edge of anterior swelling. Endites anteriorly with two long, narrow, clawlike processes. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus sinuous, ventral flange depressed, dorsal flange with dorsal tubercle. Total length 2.27. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: legs I, II missing. Most of atrial width occupied by wide anterior genitalic process, that process with transverse sclerotization at about level of anterior atrial margin. Peru: Cusco: La Convención, 12°24′57.54″S, 73°08′30.84″W, Apr. 16, 2007, elev. 2112 m (W. Paredes, MUSM 501284, PBI_OON 542), 1♀. Male holotype taken at an elevation of 1720 m at Quellouno, Alto Lorohuacana, Calca, 12°35′11.05″S, 72°31′07.19″W, Cusco, Peru (Dec. 14, 2009; W. Paredes), deposited in MUSM (501269, PBI_OON 543). The specific name, meaning male in Spanish, refers to the exaggerated, darkened appearance of the male, with enlarged swellings that almost double the thickness of the chelicerae. Males can easily be recognized by their darkened coloration (the carapace and abdominal scuta are dark reddish brown, the dorsal scutum has a submarginal, U-shaped row of lighter spots (fig. 189), the postepigastric scutum has a W-shaped row of submarginal, lighter spots, and the leg coxae and femora are darkened) and by the highly modified chelicerae (fig. 188); the embolus is short and wide (figs. 192–195). Total length 1.92. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum large, long, triangular. Paturon with anterior swelling greatly produced, almost doubling thickness of chelicerae, bearing long, sharply pointed, ventrally directed, median prong at ventral edge of swelling; inner margin with heavily sclerotized, dorsally directed spine at base. Endites anteriorly with two long, narrow, clawlike processes. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Palps symmetrical; embolus short, wide, extending across distal tip of palpal bulb. Male holotype, female allotype, and female paratype taken from bamboo litter at Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru (Oct. 28, 1982; L. Watrous, G. Mazurek), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 10584). Males resemble those of P. asymmetrica in having the right palp greatly reduced (figs. 202–207); the right embolus is much wider than the left (figs. 200, 201). Females have the almost circular anterior genitalic elements filling much of the genitalic atrium in ventral view (figs. 211–213). Total length 1.33. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum short, wide, triangular. Paturon with medially directed prong on inner surface of anterior swelling; inner margin with obliquely ventrally directed, heavily sclerotized spine. Endites anteriorly with two wide, distally curved, clawlike processes, ventral process widened. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Right palp much less inflated than left palp; left embolus Scaphiella-like, twisted near base, right embolus much thicker, shorter. Total length 1.62. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-3-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Anterior genitalic process heavily sclerotized, occupying about one-third of atrial width, with thumblike posterior sclerotization. Male holotype taken in secondary rainforest at an elevation of 300 m at Cuzco Amazonica, 12°33′34″S, 69°03′44″W, Madre de Dios, Peru (May 17, 1995; D. Agosti), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 107). Males resemble those of P. asymmetrica and P. tambopata in having the right palp reduced in size (figs. 218–223); the left embolus is straighter than in those species, and distally arrow shaped (fig. 219). Total length 1.41. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum distally narrowed, triangular. Paturon with small, triangular, anteriorly directed, median projection on dorsal edge of swelling, inner margin with heavily sclerotized, dorsally directed spine. Endites anteriorly with two short, curved processes, ventral process much wider than dorsal one. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-3-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Right palp much smaller than left palp; left embolus twisted at midlength, distally arrow shaped, right embolus shorter, distally bifid. Male holotype, female allotype, and male paratype taken at an elevation of 1800 m at Huacapistana, Junín, Peru (July 27–30, 1965; P., B. Wygodzinsky), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 104). The specific name is a patronym in honor of Pedro Wygodzinsky, one of the collectors of the type series. Males can be recognized by the long embolus, which is expanded at about one-fourth its length and has a rounded tip (figs. 229, 231), females by the very heavily sclerotized anterior genitalic elements (figs.236–238). Total length 2.29. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum large, triangular. Paturon with sharply pointed, ventrally directed projection on ventral edge of anterior ledge, inner margin with heavily sclerotized, dorsally directed spine reaching to tip of chilum. Endites anteriorly with two wide, clawlike processes. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-2; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus sword shaped, laterally expanded at about one-fourth its length. Total length 2.65. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-2; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Anterior genitalic process heavily sclerotized, mushroom shaped, sclerotization situated posteriorly within atrium. Male holotype and female allotype from a Berlese sample of rainforest litter taken at an elevation of 1700 m at Cordillera Azul, 39 km NE Tingo María, Huánuco, Peru (Jan. 11, 1983; A. Newton, M. Thayer), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 545). Males can be recognized by the fan-shaped, distally expanded embolus (figs. 249–253); females resemble those of P. apurimac but have conspicuous, paired posterolateral sclerotizations at the sides of the anterior genitalic process (figs. 242–244). Total length 1.69. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum short, triangular. Anterior ledge on paturon with only slight, anteriorly directed tubercle. Endites anteriorly with two wide, clawlike processes, both basally widened. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus fan shaped, recumbent. Total length 1.76. Chilum very short. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Genital atrium very wide, with ovoid posterolateral sclerotizations; anterior genitalic process with W-shaped base. Male holotype, female allotype, and male paratype from a Berlese sample of litter taken at an elevation of 660 m at Cueva de las Lechuzas, Parque Nacional Tingo María, Huánuco, Peru (Jan. 8–13, 1983; A. Newton, M. Thayer), deposited in FMNH (44481, PBI_OON 10705). The specific name is a patronym in honor of Margaret Thayer, one of the collectors of the types. Males can easily be recognized by the four prongs on the embolus (figs. 258– 261), females by the long, triangular anterior genitalic process and diamond-shaped lateral genitalic sclerotizations (figs. 265–267). Total length 1.44. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum large, triangular. Anterior ledge on paturon with anteriorly directed, triangular projection at dorsomedian corner; inner margin flattened throughout paturon length but without distinct spines. Endites with dorsal process smaller than ventral process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus with four prongs, second basalmost one much wider than others. Total length 1.58. Chilum small. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Genital atrium semicircular, with diamond-shaped lateral sclerotizations; anterior genitalic process greatly elongated, basally triangular. Male holotype, female allotype, and two female paratypes from a Berlese sample of cloud forest litter taken at an elevation of 1920 m on the north side of Cerro Carpish, near Chinchao, Huánuco, Peru (Jan. 12, 1983; A. Newton, M. Thayer), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 547). Males can be recognized by the distally expanded embolus bearing two prolateral, clawlike extensions (figs. 272–275), females by the bowl-shaped sclerotization around the anterior genitalic process (figs. 279–281). Total length 1.60. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum medium-sized, distally rounded triangle. Anterior ledge on paturon with prominent, medially directed process, inner margin with short, heavily sclerotized, dorsally directed spine situated near tip of chilum. Endites with ventral process much wider than dorsal process. Leg spination (leg II missing): femur I p0-0-2; tibia I v4-4-1p; metatarsus I v2-2-1p. Palps symmetrical; embolus with distal portion transverse, with two prolateral claw-shaped extensions. Total length 1.77. Chilum small. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Genital atrium ovoid; anterior genitalic process surrounded by bowl-shaped sclerotization; apodemes longer than atrium directed posteriorly. Peru: Huánuco: Cerro Carpish, N side, near Chinchao, Jan. 12, 1983, Berlese, litter, elev. 2420 m (A. Newton, M. Thayer, FMNH 44481, PBI_OON 546), 1♀. Male holotype taken at an elevation of 9350 ft at Pataz, La Libertad, Peru (June 16, 1986; B. Roth), deposited in CAS (26301, PBI_OON 2592). This relatively large male has an unusually small dorsal scutum (fig. 284) and a distinctively trifoil-shaped embolus (figs. 287–290). Total length 2.08. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum large, abruptly narrowed at about half its length. Anterior ledge of paturon with large, anteriorly directed median projection and smaller, lateral tubercle; inner margin with wide, flattened ridge culminating dorsally in heavily sclerotized spine. Endites with ventral projection wide, distally bifid, dorsal projection with blunt tip. Leg spination (leg I missing): tibia II v4-4-1p; metatarsus II v2-0-2. Palps symmetrical; embolus with three prongs, ventral one longest, bent at right angle at about half its length, dorsal prong only half length of median prong. Male holotype and female allotype from Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe, Cajamarca, Peru (Mar. 2008; S. Castro), deposited in MELM (PBI_OON 14921). Males have a distinctively scoop-shaped embolus (figs. 295, 297); females have large, triangular anterior genitalic elements that extend far anterior of the anterior atrial margin (figs. 302–304). Total length 1.76. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum small, rectangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with dorsally directed projection on median edge; inner margin with long, heavily sclerotized spine. Endites anteriorly with two short, curved, clawlike processes. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v3-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus scoop shaped. Total length 1.85. Chilum reduced to tiny triangle. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum, seam present between posterior spiracles and lateral edge of scutum, but not between posterior spiracles. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Anterior process large, triangular, extending far anterior of anterior atrial ridge. Peru: Cajamarca: San Ignacio, Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe, Oct. 2007 (S. Castro, MELM PBI_OON 14919), 3♂, 8♀; Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe, Mar. 2008 (S. Castro, MELM, MACN, AMNH PBI_OON 576), 12♂, 16♀. Peru (Cajamarca). Paradysderina montana (Keyserling), new combination Oonops montanus Keyserling, 1883: 221, pl. 15, fig. 18 (female holotype from “Montana di Naucho,” Peru, lost). Dysderina montana: Petrunkevitch, 1911: 125. The female holotype was taken at an elevation of 8,000 ft at “Montana di Naucho”; according to Levi (1986: 159), this locality is in the mountains far enough east of Pacasmayo to be in Cajamarca, Peru. The type was said to be deposited in the collection of the University of Warsaw, but is not currently in that collection (Dominika Mierzwa, in litt.) or with the Keyserling material in BMNH, and is either lost or destroyed. Although Keyserling's description is brief, he thought the species to be closest to his species Oonops globosus (which is transferred to Paradysderina below), the sternum is said to be fairly flat, the distance between the posterior border of the postepigastric furrow and the spinnerets is said to be twice the length of the postepigastric scutum, and Keyserling's genitalic figure suggests that an epigastric ridge is present anterior to the genital atrium. All these features suggest strongly that Keyserling's specimen belongs to Paradysderina; we have chosen to assign the name to this species from Cajamarca, as it is the species known today from this area that most closely resembles Keyserling's figure. This species is sympatric with P. tabaconas; males can easily be distinguished by the more elongate embolus (figs. 309, 311), females by the narrower anterior genitalic elements (figs. 317, 318). Total length 1.97. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum small, triangular. Anterior ledge on paturon with only slight indication of tubercle on inner edge, inner margin flattened but with only slight anterior spine. Endites with dorsal process longer than ventral process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus with basal portion directed ventrally, distal portion with two sharply pointed prongs. Total length 1.83. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Posterior margin of genitalic atrium rebordered; anterior genitalic process relatively short, wide, originating from oval base. Peru: Cajamarca: San Ignacio, Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe, Oct. 2007 (S. Castro, MELM PBI_OON 14918), 3♂, 3♀; Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe, Mar. 2008 (S. Castro, MELM, MACN, AMNH PBI_OON 14828, 14912), 16♂, 7♀. Male holotype taken at an elevation of 1500 m at San Ignacio, El Sauce, Cajamarca, Peru (Apr. 16, 2003; R. Acosta), deposited in MELM (PBI_OON 14920). Males have the femora and the basal half of the leg tibiae darkened, and a distinctively long, narrow embolus (figs. 324, 326). Total length 2.12. