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Zigurat

Mantad Wikipedia
For other uses, see Zigurat (disambiguation).
Anu ziggurat om White Temple id Uruk. Struktur piramid di pointopot, "Anu Zigurat", kitadawauwulan montok Sumerian montok lobi kuang 4000 Sobolum Masihi, om winonsoi o White Temple id sawat dii lobi kuang 4000 Sobolum Masihi.[1]

Zigurat (/ˈzɪɡʊˌræt/; Cuneiform: 𒅆𒂍𒉪, Akkadian: ziqqurratum,[2] D-stem of zaqārum 'montok popokito, montok popoingkawas',[3] serumpun miampai do boros Semitik suai miagal do boros Hebrew zaqar (זָקַר) 'popokito'[4][5]) nopo nga' iso kawo struktur winonsoi di agayo id Mesapotamia kuno. Iti nopo nga' kibontuk do sebatian kitingkat do mogisusuhut id monikid tingkat toi ko' taang. Zigurat di okito kopio nopo nga' kohompit no Great Ziggurat of Ur id somok do Nasiriyah, Ziggurat of Aqar Quf somok do Baghdad, nohias no dinondo Etemenanki id Babylon, Chogha Zanbil id Khūzestān om Tepe Sialk. Otumbayaan o Sumerian do poingion o kinorohingan id sawat do kuil dii, mantad di, imam om soosongulun di bobos pantangon di suai no milo sumuang id kinoyonon dii. Tongotulun Sumeria diti nopo nga' manahak do tulun diti do tutungkap miagal do tuunion, asil pomutanaman om nogi tinunturu patung sambayangan montok mamagayat diolo mion id kuil dii.

Sajara

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Hogot zigurat nopo diti nga' naanu mantad ziqqurratum (kinawas, timpak), id Assyria kuno. Mantad zaqārum, montok maan poingkawaso. Ziggurat of Ur nopo nga' zigurat Neo-Sumerian winonsoi di Raja Ur-Nammu, montok patahakon kumaa di Nanna/Sîn sabaagi tanda do kapamantangan kiikiro do abad ko-21 BC maamaso do Dinasti Kotolu do Ur.[6]

Kotolinahasan

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Soboogian fasad winonsoi kawagu om winansayan do tukad montok sumalakoi id Zigurat of Ur, ii winonsoi kopio di Ur-Nammu, maamaso lobi kuang 2000 Sobolum Masihi
Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat (model). Lobi kuang 1300 Sobolum Masihi

Winonsoi do Sumerian laid Akkadian, Elamites, Ebla, and Babylon o Zigurat montok kotumbayaan sandad. Monikid zigurat nopo nga' soboogian mantad do kuil kompleks i kohompit do winonsoi suai. I minongimpuun do zigurat nopo nga' pinopoinsawat platform maamaso timpu mantad do Timpu Ubaid[7] maamaso do Millennium koonom Sobolum Masihi. Zigurat nopo nga' nokotimpuun sabaagi platform (koubasan nopo nga' alandui, apat pasagi toi ko' apat pasagi miagal). Zigurat nopo nga' Mastaba struktur miampai sawat di apatau. Bata di pinokoring momoguno tadau nopo nga' winonsoi sabaagi lugu do zigurat om pinotoguang o bata diti id soliwan. Monikid laang nopo nga' sorokookoro mantad do laang id siriba dii. Kotoguangon nopo diri nga koubasan no kigalas di mogisuusuai warana om haro astrologikal signifikan. Kadang-kadang, haro ngaran do raja diti pinosuat id bata kigalas diti. Numbur do simbau nopo nga' nulud mantad duo gisom turu.

Tumanud do puru arkeologi Harriet Crawford,

It is usually assumed that the ziggurats supported a shrine, though the only evidence for this comes from Herodotus, and physical evidence is non-existent ... The likelihood of such a shrine ever being found is remote. Erosion has usually reduced the surviving ziggurats to a fraction of their original height, but textual evidence may yet provide more facts about the purpose of these shrines. In the present state of our knowledge it seems reasonable to adopt as a working hypothesis the suggestion that the ziggurats developed out of the earlier temples on platforms and that small shrines stood on the highest stages ...[8]

Akses kumaa kuil nopo nga' kosiliu do iso siri tanjakan montok iso boogian do zigurat toi ko' tanjakan lingkaran mantad kotimpuunon gisom timpak. Zigurat Mesapotamian nopo nga' okon ko' kinoyonon montok sambayangan publik toi ko' karamayan. Otumbayaan yolo do iri nopo nga' kinoyonon montok kinorohingan, om monikid bandar nopo nga' haro kinorohingan poinsoosondii. Imam di noonuan no kasaga'an id zigurat toi ko' bilik id tapak, om kitonggungan yolo montok mantamong do kinorohingan dii om manahak toinsanan kominagan diolo. Imam nopo dii nga tulun Sumerian ii bobos kikuasa om masyarakat do Assyro-Babylonian.

Elamite Ziggurat of Dur Untash id Persian Choqa Zanbil in Khuzestan, Iran, lobi kuang 1300 Sobolum Masihi

Iso zigurat di atamangan kopio nopo nga' Chogha Zanbil id kabataan do Iran.[9] Sialk id zigurat, id Kashan, Iran, nopo nga' iso zigurat di bobos otuo, winonsoi di osopung alaf ko-3 BCE.[10][11] Reka bontuk zigurat nopo nga' winonsoi mantad do tapak otigas ii pinopoion do kuil, kumaa sinundu matematik om pamansayan ii papahangkum do piipiro simbau om id sawat nopo nga' kuil.

Poomitanan nopo zigurat di ouhan nga Kuil Topurak id Uruk, maamaso Sumer kuno. Zigurat di nopo nga impohon montok pinoingkakatan do Kuil Topurak. Kitudu iti montok popoinsomok do kuil diti kumaa syurga,[minog do kisukuon] om popotounda do akses mantad tana maya do tukad. Otumbayaan o tulun Mesapotamia do kuil piramid diti nopo nga popioput do tawan om pomogunan. I kopiipio nopo, zigurat id Babylon i kingaran do Etemenanki, kirati do "Walai impohon do tawan om pomogunan]] id suang do boros Sumeria.

Tadauwulan pinamansayan nopo nga au noilaan, miampai tadauwulan di pinosogu nopo nga abad kohopod om apat gisom kosiam Sobolum Masihi, miampai bukti teks di popokito kaharaan id milenium kumoduo.[12] Hali pia miagal di, au ogumu impohon do noolu mantad struktur tagayo diti, nga kinorubaan arkeologi om ponuatan sajara popoili do menara diti id apat taang mogikaakawo warana, id sawat dau nopo nga haro kuil di olumis kopio kokitanan. Kuil diti nogi nga noritan do naca'at no om pinakakal o warana Indigo, kopisudong miampai boogian sawat do taang. Noilaan nogi do kiwaa tolu tukad kumaa kuil, duo mantad dii (piniapit miampaping) roitan sabaagi do koinsawat sampapas no mantad kinawas zigurat.

Pokomoyon om kapansalan

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Bongunan Al Zaqura id Baghdad, winonsoi di toun 1970-an

Tumanud di Herodotus, id boogian sawat monikid zigurat nopo nga haro o kuil, sundung aiso iso pia mantad kuil i noolu.[7