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with slight tubercle at inner edge, paturon medially excavated from that point to near fang base, with ventrally situated, dorsally direct spine. Endites with ventral process longer than dorsal process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus long, narrow, widened at about one-fourth its length, narrowed at about one-half its length. Male holotype and female allotype from Tambo, Piura, Peru (July 5, 2006; M. Deza), deposited in MELM (PBI_OON 14819). Males have the base of the embolus widened and directed prolaterally, and the distal portion sinuous (figs. 331–334); females have a large, triangular genital atrium (figs. 338–340). Total length 1.66. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with slight tubercle at inner edge. Endites with dorsal, ventral processes subequal in length, width. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v3-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-0-2. Palps symmetrical; embolar base elongated, subproximally widened, proximal portion with small, dorsally directed projection, distal portion sinuous. Total length 2.35. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-2, II p0-0-2, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Genital atrium triangular, anterior process originating at about half of atrial length, with V-shaped base; apodemes greatly widened, triangular. Total length 1.98. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with slight tubercle on inner margin, inner margin with slightly darkened spine at dorsal tip. Endites with ventral process wide, short, dorsal process with medially directed tip. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-1, II p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-0-2. Palps symmetrical; embolus relatively short, distally curled; bulb relatively narrow. Female holotype taken at an elevation of 450 m at Fátima, on road between Bagua and Imaza, near Chinganza, Amazonas, Peru (Dec. 24–25, 1991; P. Goloboff, Santiesteban, J. McHugh), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 101). Females resemble those of P. carpish but have the genitalic apodemes directed obliquely rather than posteriorly (figs. 354–356). Differences in carapace and sternal sculpturing make it unlikely that this could be the female of P. yasua, P. tambo, P. sauce, P. macho, or P. lostayos; differences in size make it unlikely that this could be the female of P. rothae, and the other species known only from males are geographically too remote to be likely matches. Total length 1.65. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Genital atrium semicircular, posterior portion with median, triangular sclerotization, apodemes directed posterolaterally. Male holotype and female allotype taken at an elevation of 350 m at Montenegro, Bagua, Amazonas, Peru (Sept. 29–Oct. 1, 1963; Herrer, P. Wygodzinsky), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 1856). Males can be recognized by the straight, distally expanded embolus (figs. 360–363), females by the wide, semicircular base of the anterior genitalic process (figs. 367–369). Total length 1.40. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small, triangular. Paturon with large, laterally directed projections at outer side of anterior ledge. Endites with ventral process wide, rounded, dorsal process narrow, pointed. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v3-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-0-2. Palps symmetrical; embolus short, straight, widened distally. Total length 1.47. Chilum tiny. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; r0-0-1, II p0-0-1; r0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Anterior genitalic process very narrow, originating from square base situated at posterior margin of atrium, with recurved tip. Peru: Amazonas: Fátima, on road between Bagua and Imaza, near Chinganza, Dec. 24–25, 1991, elev. 450 m (P. Goloboff, Santiesteban, J. McHugh, AMNH PBI_OON 26350), 1♂. Loreto: Pithecia, Río Samirea, 05°15′S, 74°40′W, May–June, 1990, fogging, elev. 130 m (T. Erwin et al., MUSM PBI_OON 40808), 1♂. Male holotype taken under bark at the Yasua Indian village, at the headwaters of the Río Loreto Yacú, Loreto, Peru (Apr. 30, 1970; B. Malkin), deposited in FMNH (33574, PBI_OON 10081). Males can be recognized by the spines originating in the soft cuticle between the chelicerae (fig. 371) and the elaborate shape of the embolus (figs. 374–377). Total length 1.68. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum medium sized, triangular. Anterolateral ledge on paturon with tiny, dark tubercle at ventral end of inner surface; soft cuticle between chelicerae bearing pair of small, heavily sclerotized, ventrally directed spines. Endites with ventral process wide, short, tip directed anteriorly, dorsal process narrow, short, tip directed medially. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-0, II v2-0-2. Palps symmetrical; embolus ventral flange forming functional conductor to narrow dorsal flange. Female holotype from Río Samiria, ca. 05°07′S, 75°28′W, Loreto, Peru (May–June 1990; T. Erwin, D. Silva), deposited in MUSM (PBI_OON 549). Both sexes can easily be recognized by their sternum, which is strongly granulated and more deeply incised than that of any of their congeners (figs. 379, 402). Males resemble those of P. pithecia but have a larger embolar tip (figs. 403–406); females resemble those of P. convencion but have an anteriorly much less expanded and much less heavily sclerotized anterior genitalic process (figs. 383–385). Total length 2.11. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum rounded, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with pointed tubercle at inner margin, inner margins with small, dorsally directed spine. Endites with ventral process much wider than dorsal process. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-1, II p0-0-2, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Palps symmetrical, embolus sharply bent, with conspicuous prolateral notch, tip large, triangular. Total length 2.27. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2; r0-1-1; tibiae I, II v4-4-2; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Atrium semicircular, narrow anterior process originating from small median sclerotization at posterior margin of atrium. Brazil: Amazonas: Igarapé Belém, near Rio Solimões, about 70 km E Leticia [Colombia], May 18–28, 1970 (B. Malkin, FMNH 56890, PBI_OON 10833), 1♀. Peru: Loreto: Pithecia, 05°11′S, 72°42′W, May 13–30, 1990, fogging (T. Erwin, D. Silva, MUSM PBI_OON 736), 1♂. Male holotype taken by fogging at Pithecia, Río Samiria, 05°15′S, 74°40′W, Loreto, Peru (May–June 1990; T. Erwin et al.), deposited in MUSM (PBI_OON 40809). Males can be recognized by the abruptly bent embolar tip (figs. 389–392); females resemble those of P. thayerae in having a long, triangular anterior genitalic process, but lack the distinct lateral atrial sclerotizations found in that species (figs. 396–398). Total length 1.49. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with only slight tubercle at inner margin, inner margin with pair of dark, heavily sclerotized, dorsally directed spines. Endites with ventral process wide, short, dorsal process narrow, short. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-0, II v2-0-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus distally bifid, with sharply pointed, narrow, straight distal prong. Total length 1.86. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; r0-1-2, II p0-0-2; r0-2-0; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-0-2. Atrium ovoid, anterior process with enlarged base occupying about half of atrial width. Peru: Loreto: Río Samiria, ca. 05°08′S, 75°11′W, May–June, 1990, fogging (T. Erwin, D. Silva, MUSM PBI_OON 548), 5♀. Peru (Loreto). 1. Males (those of hermani, yasuni, and sucumbios unknown)2 – Females (those of lostayos unknown)13 2. Chelicerae with long anterior projections (figs. 566, 567)dracula – Chelicerae without such projections3 3. Clypeus with pair of anterior projections (fig. 545)vlad – Clypeus without such projections4 4. Palps asymmetrical5 – Palps symmetrical7 5. Left palpal bulb not expanded (figs. 483, 484)righty – Left palpal bulb expanded6 6. Right palpal bulb not expanded (figs. 535, 536)lefty – Right palpal bulb partially expanded (figs. 519, 520)fusiscuta 7. Embolus extending far beyond bulb (figs. 426, 456, 470)8 – Embolus not extending far beyond bulb10 8. Embolus greatly widened distally (figs. 424, 426)lostayos – Embolus otherwise9 9. Embolus narrowed distally (figs. 468, 470)baehrae – Embolus not narrowed distally (figs. 454, 456)yanayacu 10. Embolus with subdistal retrolateral expansion (figs. 412, 434, 585)11 – Embolus without retrolateral expansion (figs. 499, 501)centro 11. Chelicerae deeply excavated (figs. 408, 429)12 – Chelicerae not deeply excavated (fig. 581)pecki 12. Middle portion of embolus straight (figs. 432, 434)puyo – Middle portion of embolus curved (fig. 412)zamora 13. Abdomen with small dorsal scutum (fig. 522)fusiscuta – Abdomen without dorsal scutum14 14. Postepigastric scutum separated from epigastric scutum at sides (as in fig. 446)15 – Postepigastric scutum fused to epigastric scutum18 15. Genitalic apodemes relatively short (figs. 419, 565)16 – Genitalic apodemes relatively long (figs. 449, 579)17 16. Genitalia with median sclerotization (figs. 563, 564)yasuni – Genitalia without median sclerotization (figs. 417, 418)zamora 17. Postepigastric scutum greatly shortened at middle (fig. 444)hermani – Postepigastric scutum otherwise (fig. 575)dracula 18. Postepigastric scutum relatively short (figs. 460, 474, 492)19 – Postepigastric scutum relatively long (as in figs. 438, 505, 540)21 19. Genitalic apodemes relatively long (figs. 462, 463)yanayacu – Genitalic apodemes relatively short (figs. 477, 495)20 20. Anterior genitalic process extending anterior of anterior spiracles (figs. 475, 477)baehrae – Anterior genitalic process shorter (figs. 494, 495)righty 21. Genitalia with large median sclerotization (figs. 557, 592, 600)22 – Genitalia without such a sclerotization24 22. Genitalic sclerotization rectangular (figs. 590, 591)pecki – Genitalic sclerotization otherwise23 23. Genitalic sclerotization abruptly narrowed anteriorly (fig. 599)sucumbios – Genitalic sclerotization gradually narrowed anteriorly (fig. 556)vlad 24. Atrial area with parallel, transverse ridges (figs. 508, 543)25 – Atrial area without such ridges (figs. 440, 441)puyo 25. Genitalic apodemes long, conspicuous (figs. 542, 543)lefty – Genitalia apodemes short, not obvious (figs. 507, 508)centro Paradysderina zamora, new species, male (407–413) and female (414–419). 407. Carapace, dorsal view. 408, 414. Same, anterior view. 409. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 410. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 411. Left palp, prolateral view. 412. Same, ventral view. 413. Same, retrolateral view. 415. Abdomen, lateral view. 416. Same, ventral view. 417, 418. Epigastric region, ventral view. 419. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina lostayos, new species, male. 420. Carapace, dorsal view. 421. Same, anterior view. 422. Sternum, ventral view. 423. Mouthparts, ventral view. 424. Left embolus, ventral view. 425. Left palp, prolateral view. 426. Same, ventral view. 427. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina puyo, new species, male (428–435) and female (436–441). 428. Carapace, dorsal view. 429, 436. Same, anterior view. 430. Sternum, ventral view. 431. Mouthparts, ventral view. 432. Left embolus, ventral view. 433. Left palp, prolateral view. 434. Same, ventral view. 435. Same, retrolateral view. 437. Abdomen, lateral view. 438. Same, ventral view. 439, 440. Epigastric region, ventral view. 441. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina hermani, new species, female. 442. Carapace, dorsal view. 443. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 444. Abdomen, ventral view. 445. Carapace, anterior view. 446. Abdomen, lateral view. 447, 448. Epigastric region, ventral view. 449. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina yanayacu, new species, male (450–457) and female (458–463). 450. Carapace, dorsal view. 451, 458. Same, anterior view. 452. Sternum, ventral view. 453. Mouthparts, ventral view. 454. Left embolus, prolateral view. 455. Left palp, prolateral view. 456. Same, ventral view. 457. Same, retrolateral view. 459. Abdomen, lateral view. 460. Same, ventral view. 461, 462. Epigastric region, ventral view. 463. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina baehrae, new species, male (464–471) and female (472–477). 464. Carapace, dorsal view. 465, 472. Same, anterior view. 466. Sternum, ventral view. 467. Mouthparts, ventral view. 468. Left embolus, prolateral view. 469. Left palp, prolateral view. 470. Same, ventral view. 471. Same, retrolateral view. 473. Abdomen, lateral view. 474. Same, ventral view. 475, 476. Epigastric region, ventral view. 477. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina righty, new species, male. 478. Carapace, dorsal view. 479. Same, anterior view. 480. Sternum, ventral view. 481. Mouthparts, ventral view. 482. Left embolus, ventral view. 483. Left palp, prolateral view. 484. Same, ventral view. 485. Same, retrolateral view. 486. Right embolus, ventral view. 487. Right palp, prolateral view. 488. Same, ventral view. 489. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina righty, new species, female. 490. Carapace, anterior view. 491. Abdomen, lateral view. 492. Same, ventral view. 493, 494. Epigastric region, ventral view. 495. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina centro, new species, male (496–502) and female (503–508). 496. Carapace, dorsal view. 497, 503. Same, anterior view. 498. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 499. Left embolus, ventral view. 500. Left palp, prolateral view. 501. Same, ventral view. 502. Same, retrolateral view. 504. Abdomen, lateral view. 505. Same, ventral view. 506, 507. Epigastric region, ventral view. 508. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina fusiscuta, new species, male. 509. Carapace, dorsal view. 510. Same, anterior view. 511. Mouthparts, ventral view. 512. Sternum, ventral view, specimen from Tandapi. 513. Same, specimen from Otonga. 514. Left embolus, prolateral view. 515. Right embolus, prolateral view. 516. Left palp, prolateral view. 517. Same, ventral view. 518. Same, retrolateral view. 519. Right palp, prolateral view. 520. Same, ventral view. 521. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina fusiscuta, new species, female. 522. Abdomen, dorsal view. 523. Same, lateral view. 524. Same, ventral view. 525. Carapace, anterior view. 526, 527. Epigastric region, ventral view. 528. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina lefty, new species, male. 529. Carapace, dorsal view. 530. Same, anterior view. 531. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 532. Left palp, prolateral view. 533. Same, ventral view. 534. Same, retrolateral view. 535. Right palp, prolateral view. 536. Same, ventral view. 537. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina lefty, new species, female. 538. Carapace, anterior view. 539. Abdomen, lateral view. 540. Same, ventral view. 541, 542. Epigastric region, ventral view. 543. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina vlad, new species, male (544–551) and female (552–557). 544. Carapace, dorsal view. 545, 552. Same, anterior view. 546. Sternum, ventral view. 547. Mouthparts, ventral view. 548. Left palp, prolateral view. 549. Same, ventral view. 550. Same, retrolateral view. 551. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 553. Abdomen, lateral view. 554. Same, ventral view. 555, 556. Epigastric region, ventral view. 557. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina yasuni, new species, female. 558. Carapace, dorsal view. 559. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 560. Abdomen, ventral view. 561. Carapace, anterior view. 562. Abdomen, lateral view. 563, 564. Epigastric region, ventral view. 565. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina dracula, new species, male (566–572) and female (573–579). 566. Carapace, dorsal view. 567, 574. Same, anterior view. 568. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 569. Left embolus, prolateral view. 570. Left palp, prolateral view. 571. Same, ventral view. 572. Same, retrolateral view. 573. Habitus, dorsal view. 575. Abdomen, ventral view. 576. Same, lateral view. 577, 578. Epigastric region, ventral view. 579. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina pecki, new species, male (580–586) and female (587–592). 580. Carapace, dorsal view. 581, 587. Same, anterior view. 582. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 583. Mouthparts, posterior view. 584. Left palp, prolateral view. 585. Same, ventral view. 586. Same, retrolateral view. 588. Abdomen, lateral view. 589. Same, ventral view. 590, 591. Epigastric region, ventral view. 592. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina sucumbios, new species, female. 593. Carapace, dorsal view. 594. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 595. Abdomen, ventral view. 596. Carapace, anterior view. 597. Abdomen, lateral view. 598, 599. Epigastric region, ventral view. 600. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina zamora, new species Male holotype and female allotype from Los Tayos, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador (July 8, 1976; T. de Vries), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 10789). Males have the embolus abruptly bent, at a 45° angle, at about one-third its length (figs. 410–413), and deeply excavated chelicerae with dorsally directed spines (fig. 408); females have wide, thick apodemes (figs. 418, 419). Total length 1.61. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum short, rectangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with small but sharply pointed process; inner margin of paturon excavated, with wide, dorsally directed spine. Endites with ventral process wider, longer than dorsal process. Leg spination: legs I, II missing. Palps symmetrical; embolus abruptly bent at 45° angle at about one-third its length, tip beak shaped. Total length 2.02. Chilum short, triangular. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-0,II v4-2-0; metatarsi I, II v2-2-0. Atrium wide, sides with heavily sclerotized structures visible through cuticle, those structures bifid at anterolateral corners. Male holotype from Los Tayos, Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador (July 8, 1976; T. de Vries), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 577). Males resemble those of the sympatric species P. zamora but have a shorter, ventrally expanded, distally widened embolus (figs. 424–427) and lack the cheliceral spines (fig. 421). This male is both too small and geographically too remote to be a likely match for any of the three species from Ecuador known only from females (P. hermani, P. yasuni, and P. sucumbios). Total length 1.58. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum long, narrow, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with long, rectangular, medially directed process abutting chilum. Endites with ventral process much wider than dorsal process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi I, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus relatively short, wide, prolaterally excavated. Male holotype and female allotype from tropical forest litter taken at an elevation of 800 m at Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador (Apr. 1965; J., N. Leleup), deposited in KBIN (PBI_OON 16669). Males have both flanges of the embolus straight, elongated, and club shaped (figs. 432–435) and deeply excavated chelicerae (fig. 429); females resemble those of P. zamora but have a long anterior genitalic process (figs. 440, 441). Total length 1.82. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum short, wide, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with small tubercle situated near middle of anterior surface, inner margin deeply excavated, with dark, anteriorly directed spine. Endites with ventral process much wider, longer than dorsal process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus elongated, originating at about half of bulb length, both flanges long, straight, parallel, basal portion of dorsal flange closely appressed to bulb surface. Total length 1.54. Chilum tiny. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I, II v2-2-0. Narrow anterior genitalic process originating from wide base occupying most of atrial width. Ecuador: Napo: Archidona, Apr. 1965, tropical forest humus, elev. 750 m (J., N. Leleup, KBIN 16671), 2♀; Parque Nacional Napo-Galeras, 0°44′00″S, 77°28′07″W, Nov. 27, 2009, elev. 1005 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 590), 3♀; Sacha Wagra Lodge, Río Hollín, 0°57′18″S, 77°44′51″W, Nov. 29, 2009, elev. 655 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 591), 2♀. Pastaza: Puyo, Apr. 1965, tropical forest litter, elev. 800 m (J., N. Leleup, KBIN PBI_OON 16670), 2♀; 25 km N Puyo, July 13, 1976, Berlese, cloud forest litter, elev. 1000 m (S. Peck, FMNH PBI_OON 578), 1♀. Female holotype taken from litter at an elevation of 5300 ft at a site 81 km NE of Baeza and 3 km SW of Reventador, Napo, Ecuador (Oct. 28–29, 1988; L. Herman), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 662). Females can easily be recognized by the odd conformation of the postepigastric scutum, which is wide at the sides but medially reduced to a narrow strip of cuticle (figs. 444, 447). Total length 2.67. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum small, rectangular. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, not fused to epigastric scutum, laterally wide, but reduced medially to narrow strip of cuticle. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-2-1, II p0-0-1; r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-1p-2. Anterior genitalic process posteriorly wide, narrowed only anterior of anterior atrial ridge. Male holotype and female allotype taken at an elevation of 2085 m on the Río Perdido trail at the Yanayacu Biological Station, 0°36.496′S, 77°52.947′W, Napo, Ecuador (Nov. 26, 2009; Niarchos Exped.), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 579). Males have a deeply invaginated embolar tip (figs. 454–457) and deeply excavated chelicerae (fig. 451); females have a cross-shaped anterior genitalic process (figs. 462, 463). Total length 1.60. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small, narrow, triangular. Paturon deeply excavated, anterior margin of excavated area with three medially directed tubercles, ventralmost one largest. Endites with ventral prong wider than dorsal prong, dorsal prong longer than ventral prong. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v3-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus strongly elbowed, tip bifid. Total length 1.86. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum, seam present between lateral edge of posterior spiracle and lateral margin of scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v3-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Long, narrow, distally expanded anterior genitalic process originating from short, wide, triangular base. Ecuador: Napo: Antisana Reserve road, 6.1 km SW Cosanga, 0°37′40″S, 77°50′38″W, Nov. 6, 1999, montane evergreen forest litter, elev. 2250 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 656), 1♂; Río Perdido trail, Yanayacu Biological Station, 0°36.496′S, 77°52.947′W, Nov. 26, 2009, elev. 2085 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 580), 1♀; Sacha Wagra Lodge, 10 km from Archidona, 0°57′18″S, 77°41′51.3″W, Nov. 29, 2009. Berlese, humid forest, karst formations, elev. 750 m (Niarchos Exped., MACN PBI_OON 30570), 1♂; San Jorge de Yanayacu, Yanayacu Biological Station, 0.58813°S, 77.88428°W, Nov. 26, 2009, elev. 2130 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 582), 6♀, same, P. Michalik vouchers EC-024, EC-044 (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 584, 43144), 2♂; trail to San Jorge de Yanayacu Wildlife Refuge, 0.58813°S, 77.88428°W, Nov. 25–30, 2009, dead leaves, Berlese, elev. 2140 m (Niarchos Exped., MACN PBI_OON 30562, 30582, 30607), 2♂, 8♀, same, Nov. 30, 2009, elev. 2140 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 581), 2♂, 8♀; Yanayacu Biological Station, stream trail, 0°35.955′S, 77°53.341′W, Nov. 24, 2009, elev. 2130 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 583), 4♀, same, Nov.24–25, 2009, pitfalls (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 30616), 2♂; Yanayacu Biological Station, stream trail, 0.60022°S, 77.89039°W, Nov. 25–30, 2009, dead leaves, elev. 2180 m (Niarchos Exped., MACN PBI_OON 30603, 30609, 30625), 1♂, 3♀, same, P. Michalik voucher EC 001, E. Gaublomme DNA voucher (Niarchos Exped., MACN PBI_OON 30842), 1♂; Yanayacu Biological Station, hill cloud forest with bamboo, 0°36.196′S, 77°53.407′W, Nov. 25, 2009, elev. 2200 m (B. Baehr, Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 30635), 1♀. Male holotype and female allotype taken by hand collecting at an elevation of 2400 m at the Yanayacu Biological Station, 0°36.496′S, 77°52.947′W, Napo, Ecuador (Nov. 28, 2009; B. Baehr, Niarchos Exped.), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 585). Males have a distinctive embolus, with a small barb set back from the tip (figs. 468–471), and differ from those of the sympatric species P. yanayacu in lacking deep excavations on the chelicerae (fig. 465); females of both share a long anterior genitalic process, extending anterior of the anterior spiracles, but have a smaller subdistal widening on the anterior genitalic process (figs. 476, 477). Total length 1.80. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum short, wide, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with heavily sclerotized, medially directed ridge bearing medially directed denticles. Endites with ventral process wide, with short tip, dorsal process narrow, with long, medially directed tip. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-3-0; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Palps symmetrical; embolus with small barb set back from tip on dorsal edge. Total length 2.03. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-0. Anterior genitalic process with small, subdistal widening. Male holotype and female allotype taken by hand collecting at an elevation of 2400 m at the Yanayacu Biological Station, 0°36.496′S, 77°52.947′W (Nov. 28, 2009; B. Baehr, Niarchos Exped.), Napo, Ecuador deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 586). Males have highly asymmetric palps, with the left palp uninflated and shorter than the right palp; the emboli are similarly simple and distally twisted (figs. 482–489), and the chelicerae have a darkened protrusion near the fang furrow. Females have a sclerotized plate that almost fills the genital atrium (figs. 494, 495). Total length 1.89. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small, thumb shaped. Paturon with small, sharply pointed, heavily sclerotized, dorsally directed spine situated just dorsal of cheliceral tooth. Endites with ventral, dorsal processes both wide, sharply pointed. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Left palpal bulb small, narrow; right bulb greatly inflated; embolus short, bent medially at about half its length. Total length 2.35. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Atrium semicircular, almost entirely filled with semicircular sclerotization. Ecuador: Napo: 4.8 km W El Chaco, 0°18′22″S, 77°50′38″W, Nov. 7, 1999, montane evergreen forest litter, elev. 1750 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 655), 2♂, 5♀; Parque Nacional Napo-Galeras, 0°44′00″S, 77°28′07″W, Nov. 27, 2009, elev. 1005 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 589), 1♀, same, 0°44′00″S, 77°35′28.7″W, elev. 1105 m, litter, Winkler, Berlese (Niarchos Exped., MACN PBI_OON 30629, 30632, 30633), 2♂, 1♀; Sacha Wagra Lodge, Río Hollín, 0°57′18″S, 77°44′51″W, Nov. 29, 2009, elev. 655 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 588), 1♂, 1♀; Sumaco, km 45 on Hollín-Loreto road, Dec. 19, 1989, pitfall (M. Wasbauer, H. Real, CAS 25871, PBI_OON 2381), 1♀; Yanayacu Biological Station, 0°36.496′S, 77°52.947′W, Nov. 28, 2009, hand collecting, elev. 2400 m (B. Baehr, E. Gaublomme DNA voucher, AMNH PBI_OON 587), 2♀. Male holotype and female allotype taken at an elevation of 220 m at the Centro Cientifico Río Palenque, 0°54′S, 79°00′W, Los Ríos, Ecuador (Mar. 2, 1979; S. Sandoval), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 10738). Males have a distinctive embolus that is very narrow at its base, then flared, and finally twisted (figs. 499–502); females have triangular, anterolateral sclerotizations in the genital atrium (figs. 507, 508). Total length 1.32. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Aside from anterior swelling, paturon unmodified. Endites with ventral process wide, dorsal process with long, narrow tip. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v2-2-2; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus narrow at base, then flared, distally twisted. Total length 1.66. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Atrium with anterolateral, fingerlike sclerotizations; apodemes inconspicuous. Ecuador: Los Ríos: Centro Cientifico Río Palenque, 0°54′S, 79°00′W, May 18–30, 1975, Berlese, forest litter, elev. 700 ft (S., J. Peck, FMNH 33704, PBI_OON 10199, 10206, 31192), 41♂, 17♀, Feb. 21–24, 1976, Berlese, leaf litter with palm fruits, elev. 260 m (FMNH PBI_OON 31191), 2♂, 1♀, Feb. 25, 1976, Berlese, litter with decaying fruit, elev. 260 m (S. Peck, FMNH PBI_OON 10559), 1♂, Aug. 30, 1977, elev. 220 m (S. Sandoval, QCAZ PBI_OON 594), 1♀, Feb. 1, 1980 (KBIN PBI_OON 16637), 1♀, Dec. 21, 1980, closed palm forest (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16638), 3♀, Dec. 23, 1980, closed forest (S. Sandoval, QCAZ PBI_OON 10785), 2♂, 2♀, Dec. 26, 1980, secondary open forest (KBIN PBI_OON 16639), 2♂, Dec. 27, 1980, primary closed forest (S. Sandoval, QCAZ PBI_OON 10751), 1♂, Dec. 29, 1980, secondary closed forest (KBIN PBI_OON 16641), 1♂, 1♀, Dec. 30, 1980, closed cacao (S. Sandoval, QCAZ PBI_OON 593), 1♂, Jan. 1, 1981, secondary closed forest (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16644), 1♂, Jan. 2, 1981, closed cacao (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16643), 4♂, same, open cacao (KBIN PBI_OON 16642), 1♀, Jan. 4, 1981, primary closed forest (KBIN PBI_OON 16645), 2♀, Jan. 5, 1981, open cacao (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16646), 1♂, Jan. 8, 1981, closed cacao (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16647, 16648), 4♂, 3♀, Jan. 11, 1981, open palm (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16649, 16653), 2♂, 1♀, Jan. 12, 1981, primary closed forest (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16650), 2♂, 2♀, Feb. 1, 1981, secondary open forest (S. Sandoval, KBIN PBI_OON 16651), 1♂, Feb. 28, 1981, primary closed forest (KBIN PBI_OON 16652), 1♂, Feb. 21, 1983 (KBIN PBI_OON 16654), 1♀, Dec. 24, 1984, closed cacao (S. Sandoval, QCAZ PBI_OON 592), 4♂, 2♀, May 5–July 25, 1985, malaise-flight intercept trap, rainforest, elev. 250 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 595), 2♂. Pichincha: ca. 25 air km WNW Quito, Dec. 25, 1980, cacao plantation (S. Sandoval, CAS 29532, PBI_OON 3674), 5♂. Male holotype and female allotype taken by hand collecting in litter in a cloud forest with palms at an elevation of 1495 m near Tandapi, 2 km from the main road to Quito, 0°23′17″S, 77°49′04″W, Pichincha, Ecuador (Dec. 7, 2009; N. Dupérré, E. Tapia, Niarchos Exped.), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 596). Males have a sickle-shaped embolus (figs. 514, 515), and the right palp is less inflated than the left (figs. 516–521); females have what appears to be a remnant of the dorsal abdominal scutum, fused to the epigastric scutum (fig. 522). Total length 1.54. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with slight knob on dorsomedian side. Endites with ventral process much shorter than dorsal process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Right palp consistently different from left palp; embolus sickle shaped in prolateral view; right bulb less inflated than left. Total length 1.61. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Anterior ridge of atrium strongly recurved, producing pair of lateral corners; anterior half of atrium sclerotized. Ecuador: Cotopaxi: Otonga, 0°25′11″S, 78°59′41″W, Dec. 8, 2009, hand collecting, forest litter, elev. 1625 m (B. Baehr, Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 598), 1♂, same, elev. 1705 m (N. Dupérré, E. Tapia, Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 599), 1♂, 1♀, same, Berlese, (Niarchos Exped., MACN PBI_OON 30623), 2♂, same, litter (P. Michalik voucher EC-086, Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 43143), 1♂. Pichincha: Bellavista Reserve, 12 km S Nanegalito, 0°00′32″S, 78°41′08″W, Oct. 30, 1999, cloud forest litter, elev. 2150 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 657), 2♂; Maquipucuna Reserve, 0°05′34″N, 78°37′37″W, Oct. 29, 1999, ridgetop montane forest litter, elev. 1620 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 658), 2♂, 1♀, same, mixed Cecropia cloud forest, elev. 1600 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 659), 1♂; Tandapi, 2 km from the main road to Quito, 0°23′17″S, 77°49′04″W, Dec. 7, 2009, Berlese, litter, cloud forest with palms, elev. 1495 m (N. Dupérré, E. Tapia, Niarchos Exped., Eva Gaublomme DNA voucher, AMNH PBI_OON 597), 2♀; 3 km E Tandapi, June 21, 1975, Berlese, wet ravine litter, elev. 4300 ft (S. Peck, FMNH 33716, 33728, PBI_OON 10218, 10231), 7♂, 1♀; 16 km E Tandapi, June 20, 1975, Berlese, dry litter, bamboo-moss forest, elev. 6600 ft (S. Peck, FMNH 33721, PBI_OON 10223), 8♂, 7♀, June 7, 1976, Berlese, moss, forest litter, elev. 2300 m (S. Peck, FMNH PBI_OON 10552, 10553), 2♂, 6♀. Male holotype collected by hand from cloud forest litter taken at an elevation of 2150 m at a site 21 km north of Tandapi, on the main road from Tandapi to Quito, 0°27′20.3″S, 77°45′15.5″W, Pichincha, Ecuador (Dec. 7, 2009; N. Dupérré, E. Tapia, Niarchos Exped.), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 600). Males can easily be recognized by their highly asymmetrical palps; the left palp is three times the size of the right one, and there are differences in the shape of the embolar tip as well (figs. 532–537); the single female here tentatively matched with the male resembles those of P. fusiscuta but lacks any remnant of a dorsal abdominal scutum and has an asymmetrical genitalic atrium (figs. 542, 543) that is probably teratological but differs clearly in having conspicuous apodemes. The female differs from the male in that the elevated portion of the pars cephalica appears reticulate, rather than granulate, and may therefore be mismatched with the male. Total length 1.98. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Paturon with short, ventrally situated, dorsally directed, heavily sclerotized spine. Endites with ventral, dorsal processes short, widely separated at base. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae I, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Left bulb more than three times size of right bulb; embolus with three distal projections. Total length 1.61. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, II p0-0-1; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Atrium asymmetrical, possibly teratological; apodemes conspicuous. Ecuador: Pichincha: Hosteria Shishink, 5.5 km from Puerto Rico, 0.05609°N, 79.20596°W, Dec. 8, 2009, dead leaves, elev. 375 m (M. Ramírez, Niarchos Exped., MACN PBI_OON 30605), 1♀. Male holotype from humid forest litter taken at an elevation of 295 m at the Estación Científica Yasuni, 0.067428°S, 76.39764°W, Orellana, Ecuador (Dec. 1–5, 2009; M. Ramírez, Niarchos Exped.), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 30563). The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from Vlad the Impaler, referring to the paired extensions on the clypeus. Male can easily be recognized by the paired extensions on the clypeus (figs. 544, 545), the strongly excavated and spined chelicerae (fig. 545), and the massive embolus (figs. 548–551); females have a distinctively long genitalic atrium and large, triangular anterior receptaculum (figs. 556, 557). The posterior femora are basally lightened in color. Total length 1.41. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum triangular, fused to clypeus, which has pair of triangular projections, each situated at about half of paturon width. Inner surface of paturon strongly excavated, bearing large, medially directed, heavily sclerotized spine. Endites with ventral process wide, long; dorsal process narrow, long. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae I, II v4-3-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus with both flanges massive, intricately bent. Total length 1.47. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Anterior genitalic elements wide, triangular. Ecuador: Orellana: Estación Cientifica Yasuni, 0.067428°S, 76.39764°W, Dec. 1, 2009, leaf litter, elev. 200 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 601), 1♂, 0.067111°S, 76.4002°W, Dec. 2, 2009, leaf litter, canopy tower (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 604, 605), 5♀, Dec. 1–5, 2009, Berlese, humid forest litter, elev. 295 m (M. Ramírez, Niarchos Exped., MACN PBI_OON 30553, 30584, 30589), 3♂, 4♀, same, humid forest litter, Eva Gaublomme DNA vouchers (MACN PBI_OON 15092, 15103), 6♂, 1♀, 0°40′16′S, 76°24′, 18′W, Dec. 1–5, 2009, litter, pitfall, elev. 230 m (B. Baehr, Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 602, 603), 2♀. Female holotype taken from leaf litter at an elevation of 200 m at the Estación Científica Yasuni, 0.067111°S, 76.4002°W, Orellana, Ecuador (Dec. 1, 2009; Niarchos Exped.), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 606). Females can be recognized by the medially extremely narrow anterior genitalic process (figs. 564, 565), combined with anterolateral corners of the postepigastric scutum are not fused to the epigastric scutum (figs. 560, 562). Total length 2.11. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small, triangular. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2, r0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-2; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Anterior genitalic process originating from W-shaped base. Ecuador: Orellana: Parque Nacional Yasuni, 0°40′16″S, 76°24′18″W, Dec. 1–5, 2009, litter, elev. 230 m (B. Baehr, Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 607), 1♀; 1 km S Onkone Gare Camp, 0°39′25.77″S, 76°27′10.8″W, Reserva Etnica Waorani, Feb. 4, 1996, elev. 216 m (T. Erwin et al. USNM PBI_OON 37080), 1♀. Male holotype taken at an elevation of 216 m at a site 1 km south of Onkone Gare Camp, 0°39′25.77″S, 76°27′10.8″W, Reserva Etnica Waorani, Orellana, Ecuador (Feb. 5, 1995; T. Erwin et al.), deposited in USNM (PBI_OON 608). The specific name is a noun in apposition, referring to the extraordinary cheliceral modifications of males. Males can easily be recognized by the long, fanglike anterior projections on the chelicerae (figs. 566, 567); females have a heavily sclerotized base of the anterior genitalic process (figs. 578, 579); both sexes have the distal half of the leg femora, and the proximal half of the leg tibiae, darkened (fig. 573). Total length 1.92. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small, triangular. Dorsal half of paturon anteriorly excavated, excavation terminating in large, anteriorly directed process, process abruptly bent at about half its length, tip directed medially; space between chilum and paturon occupied by small, median, heavily sclerotized spine. Endites with ventral process tiny, almost obsolete, dorsal process hook shaped. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1, r0-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-3-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus wide, massive, highly three-dimensional. Total length 2.02. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-2; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Atrium semicircular, most of atrial area occupied by wide base of anterior process. Ecuador: Orellana: Estación Cientifica Yasuni, 0.067111°S, 76.4002°W, Dec. 1, 2009, leaf litter, elev. 200 m (Niarchos Exped., AMNH PBI_OON 609), 1♀. Male holotype from Berlese sample of forest litter taken at an elevation of 250 m at Limoncocha, Sucumbíos, Ecuador (June 25, 1976; S. Peck), deposited in FMNH (PBI_OON 37838). Males have a long embolus that originates on the posterior half of the palpal bulb (figs. 584–586) and appear to have a dorsal spine and more ventrally situated median ledges on the chelicerae (fig. 581); females have a distinctive V-shaped sclerotization along the posterior margin of the genital atrium (figs. 591, 592). Total length 1.43. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum triangular. Anterior ledge on paturon rounded, inner surface with small dorsal and large ventral, medially directed spines. Endites with ventral process wider, longer than dorsal process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus long, originating on posterior half of palpal bulb, distally sinuous. Total length 1.61. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum, seam present between lateral edge of posterior spiracle and lateral margin of postepigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Posterior margin of genitalic atrium with triangular sclerotization along midline; anterior margin with rectangular sclerotization. Ecuador: Sucumbíos: Limoncocha, June 21, 1976, Berlese, Bactris spiny palm, elev. 250 m (S. Peck, FMNH PBI_OON 10567), 1♀, June 25, 1976, Berlese, sifted African palm nuts on ground (S., J. Peck, FMNH 33708, PBI_OON 10210), 1♀. Female holotype taken from soil at an elevation of 3040 m at Santa Barbara, 0.63992°S, 77.50762°W, Sucumbíos, Ecuador (Dec. 14, 2009, E. Tapia), deposited in QCAZ (PBI_OON 10752). Females have distinctive, triangular lateral sclerotizations in the genital atrium (figs. 599, 600). Total length 2.20. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum small, triangular. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Atrium with triangular lateral sclerotizations situated at sides of parentheses-shaped apodemes. Northern Ecuador (Sucumbíos). 1. Males (those of huila unknown)2 – Females (those of imir, pira, chingaza, carrizal, and chinacota unknown)12 2. Clypeus with pair of anterior projections (fig. 604)3 – Clypeus without such projections5 3. Embolus narrowed into hook distally (figs. 612, 614)pinzoni – Embolus otherwise4 4. Embolus widened distally (fig. 607) imir – Embolus not widened distally (fig. 648)vaupes 5. Palps asymmetrical6 – Palps symmetrical9 6. Left embolus greatly narrowed distally (figs. 689, 737)7 – Left embolus blunt distally (figs. 713, 725)8 7. Left embolus widest near tip (fig. 737)chinacota – Left embolus widest near middle (fig. 692)boyaca 8. Tip of right embolus very narrow (fig. 731)monstrosa – Tip of right embolus wider (fig. 719) carrizal 9. Embolus long, narrow (fig. 641)pira – Embolus otherwise10 10. Embolus greatly expanded distally (fig. 627)leticia – Embolus otherwise11 11. Embolus relatively wide (fig. 670) chingaza – Embolus relatively narrow (fig. 677) globosa 12. Genitalic atrium enlarged, almost semicircular (figs. 682, 700, 706)13 – Genitalic atrium smaller15 13. Genitalic atrium with long median sclerotization (figs. 682, 700)14 – Genitalic atrium without median sclerotization (fig. 706)monstrosa 14. Median sclerotization W-shaped (fig. 700)boyaca – Median sclerotization nail shaped (fig. 682)globosa 15. Postepigastric scutum with median sclerotization (fig. 619) pinzoni – Postepigastric scutum without median sclerotization16 16. Genitalic atrium very short (figs. 661, 662)huila – Genitalic atrium longer (figs. 632, 653) 17 17. Postepigastric scutum separated from epigastric scutum at sides (fig. 630)leticia – Postepigastric scutum fused to epigastric scutum (fig. 651)vaupes Paradysderina imir, new species, male. 601. Carapace, dorsal view. 602. Cephalothorax, anterior view. 603. Left embolus, prolateral view. 604. Carapace, anterior view. 605. Mouthparts, ventral view. 606. Left palp, prolateral view. 607. Same, ventral view. 608. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina pinzoni, new species, male (609–615) and female (616–621). 609. Carapace, dorsal view. 610, 616. Same, anterior view. 611. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 612. Left embolus, ventral view. 613. Left palp, prolateral view. 614. Same, ventral view. 615. Same, retrolateral view. 617. Abdomen, lateral view. 618. Same, ventral view. 619, 620. Epigastric region, ventral view. 621. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina leticia, new species, male (622–628) and female (629–634). 622. Carapace, dorsal view. 623, 629. Same, anterior view. 624. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 625. Left embolus, ventral view. 626. Left palp, prolateral view. 627. Same, ventral view. 628. Same, retrolateral view. 630. Abdomen, lateral view. 631. Same, ventral view. 632, 633. Epigastric region, ventral view. 634. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina pira, new species, male. 635. Carapace, dorsal view. 636. Same, anterior view. 637. Sternum ventral view. 638. Mouthparts, ventral view. 639. Left embolus, ventral view. 640. Left palp, prolateral view. 641. Same, ventral view. 642. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina vaupes, new species, male (643–649) and female (650–655). 643. Carapace, dorsal view. 644, 650. Same, anterior view. 645. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 646. Left embolus, prolateral view. 647. Left palp, prolateral view. 648. Same, ventral view. 649. Same, retrolateral view. 651. Abdomen, lateral view. 652. Same, ventral view. 653, 654. Epigastric region, ventral view. 655. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina huila, new species, female. 656. Carapace, dorsal view. 657. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 658. Abdomen, ventral view. 659. Carapace, anterior view. 660. Abdomen, lateral view. 661, 662. Epigastric region, ventral view. 663. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina chingaza, new species, male. 664. Carapace, dorsal view. 665. Same, anterior view. 666. Sternum ventral view. 667. Mouthparts, ventral view. 668. Left embolus, ventral view. 669. Left palp, prolateral view. 670. Same, ventral view. 671. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina globosa (Keyserling), male (672–678) and female (679–684). 672. Carapace, dorsal view. 673, 679. Same, anterior view. 674. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 675. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 676. Left palp, prolateral view. 677. Same, ventral view. 678. Same, retrolateral view. 680. Abdomen, lateral view. 681. Same, ventral view. 682, 683. Epigastric region, ventral view. 684. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina boyaca, new species, male. 685. Carapace, dorsal view. 686. Same, anterior view. 687. Sternum, ventral view. 688. Mouthparts, ventral view. 689. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 690. Right embolus, retrolateral view. 691. Left palp, prolateral view. 692. Same, ventral view. 693. Same, retrolateral view. 694. Right palp, prolateral view. 695. Same, ventral view. 696. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina boyaca, new species, female (697–702) and P. monstrosa, new species, female (703–708). 697, 703. Carapace, anterior view. 698, 704. Abdomen, lateral view. 699, 705. Same, ventral view. 700, 701, 706, 707. Epigastric region, ventral view. 702, 708. Same, dorsal view. Paradysderina carrizal, new species, male. 709. Carapace, dorsal view. 710. Same, anterior view. 711. Sternum, ventral view. 712. Mouthparts, ventral view. 713. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 714. Right embolus, retrolateral view. 715. Left palp, prolateral view. 716. Same, ventral view. 717. Same, retrolateral view. 718. Right palp, prolateral view. 719. Same, ventral view. 720. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina monstrosa, new species, male. 721. Carapace, dorsal view. 722. Same, anterior view. 723. Sternum, ventral view. 724. Mouthparts, ventral view. 725. Left embolus, retrolateral view. 726. Right embolus, retrolateral view. 727. Left palp, prolateral view. 728. Same, ventral view. 729. Same, retrolateral view. 730. Right palp, prolateral view. 731. Same, ventral view. 732. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina chinacota, new species, male. 733. Carapace, dorsal view. 734. Same, anterior view. 735. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 736. Left palp, prolateral view. 737. Same, ventral view. 738. Same, retrolateral view. 739. Right palp, prolateral view. 740. Same, ventral view. 741. Same, retrolateral view. Paradysderina imir, new species Male holotype from Winkler sample taken at an elevation of 150 m at Matamata, Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu, 3°23′S, 70°06′W, Amazonas, Colombia (June 9–11, 2000; A. Parente), deposited in IAVH (10811, PBI_OON 610). Males resemble those of P. vlad, P. pinzoni, and P. vaupes in having paired projections on the clypeus (figs. 601, 604) but have a narrower ventral embolar flange (figs. 603, 606–608). Total length 1.38. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum small, triangular, clypeus with pair of sharply pointed projections situated at about midpoint of paturon. Inner surface of paturon strongly excavated, bearing medially directed, heavily sclerotized spines, spines overlapping; soft cuticle just ventral to chilum with long, narrow, heavily sclerotized projection. Endites with both ventral and dorsal processes long, abruptly narrowed at about half their length. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus greatly expanded distally, dorsoventral size at tip equal to that of bulb. Colombia: Amazonas: Comunidad Mocagua, Leticia, Nov. 7, 2004, elev. 106 m (L. Benavides, G. Giribet, ICN 4108, PBI_OON 611), 1♂. Male holotype and female allotype from Quebrada el Ayo, La Pedrera, 1°35′S, 69°31′W, Amazonas, Colombia (May 2002; J. Pinzon), deposited in ICN (2222, PBI_OON 612). The specific name is a patronym in honor of Jaime Pinzón, collector of the types and sorter of many Colombian oonopids. Males resemble those of P. vlad and P. imir, but have sharper clypeal projections (figs. 609, 610) and a much longer embolus (figs. 612–615); females have distinctive sclerotizations extending almost the full length of the postepigastric scutum (figs. 618–621). Total length 1.36. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum small, triangular, clypeus with pair of long, sharply pointed projections situated at about half of paturon width. Inner surface of paturon strongly excavated, inner margin bearing long, wide, dorsomedially directed, heavily sclerotized spines, right and left spines overlapping. Endites with ventral and dorsal processes divergent, dorsal process wider than ventral. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-3-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi I, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus elongated, originating on basal half of bulb, with sharply pointed ventral projection. Total length 1.50. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Both anterior and posterior receptacula visible through cuticle as distinctive sclerotizations, both wide, posterior receptaculum long, extending almost to posterior margin of postepigastric scutum, more than three times length of atrium. Male holotype and female allotype from Berlese sample taken 7 km north of Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia (Feb. 20–25, 1972; S., J. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 37064). Males have long median ridges, terminating in dorsally directed spines, on the chelicerae (fig. 623) and a highly curved embolus originating on a relatively short palpal bulb (figs. 625–628); females have a large, U-shaped sclerotization occupying the lateral and posterior margins of the genital atrium (figs. 632–634). Total length 1.45. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Inner surface of paturon deeply excavated, inner margin with two dorsally directed, heavily sclerotized spines. Endites with ventral process much wider than dorsal process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus originating ventrally on relatively small bulb, strongly bent at base, with recurved tip. Total length 1.72. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-1, II p0-0-1, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi I, II v2-2-2. U-shaped sclerotization occupying lateral and posterior margins of atrium. Male holotype from Río Pira and Apaporis, 0°25′S, 70°15′W, Amazonas, Colombia (Feb. 7–16, 1989; V., B. Roth), deposited in CAS (PBI_OON 2737). Males can be recognized by their extraordinarily Scaphiella-like palp, with a long, narrow, simple, and evenly curved embolus (figs. 639–642). Total length 1.32. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Inner margin of paturon weakly excavated. Endites with dorsal process wider, longer than ventral process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus Scaphiella-like, long, narrow, distally sinuous. Male holotype and female allotype from the Estación Biológica Caparú, Lago Taraira, below Río Apaporis, 1°04′N, 69°29′W, Vaupés, Colombia (Apr. 2, 2004; J. Pinzón), deposited in ICN (PBI_OON 613). Males share sharply pointed clypeal extensions with P. pinzoni (figs. 643, 644) but have a more club-shaped embolus (figs. 646–649); females have a wide anterior genitalic process (figs. 653–655). Total length 1.51. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum tiny, triangular, clypeus with pair of sharply pointed projections, each situated at about half of paturon width. Inner margin of paturon excavated, with wide, obliquely directed, heavily sclerotized spine. Endites with ventral and dorsal processes long, narrow. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-3-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Palps symmetrical; embolus long, originating on basal half of bulb, club shaped. Total length 1.69. Chilum small. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-0-2. Anterior genitalic process wide, with heavily sclerotized lateral edges. Female holotype from montane forest litter taken at an elevation of 1600 m at Resinas, 1°55′N, 75°42′W, Huila, Colombia (June 8, 1956; H. Sturm), deposited in MCZ (PBI_OON 37014). Females of this relatively large species have a distinctively short, slit-shaped genital atrium (figs. 661–663). The details of the sternal microsculpture make it unlikely that this could be the female of any the five Colombian species known only from males. Total length 2.50. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, not fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2; r0-1-0, II p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-0. Atrium reduced to wide, short strip. Male holotype taken from dung trap at an elevation of 2990 m at San José, on the road to San Juanito, in the Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, 4°29′38″N, 73°41′33″W, Meta, Colombia (Nov. 22–24, 2003; I. Quintero, M. Torres), deposited in IAVH (108170, PBI_OON 614). Total length 1.93. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum short, wide, triangular. Inner surface of paturon slightly excavated, with slight tubercle at level of short, wide process in soft tissue separating chelicerae. Endites with ventral process short, wide, dorsal process broadly triangular, with medially directed tip. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v2-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-0-2. Palps symmetrical; embolus relatively short, distally wide. Colombia: Meta: San José, Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, 4°29′38″N, 73°41′33″W, Nov. 22–24, 2003, pitfall, forest, elev. 2990 m (I. Quintero, M. Torres, IAVH 108171, PBI_OON 615), 1♂, same, dung trap (IAVH 108164, PBI_OON 616), 1♂. Central Colombia (Meta). Paradysderina globosa (Keyserling), new combination Oonops globosus Keyserling, 1877: 232, pl. 7, fig. 6, 6a–d (female holotype from Colombia [as “New-Granada”], no further data, in BMNH; examined). Dysderina globosa: Simon, 1893: 304. Males have a distinctively sail-shaped embolus (figs. 675–678); females have a wide genital atrium with a tripartite posteromedian sclerotization (figs. 682–684). Total length 1.84. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum broad, triangular. Paturon slightly excavated along inner margin. Endites with both processes wide at base, gradually narrowed toward tip. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-0-2. Palps symmetrical; embolus large, flat, sail shaped. Total length 2.03. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-21-1p, II v2-0-2. Atrium large, semicircular; anterior genitalic process long, narrow. Colombia: Cundinamarca: Aguadita, Mar. 10, 1974 (L., N. Herman, AMNH PBI_OON 111), 1♂, 1♀; Cerro de Monserrate, Dec. 20, 2009, hand sorting litter, elev. 3165 m (E. Florez, L. Benavides, D. Luna, S. Castellanos, ICN 3553, PBI_OON 622), 2♂, 1♀; Charrascales, Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, 4°31′N, 73°45′W, Oct. 2–4, 2001, pitfall, elev. 2990 m (L. Cifuentes, IAVH 108092, PBI_OON 618), 1♀; Facatativá road, Anolaima, July 15, 1967, cloud forest, elev. 2600 m (P., B. Wygodzinsky, AMNH PBI_OON 61), 1♀; Páramo de Cruz Verde, between Bogotá and Choachi, 4°34′30″N, 74°01′11″W, Feb. 21, 2010, between dry leaves of the composite Espeletia grandiflora, elev. 3367 m (E. Florez, D. Luna, C. Mattoni, A. Sabogal, ICN PBI_OON 623), 1♀; Páramo de Monserrate, Bogotá, Apr.–Nov. 1968, pitfalls (H. Sturm, AMNH PBI_OON 621), 3♂, 1♀, same, 1968–1969 (H. Sturm, AMNH PBI_OON 59), 3♂, 1♀; Páramo Parada del Viento, Cerro Redondo, Bogotá, May 15–19, 2008, pitfall, elev. 3100 m (Morales, ICN 2224, PBI_OON 46486), 1♂; Reserva Forestal Río Blanco, Palacio, Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, 4°42′13″N, 73°51′4″W, Nov. 22–24, 2003, Winkler, forest, 2970 m (E. González, IAVH 108163, PBI_OON 620), 1♀; second watchtower on Sendero Suasie, Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, Mar. 24, 2003, elev. 3130 m (J. Lepida, ICN 2212, PBI_OON 617), 1♂; Valle de los Feuilajones, Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza, Mar. 24, 2003 (D. Sanchez, ICN2213, PBI_OON 619), 1♀. Male holotype and female allotype from a Winkler sample taken at an elevation of 3350 m at Quebrada Carrizal, Santuario de Flora y Fauna de Iguaque, 5°25′N, 73°27′W, Boyacá, Colombia (Sept. 1–3, 2000; P. Reina), deposited in IAVH (108098, PBI_OON 625). This species, like the two that follow, resembles P. globosa in genitalic morphology; also like those two following species, the left and right emboli are consistently different. In P. boyaca, the left embolus terminates in a long, needlelike projection (fig. 689), whereas the right embolus terminates in a much shorter, thicker projection (fig. 690). The female genital atrium is almost as long as the postepigastric scutum and has a W-shaped posteromedian sclerotization (figs. 700–702). Total length 1.98. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum broad, triangular. Paturon with inner margin slightly excavated. Endites with dorsal process long, widely separated from ventral process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Left embolus terminating in long, needlelike projection, right embolus terminating in much shorter, thicker projection. Total length 2.11. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-0-2. Atrium large, semicircular; anterior genitalic process with W-shaped base. Colombia: Boyacá: Quebrada Carrizal, Santuario de Flora y Fauna de Iguaque, 5°25′N, 73°27′W, Dec. 4–6, 2000, Winkler, elev. 3350 m (P. Reina, IAVH 108096, PBI_OON 626), 1♂. Male holotype from a Winkler sample taken at an elevation of 2650 m at Cabaña Carrizal, Santuario de Flora y Fauna de Iguaque, 5°25′N, 73°27′W, Boyacá, Colombia (Feb. 2–24, 2001; G. Oliva), deposited in IAVH (108102, PBI_OON 627). Males can easily be recognized by their palpal dimorphism; the left embolus is boat shaped (fig. 713), whereas the right embolus is beak shaped (fig. 714). Total length 1.84. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon with slight tubercle on median edge. Endites with dorsal process short, wide, widely separated from ventral process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-0-2. Left embolus boat shaped, right embolus beak shaped. Colombia: Boyacá: Cabaña Carrizal, Santuario de Flora y Fauna de Iguaque, 5°25′N, 73°27′W, July 25–28, 2001, Winkler, elev. 2850 m (P. Reina, IAVH 108097, PBI_OON 630), 1♂, Oct. 13–18, 2001, Winkler, elev. 2850 m (P. Reina, IAVH 108093, PBI_OON 633), 1♂; Cerro Pan de Azúcar, Santuario de Flora y Fauna de Iguaque, 5°25′N, 73°27′W, Apr. 22–24, 2001, Winkler, elev. 3300 m (P. Reina, IAVH 108106, PBI_OON 629), 1♂, Oct. 13–18, 2001, Winkler, elev. 3300 m (P. Reina, IAVH 108103, PBI_OON 631), 1♂; La Planada, Santuario de Flora y Fauna de Iguaque, 5°25′N, 73°27′W, Jan. 21–28, 2001, Winkler, elev. 2850 m (G. Oliva, IAVH 108109, PBI_OON 628), 3♂, Nov. 3–5, 2001, Winkler, elev. 2850 m (P. Reina, IAVH 108107, PBI_OON 634), 1♂; Quebrada Los Francos, Santuario de Flora y Fauna de Iguaque, 5°25′N, 73°27′W, Mar. 9–15, 2001, Winkler, elev. 2860 m (G. Oliva, IAVH 108104, PBI_OON 632), 1♂; track from Centro de Visitantes to Lagunas, Santuario de Flora y Fauna de Iguaque, 5°41′48″N, 73°27′21″W, Nov. 1, 2004, elev. 3000 m (L. Benavides, D. Campos, G. Giribet, ICN 2223, PBI_OON 635), 1♂. Male holotype and female allotype from Winkler trap in secondary forest at an elevation of 3220 m at Sutamarchán, Serranía Marchán, 5°45′01″N, 73°40′02″W, Boyacá, Colombia (Apr. 7–9, 2003; E. González, C. Reina), deposited in IAVH (108122, PBI_OON 636). Males can easily be recognized by their palpal dimorphism; the left embolus is V-shaped (fig. 725), whereas the right embolus is blade shaped (fig. 726); females have a large genital atrium with a triangular posteromedian sclerotization (figs. 706–708). Total length 1.80. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum tiny, triangular. Anterior ledge of paturon obliquely oriented, with slight tubercle at inner edge. Endites with dorsal process much wider, longer than ventral process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Left embolus V-shaped, right embolus blade shaped. Total length 1.83. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow, fused to epigastric scutum. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Atrium very large, longer than portion of postepigastric scutum posterior of atrium; base of anterior genitalic process short, triangular, restricted to posterior half of atrium. Colombia: Boyacá: Sutamarchán, Serranía Marchán, 5°45′01″N, 73°40′02″W, Apr. 7–9, 2003, Winkler, secondary forest, elev. 3220 m (E. González, C. Reina, IAVH 108115, PBI_OON 641), 2♂, 1♀, same (IAVH 108118, PBI_OON 642), 2♂. Cundinamarca: San Antonio del Tequendama, Valle La Maquino, Jan. 1998, pitfall trap, secondary forest, elev. 2000 m (S. Forero, ICN 2451, PBI_OON 46485), 1♂. Male holotype taken at an elevation of 8000 ft at a site 30 km S of Chinácota, Norte de Santander, Colombia (May 14, 1974; S. Peck), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 38076). Males can easily be recognized by their palpal dimorphism; the left embolus has a long, straight tip, whereas the right embolus has a short, curved tip (figs. 736–741). Total length 1.69. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum broad, triangular. Anterior ledge on paturon obliquely oriented. Endites with dorsal process long, narrow, widely separated from ventral process. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-1; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v2-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v22-2-0. Left embolus with long, straight tip, right embolus with short, curved tip. Members of this genus resemble those of Scaphidysderina and Paradysderina in lacking a dorsal abdominal scutum in females and a spinneret scutum in both sexes; they differ in having a groove connecting the posterior spiracles (figs. 757, 824). At least four species, known only from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, are remarkable for the retention of a seam between the male palpal cymbium and bulb (figs. 818, 831). Total length of males 1.2–2.2, of females 1.4–2.6. Coloration typically carapace orange-brown, without pattern; sternum and mouthparts orange, sternum without pattern; abdominal scuta orange, abdominal soft portions white, without pattern; legs yellow, without pattern. Cephalothorax: Carapace broadly oval in dorsal view (figs. 742, 782), anteriorly narrowed to between 0.5 and 0.75 times its maximum width, pars cephalica strongly elevated in lateral view (figs. 743, 783), anterolateral corners without extension or projections; pars thoracica with rounded posterolateral corners, without depressions or radiating rows of pits, posterolateral edge without pits, posterior margin not bulging below posterior rim, posterolateral surface without spikes; elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate (but granules sometimes very low, producing reticulate appearance under light microscopy, noted as “appears reticulate” in species descriptions), sides strongly granulate; fovea absent, lateral margin straight, rebordered, without denticles projecting past lateral margin in dorsal view; plumose setae near posterior margin of pars thoracica absent; nonmarginal pars cephalica and pars thoracica setae light, needlelike, scattered; marginal setae light, needlelike. Clypeus margin strongly rebordered, sinuous in front view (figs. 744, 784), vertical in lateral view, high, ALE separated from edge of carapace by their radius or more, median projection absent (except for fused chilum); setae light, needlelike. Chilum undivided, fused to clypeus, with seam. Eyes six, well developed, all subequal, ALE oval, PME squared, PLE oval; posterior eye row slightly recurved from above, slightly procurved from front; ALE separated by their radius to diameter, ALE-PLE separated by less than ALE radius, PME touching throughout most of their length, PLE-PME separated by less than PME radius. Sternum wider than long, uniform, not fused to carapace, surface flat rather than highly crenulated, median concavity and hair tufts absent, with radial furrows between coxae I–II, II–III, III–IV, furrow with rows of small pits, radial furrow opposite coxae III absent, surface smooth or finely rugose, when rugose, microsculpture present everywhere but front (figs. 756, 798), sickle-shaped structures absent, anterior margin with continuous transverse groove, posterior margin extending posteriorly beyond anterior edges of coxae IV as single extension but without posterior hump, anterior corner unmodified, lateral margin with infracoxal grooves and anterior and posterior openings, distance between coxae approximately equal, extensions of precoxal triangles absent, lateral margins with bridges to coxae; setae sparse, dark, needlelike, densest laterally, originating from surface. Chelicerae slightly divergent (fig. 745, 746), anterior face with swelling; promargin usually without teeth, retromargin usually with one tooth; fang without toothlike projections, directed medially, shape normal, without prominent basal process, tip unmodified (fig. 785, 786); setae light, needlelike, densest medially; paturon inner margin with pairs of enlarged setae, distal region unmodified, posterior surface unmodified, anterior surface frequently with modifications in male, promargin with row of flattened setae, inner margin unmodified, laminate groove absent. Labium triangular, not fused to sternum, anterior margin indented at middle, same as sternum in sclerotization, with six or more setae on anterior margin, subdistal portion with unmodified setae (fig. 787). Endites same as sternum in sclerotization, serrula present in single row in females (figs. 788, 789), apparently absent in males; males with wide, flattened ventral process on anterior part (figs. 747, 748), posterior part unmodified. Female palp without claw or spines (figs. 800, 801); patella without prolateral row of ridges; tibia with three trichobothria in diagonal row (fig. 802); tarsus unmodified. Abdomen: Ovoid, without long posterior extension, rounded posteriorly, interscutal membrane rows of small sclerotized platelets absent. Book lung covers large, ovoid, without setae, anterolateral edge unmodified; posterior spiracles connected by groove (figs. 757, 804, 805). Pedicel tube medium, ribbed, scutopedicel region unmodified, scutum extending far dorsal of pedicel, plumose hairs absent, matted setae on anterior ventral abdomen in pedicel area absent, cuticular outgrowths near pedicel absent. Dorsal scutum present in males, strongly sclerotized, not fused to epigastric scutum, middle surface smooth, sides smooth, anterior half without projecting denticles; dorsal scutum absent in females. Epigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, surrounding pedicel, not protruding, small lateral sclerites absent, without lateral joints in females. Postepigastric scutum strongly sclerotized, in males long, semicircular, fused to epigastric scutum, in females, short, not fused to epigastric scutum; anterior margin unmodified, with short posteriorly directed lateral apodemes. Spinneret scutum absent; supraanal scutum absent. Abdominal dorsal, epigastric, and postepigastric setae dark, needlelike; frontal epigastric area setae not thickened; dense patch of setae anterior to spinnerets absent; interscutal membrane with setae. Colulus present, tiny, with pair of setae. Anterior lateral spinnerets bisegmented, posterior medians unisegmented, posterior laterals bisegmented (figs. 774, 778); spigots scanned only in S. lagila, anterior laterals with one major ampullate gland spigot plus four piriform gland spigots in male (fig. 775), eight in female (fig. 779); posterior medians with one minor ampullate gland spigot plus two aciniform gland spigots in male (fig. 776), 11 in female (fig. 780); posterior laterals with one minor ampullate gland spigot plus three aciniform gland spigots in male (fig. 777), 15 in female (fig. 781). Legs: Femur IV not thickened, same size as femora I–III, patella plus tibia I shorter than carapace, tibia I unmodified, tibia IV ventral scopular and specialized hairs on ventral apex absent, metatarsi I, II mesoapical comb absent, metatarsi III, IV weak ventral scopula absent. Leg spines present on femur I (and usually II); anterior tibiae and metatarsi with several pairs of very long spines, legs III, IV without spines (figs. 770–773, 806–808). Tarsi without inferior claw. Superior claws with about five teeth on inner and outer surfaces (figs. 758–765), females with distalmost tooth on outer surfaces reduced in size (figs. 790–797). Trichobothrial base with numerous parallel ridges (fig. 799). Tarsal organ with three sensillae on legs I, II (figs. 766, 767, 809, 810), two on legs III, IV, palp (figs. 755, 768, 769, 803, 811, 812). Genitalia: Male epigastric region with sperm pore small, oval or triangular, situated at level of posterior spiracles, rebordered; furrow without Ω-shaped insertions, without setae. Male palp of normal size, not strongly sclerotized, right and left palps symmetrical, proximal segments pale orange; cymbium and bulb yellow, embolus dark, prolateral excavation absent; trochanter minute, unmodified; femur of normal size, two or more times as long as trochanter, without posteriorly rounded lateral dilation, attaching to patella basally; patella shorter than femur, not enlarged, without prolateral row of ridges, setae unmodified; tibia with three trichobothria in diagonal line (fig. 754); cymbium ovoid in dorsal view, fused with bulb but seam often present (fig. 750), not extending beyond distal tip of bulb, plumose setae absent, without stout setae or distal patch of setae; bulb elongated, 1–1.5 times as long as cymbium, stout (figs. 749, 751); embolus with sharply pointed basal projection (figs. 752, 753). Female genitalia with very strong apodemes (fig. 813), atrium with elevated anterior ridge and rebordered posterior margin. Semidysderina lagila, new species, male. 742. Carapace, dorsal view. 743. Same, lateral view. 744. Same, anterior view. 745. Chelicerae, anterior view. 746. Same, posterior view. 747. Mouthparts, ventral view. 748. Labrum and endites, dorsal view. 749. Left palp, ventral view. Semidysderina lagila, new species, male. 750. Left palp, prolateral view. 751. Same, retrolateral view. 752. Left embolus, prolateral view. 753. Same, retrolateral view. 754. Palpal tibia, dorsal view. 755. Tarsal organ, palp, dorsal view. 756. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 757. Anterior portion of abdomen, ventral view. Semidysderina lagila, new species, male. 758. Claws of leg I, lateral view. 759. Same, leg II. 760. Same, leg III. 761. Same, leg IV. 762. Claws of leg I, apical view. 763. Same, leg II. 764. Same, leg III. 765. Same, leg IV. Semidysderina lagila, new species, male. 766. Tarsal organ from leg I, dorsal view. 767. Same, leg II. 768. Same, leg III. 769. Same, leg IV. 770. Leg I, lateral view. 771. Same, leg II. 772. Same, leg III. 773. Same, leg IV. Semidysderina lagila, new species, male (774–777) and female (778–781). 774, 778. Spinnerets, apical view. 775, 779. Anterior lateral spinneret, apical view. 776, 780. Posterior median spinneret, apical view. 777, 781. Posterior lateral spinneret, apical view. Semidysderina lagila, new species, female. 782. Carapace, dorsal view. 783. Same, lateral view. 784. Same, anterior view. 785. Chelicerae, anterior view. 786. Same, posterior view. 787. Mouthparts, ventral view. 788. Labrum and endites, dorsal view. 789. Serrula, dorsal view. Semidysderina lagila, new species, female. 790. Claws of leg I, lateral view. 791. Same, leg II. 792. Same, leg III. 793. Same, leg IV. 794. Claws of leg I, apical view. 795. Same, leg II. 796. Same, leg III. 797. Same, leg IV. Semidysderina lagila, new species, female. 798. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 799. Trichobothrial base from metatarsus II, dorsal view. 800. Palp, prolateral view. 801. Same, retrolateral view. 802. Palpal tibia, dorsal view. 803. Tarsal organ, palp, dorsal view. 804. Anterior portion of abdomen, ventral view. 805. Genitalia, ventral view. Known only from northern and central Colombia. 1. Sternum rugose (as in figs. 756, 798, 816)2 – Sternum smooth, shiny (fig. 829)kochalkai 2. Male palpal bulb and embolus narrow (figs. 864, 866); female genitalic atrium slitlike (figs. 871, 872)sturmi – Male palpal bulb and embolus wide (as in fig. 819); female genitalic atrium larger (as in figs. 825, 859)3 3. Males (those of marta unknown)4 – Females6 4. Embolus relatively long (figs. 877, 879)mulleri – Embolus relatively short (figs. 819, 845)5 5. Embolus wider distally than basally (fig. 819)lagila – Embolus as wide basally as distally (fig. 845)donachui 6. Genitalic atrium relatively long, with W-shaped anterior margin (figs. 884, 885)mulleri – Genitalic atrium relatively short or without W-shaped anterior margin (figs. 824, 850, 858)7 7. Genitalic atrium triangular (fig. 858)marta – Genitalic atrium ovoid (figs. 824, 850)8 8. Anterior genitalic process relatively long (fig. 825)lagila – Anterior genitalic process relatively short (fig. 851)donachui Semidysderina lagila, new species, male (814–820) and female (821–826). 814. Carapace, dorsal view. 815, 821. Same, anterior view. 816. Sternum, ventral view. 817. Mouthparts, ventral view. 818. Left palp, prolateral view. 819. Same, ventral view. 820. Same, retrolateral view. 822. Abdomen, lateral view. 823. Same, ventral view. 824, 825. Epigastric region, ventral view. 826. Same, dorsal view. Semidysderina kochalkai, new species, male (827–833) and female (834–839). 827. Carapace, dorsal view. 828, 834. Same, anterior view. 829. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 830. Left embolus, prolateral view. 831. Left palp, prolateral view. 832. Same, ventral view. 833. Same, retrolateral view. 835. Abdomen, lateral view. 836. Same, ventral view. 837, 838. Epigastric region, ventral view. 839. Same, dorsal view. Semidysderina donachui, new species, male (840–846) and female (847–852). 840. Carapace, dorsal view. 841, 847. Same, anterior view. 842. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 843. Left embolus, prolateral view. 844. Left palp, prolateral view. 845. Same, ventral view. 846. Same, retrolateral view. 848. Abdomen, lateral view. 849. Same, ventral view. 850, 851. Epigastric region, ventral view. 852. Same, dorsal view. Semidysderina marta, new species, female. 853. Carapace, dorsal view. 854. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 855. Abdomen, ventral view. 856. Carapace, anterior view. 857. Abdomen, lateral view. 858, 859. Epigastric region, ventral view. 860. Same, dorsal view. Semidysderina sturmi, new species, male (861–867) and female (868–873). 861. Carapace, dorsal view. 862, 868. Same, anterior view. 863. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 864. Left embolus, prolateral view. 865. Left palp, prolateral view. 866. Same, ventral view. 867. Same, retrolateral view. 869. Abdomen, lateral view. 870. Same, ventral view. 871, 872. Epigastric region, ventral view. 873. Same, dorsal view. Semidysderina mulleri, new species, male (874–880) and female (881–886). 874. Carapace, dorsal view. 875, 881. Same, anterior view. 876. Sternum and mouthparts, ventral view. 877. Left embolus, prolateral view. 878. Left palp, prolateral view. 879. Same, ventral view. 880. Same, retrolateral view. 882. Abdomen, lateral view. 883. Same, ventral view. 884, 885. Epigastric region, ventral view. 886. Same, dorsal view. Semidysderina lagila, new species Male holotype and female allotype taken in pitfall traps at an elevation of 5050 ft at Cerro Lagila, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia (Apr. 15–30, 1975; J. Kochalka), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 37104). In sternal morphology this species resembles S. donachui rather than S. kochalkai, but the male embolus is more diamond shaped in lateral view (figs. 752, 753, 819) and the anterior margin of the female genital atrium is straight (figs. 824–826). Total length 2.07. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small, triangular. Sternum surface finely reticulate. Anterior ledge of paturon with slight tubercle on inner margin. Endites with wide ventral process, tip of process flattened, directed laterally. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-1, II p0-0-2, r0-1-0; tibiae I, II v4-4-2; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-0. Embolus diamond shaped in retrolateral view; cymbium fused with bulb but with clearly defined seam between, seam more obvious on prolateral side than on retrolateral side. Total length 2.58. Postepigastric scutum covering about one-third of abdomen length. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2, r0-1-1; tibiae I, II v4-4-2; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Atrium short, wide; anterior genitalic process long, narrow. Colombia: Magdalena: Cerro Kennedy, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Aug. 30, 1985, moss and litter, elev. 2600 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15688), 1♂; El Campano, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Apr. 20, 1986, leaf litter, elev. 1000 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15610), 4♂; San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, June 20, 1985, litter and moss, elev. 2200 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 880), 9♂; near San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Aug. 18–25, 1985, bamboo forest with litter and sphagnum, elev. 2250 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 878, 15803), 2♂, 1♀, Aug. 25, 1985, moss, elev. 1900 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 879), 1♂; San Pedro, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, May 19, 1975, epiphytic bromeliads and/or leaf litter, elev. 3150 ft (J. Kochalka, AMNH PBI_OON 37105), 4♂, 2♀; between San Pedro and San Javier, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Mar. 29, 1975, sifted leaf litter, elev. 5,130 ft (J. Kochalka, AMNH PBI_OON 37099), 5♂, 6♀; near San Pedro de la Sierra, northwestern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Apr. 12, 1986, litter, elev. 1000 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15478), 3♂, 3♀. Known only from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia, at elevations from 1000 to 2600 m. Semidysderina kochalkai, new species Male holotype and female allotype taken at an elevation of 15,700 ft at a lake at Río Tucurinca, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia (Mar. 16, 1975; J. Kochalka), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 37100). The specific name is a patronym in honor of John Kochalka, pioneering collector of the spiders of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Both sexes can easily be recognized by their smooth, shiny sternum with few reticulations (fig. 829). The genitalia are very similar to those of S. donachui, but males have shorter dorsal and ventral abdominal scuta and females have much longer genitalic apodemes (figs. 838, 839). Total length 2.16. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum small, triangular. Sternum surface smooth. Anterior ledge of paturon with small tubercle on inner margin. Endites with ventral process wide, distal portion flattened, sinuous, with anteromedially directed tip. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-0, II p0-0-2; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Embolus with ventral projection at about half its length; cymbium fused with bulb but with clearly defined seam between, seam more visible on prolateral side than on retrolateral side. Total length 2.40. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-1, II p0-0-2, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-22, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Posterior margin or atrium sinuous; anterior genitalic process slightly expanded at base; apodemes long, thick. Colombia: Magdalena: Loma Cebolleta, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, May 9, 1975, terrestrial bromeliads, elev. 11,500 ft (J. Kochalka, AMNH PBI_OON 37103), 2♂. Known only from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. Semidysderina donachui, new species Male holotype taken under a rock at an elevation of 14,200 ft at Río Donachui, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Cesar, Colombia Jan. 6, 1973; J. Kochalka), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 37102). The genitalia closely resemble those of S. kochalkai; males have a relatively short, wide embolus with the ventrally directed hook on its prolateral edge (figs. 843–846) less abruptly narrowed; females have an arched anterior margin on the genitalic atrium (figs. 850–852) and a similarly arched posterior margin. Both sexes have a reticulate, rather than smooth, sternal surface (see above). Total length 2.10. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small, triangular. Sternum surface finely reticulate. Anterior ledge of paturon with small tubercle on inner margin. Endites with wide ventral process flattened distally, tip directed laterally. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-1, II p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Embolus relatively short, wide, with ventrally directed hook on prolateral edge. Total length 2.49. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2, r0-1-1; tibiae I, II v4-4-2; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Atrium ovoid; anterior genitalic process small, needlelike, base poorly sclerorized; apodemes distally convergent. Colombia: Cesar: Río Donachui, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Jan. 19, 1974, elev. 10,000 ft (J. Kochalka, AMNH PBI_OON 37101), 1♀. Magdalena: La Estación, Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 10°48′N, 73°39′W, July 15–17, 2000, Winkler, elev. 2200 m (J. Cantillo, IAVH 108114, PBI_OON 640), 1♀; San Lorenzo, Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 10°48′N, 73°39′W, July 15–17, 2000, Winkler, elev. 2200 m (J. Cantillo, IAVH 108122, PBI_OON 639), 1♂; San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, June 9, 1985, litter, elev. 2000 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 881), 2♂; Aug. 24, 1985, litter and moss, elev. 2200 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15800), 1♂; near San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Aug. 18–24, 1985, thorn forest with moist litter, elev. 2200 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15467, 15800), 1♂, 3♀; between San Pedro and San Javier, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Mar. 29, 1975, elev. 5,130 ft (J. Kochalka, AMNH PBI_OON 37098), 1♀; Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, June 4, 2001, pitfall, elev. 2480 m (P. Sanchez, ICN 4106, PBI_OON 678), 2♂, 2♀. Known only from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. Semidysderina marta, new species Female holotype taken in pitfall trap at an elevation of 5050 ft at Cerro Lagila, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia (Apr. 15–30, 1975; J. Kochalka), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 37107). Females have the atrium largely filled by the triangular base of the anterior genitalic process (figs. 858–860). Total length 1.91. Elevated portion of pars cephalica granulate. Chilum small, triangular. Sternum surface finely reticulate. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2, r0-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Both anterior and posterior margins of atrium rebordered; atrium triangular, containing wide triangular sclerotization; anterior genitalic process strongly sclerotized as base; apodemes oriented obliquely. Colombia: Magdalena: San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, June 20, 1985, litter and moss, elev. 2200 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 883), 2♀; near San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Aug. 22, 1985, bamboo forest with litter and sphagnum, elev. 2250 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 882), 3♀. Male holotype from moist litter taken at an elevation of 2000 m near San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia (June 9, 1985; H.-G. Müller), deposited in MHNG (PBI_OON 15692). The specific name is a patronym in honor of Hans-George Müller, collector of all the known specimens of this species. Males can easily be recognized by the long embolus (figs. 877–880), females by the relatively long genitalic atrium bordered by a W-shaped anterior margin (figs.884–886). Total length 2.05. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum small, triangular. Sternum surface finely reticulate. Anterior ledge of paturon with slight tubercle on inner margin. Endites with wide ventral process rounded distally, tip directed laterally. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2, r0-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2-1p. Embolus relatively long, with large basal and small distal projections. Total length 2.43. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-1; II p0-0-2, r0-1-0; tibiae I, II v4-4-2; metatarsi: I v2-2-2, II v2-2-1p. Atrium relatively long, anterior margin W-shaped, projecting over atrial plate. Colombia: Magdalena: San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, June 20, 1985, litter and moss, elev. 2200 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15603), 8♂, 6♀; near San Lorenzo, northern Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, June 9, 1985, litter, elev. 2000 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15693), 1♂, Aug. 18–25, 1985, wet litter and moss, elev. 2200 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15576), 2♂, 2♀, Aug. 22–24, 1985, bamboo forest with litter, elev. 2250 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15425, 15605, 15687), 6♂, 6♀, Aug. 24, 1985, thorn forest with moist litter, elev. 2200 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 884), 2♂, Aug. 25, 1985, moss, elev. 1900 m (H.-G. Müller, MHNG PBI_OON 15705), 2♂. Known only from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. Semidysderina sturmi, new species Male holotype and female allotype from montane forest litter taken at an elevation of 1600 m at Resinas, 1°55′N, 75°42′W, Huila, Colombia (June 8, 1956; H. Sturm), deposited in MCZ (PBI_OON 37005). Males have a small palpal bulb with a short, simple embolus (figs.14;864–867); females have only a slight, slitlike genital atrium, and a short, separate postepigastric scutum (figs. 871–873). Total length 1.26. Elevated portion of pars cephalica appears reticulate. Chilum small, wide, triangular. Sternum surface finely reticulate. Anterior ledge of paturon with slight tubercle at outer margin. Endites with ventral process relatively short, wide. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-0, II v4-2-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Embolus long, narrow, distal two-thirds directed obliquely; cymbium completely fused with bulb, no seam visible. Total length 1.47. Postepigastric scutum only around epigastric furrow. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p, II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p, II v2-2-0. Atrium reduced to short, wide slit, both anterior and posterior margins rebordered; anterior genitalic process widened anteriorly; apodemes long, parallel. This study is part of the oonopid PBI project supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant DEB-0613754) and organizations in several other countries. The assistance of the many participants in that project is immensely appreciated. As always, we thank the many curators of collections that have supplied specimens: Léon Baert (KBIN), Janet Beccaloni (BMNH), Jonathan Coddington (USNM), Mariajosé Deza (MELM), Eduardo Florez (ICN), Charles Griswold and Darrell Ubick (CAS), Clifford Keil and Mauricio Vega (QCAZ), Claudia Medina (IAVH), Martín Ramírez and Cristian Grismado (MACN), Peter Schwendinger (MNHG, via Yvonne Kranz-Baltensperger), Petra Sierwald (FMNH), and Diana Silva (MUSM). We also thank Matthias Burger for translations of Keyserling's descriptions, Steve Thurston for composing the plates, and Alexandre Bonaldo and an anonymous reviewer for their suggestions on a draft of the manuscript. asymmetrica, 26 apurimac, 29 baehrae, 66 bagua, 51 boyaca, 94 carpish, 39 carrizal, 94 centro, 69 chinacota, 98 chingaza, 91 consuelo, 20 convencion, 31 donachui, 113 dracula, 77 excavata, 20 fatima, 51 fusiscuta, 71 globosa, 91 hermani, 61 huila, 87 imir, 83 kochalkai, 113 lagila, 102 lefty, 73 leticia, 83 loreto, 55 lostayos, 61 macho, 31 maldonado, 26 malkini, 23 marta, 116 monstrosa, 96 montana, 43 mulleri, 117 newtoni, 39 pecki, 78 pinzoni, 83 pira, 87 pithecia, 55 piura, 47 puyo, 61 righty, 67 rothae, 43 sauce, 47 schizo, 35 silvae, 23 sturmi, 120 sucumbios, 82 tabaconas, 43 tambo, 47 tambopata, 31 thayerae, 39 vaupes, 87 vlad, 75 watrousi, 9 wygodzinskyi, 35 yanayacu, 64 yasua, 51 yasuni, 77 zamora, 57INTRODUCTION
Figs. 1–8.
Figs. 9–16.
COLLECTIONS EXAMINED
Diagnosis
Description
Figs 17–24.
Figs. 25–32.
Figs. 33–40.
Figs. 41–48.
Figs. 49–56.
Figs. 57–64.
Distribution
Key to Species from Peru
Figs. 73–84.
Figs. 85–97.
Figs. 98–105.
Figs. 106–118.
Figs. 119–131.
Figs. 132–139.
Figs. 140–151.
Figs. 152–157.
Figs. 158–173.
Figs. 174–186.
Figs. 187–195.
Figs. 196–207.
Figs. 208–213.
Figs. 214–223.
Figs. 224–232.
Figs. 233–244.
Figs. 245–253.
Figs. 254–267.
Figs. 268–281.
Figs. 282–290.
Figs. 291–304.
Figs. 305–318.
Figs. 319–327.
Figs. 328–340.
Figs. 341–348.
Figs. 349–356.
Figs. 357–369.
Figs. 370–377.
Figs. 378–385.
Figs. 386–398.
Figs. 399–406.
Types
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 10091, figs. 1–Figs. 9–16.Figs 17–24.Figs. 25–32.36, 73–78)
Female (PBI_OON 10091, figs. 37–72, 79–84)
Other Material Examined
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 10093, figs. 85–91)
Female (PBI_OON 10093, figs. 92–97)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 40807, figs. 98–105)
Other Material Examined
Type
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 544, figs. 106–112)
Female (PBI_OON 10879, figs. 113–118)
Other Material Examined
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 37876, figs. 119–125)
Female (PBI_OON 37876, figs. 126–131)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 10077, figs. 132–139)
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 534, figs. 140–151)
Female (PBI_OON 537, figs. 152–157)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 540, figs. 158–165)
Female (PBI_OON 113, figs. 166–173)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 541, figs. 174–181)
Female (PBI_OON 542, figs. 182–186)
Other Material Examined
Type
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 543, figs. 187–195)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 10584, figs. 196–207)
Female (PBI_OON 10584, figs. 208–213)
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 107, figs. 214–223)
Types
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 104, figs. 224–232)
Female (PBI_OON 104, figs. 233–238)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 545, figs. 245–253)
Female (PBI_OON 545, figs. 239–244)
Types
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 10705, figs. 254–261)
Female (PBI_OON 10705, figs. 262–267)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 547, figs. 268–275)
Female (PBI_OON 547, figs. 276–281)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 2592, figs. 282–290)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 576, figs. 291–298)
Female (PBI_OON 576, figs. 299–304)
Other Material Examined
Distribution
Note
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 14918, figs. 305–312)
Female (PBI_OON 14918, figs. 313–318)
Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 14920, figs. 319–327)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 14819, figs. 328–334)
Female (PBI_OON 14819, figs. 335–340)
Male (PBI_OON 644, figs. 341–348)
Type
Diagnosis
Female (PBI_OON 101, figs. 349–356)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 1856, figs. 357–363)
Female (PBI_OON 1856, figs. 364–369)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 10081, figs. 370–377)
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 736, figs. 399–406)
Female (PBI_OON 549, figs. 378–385)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 40809, figs. 386–392)
Female (PBI_OON 548, figs. 393–398)
Other Material Examined
Distribution
Key to Species from Ecuador
Figs. 407–419.
Figs. 420–427.
Figs. 428–441.
Figs. 442–449.
Figs. 450–463.
Figs. 464–477.
Figs. 478–489.
Figs. 490–495.
Figs. 496–508.
Figs. 509–521.
Figs. 522–528.
Figs. 529–537.
Figs. 538–543.
Figs. 544–557.
Figs. 558–565.
Figs. 566–579.
Figs. 580–592.
Figs. 593–600.
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 10789, figs. 407–413)
Female (PBI_OON 10789, figs. 414–419)
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 577, figs. 420–427)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 16669, figs. 428–435)
Female (PBI_OON 16669, figs. 436–441)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Female (PBI_OON 662, figs. 442–449)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 579, figs. 450–457)
Female (PBI_OON 579, figs. 458–463)
Other Material Examined
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 585, figs. 464–471)
Female (PBI_OON 585, figs. 472–477)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 586, figs. 478–489)
Female (PBI_OON 586, figs. 490–495)
Other Material Examined
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 10785, figs. 496–502)
Female (PBI_OON 10785, figs. 503–508)
Other Material Examined
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 596, figs. 509–521)
Female (PBI_OON 596, figs. 522–528)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 600, figs. 529–537)
Female (PBI_OON 30605, figs. 538–543)
Other Material Examined
Type
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 30589, figs. 544–551)
Female (PBI_OON 30589, figs. 552–557)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Female (PBI_OON 606, figs. 558–565)
Other Material Examined
Type
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 608, figs. 566–572)
Female (PBI_OON 609, figs. 573–579)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 37838, figs. 580–586)
Female (PBI_OON 10210, figs. 587–592)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Female (PBI_OON 10752, figs. 593–600)
Distribution
Key to Species from Colombia
Figs. 601–608.
Figs. 609–621.
Figs. 622–634.
Figs. 635–642.
Figs. 643–655.
Figs. 656–663.
Figs. 664–671.
Figs. 672–684.
Figs. 685–696.
Figs. 697–708.
Figs. 709–720.
Figs. 721–732.
Figs. 733–741.
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 610, figs. 601–608)
Other Material Examined
Types
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 612, figs. 609–615)
Female (PBI_OON 612, figs. 616–621)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 37064, figs. 622–628)
Female (PBI_OON 37064, figs. 629–634)
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 2737, figs. 635–642)
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 613, figs. 643–649)
Female (PBI_OON 613, figs. 650–655)
Type
Diagnosis
Female (PBI_OON 37014, figs. 656–663)
Type
Male (PBI_OON 614, figs. 664–671)
Other Material Examined
Distribution
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 621, figs. 672–678)
Female (PBI_OON 621, figs. 679–684)
Material Examined
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 625, figs. 685–696)
Female (PBI_OON 625, figs. 697–702)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 627, figs. 709–720)
Other Material Examined
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 636, figs. 721–732)
Female (PBI_OON 636, figs. 703–708)
Other Material Examined
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 38076, figs. 733–741)
Diagnosis
Description
Figs. 742–749.
Figs. 750–757.
Figs 758–765.
Figs. 766–773.
Figs. 774–781.
Figs. 782–789.
Figs. 790–797.
Figs. 798–805.
Distribution
Key to Species
Figs. 814–826.
Figs. 827–839.
Figs. 840–852.
Figs. 853–860.
Figs. 861–873.
Figs. 874–886.
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 37104, figs. 742–777, 814–820)
Female (PBI_OON 37099, figs. 778–813, 821–826)
Other Material Examined
Distribution
Types
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 37100, figs. 827–833)
Female (PBI_OON 37100, figs. 834–839)
Other Material Examined
Distribution
Type
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 37102, figs. 840–846)
Female (PBI_OON 678, figs. 847–852)
Other Material Examined
Distribution
Type
Diagnosis
Female (PBI_OON 37107, figs. 853–860)
Other Material Examined
Type
Etymology
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 15692, figs. 874–880)
Female (PBI_OON 15603, figs. 881–886)
Other Material Examined
Distribution
Types
Diagnosis
Male (PBI_OON 37005, figs. 861–867)
Female (PBI_OON 37005, figs. 868–873)
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
Appendices
INDEX OF SPECIFIC NAMES
M. Dumitrescu and
M. Georgescu
. 1987. Quelques représentants de la famille Oonopidae (Araneae) du Venezuela. In
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1883. Neue Spinnen aus Amerika. IV. Verhandlunger der Zoologisch-Botanisch Gesellschaft in Wien 32:195–226. Google Scholar
H. W. Levi
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A. Petrunkevitch
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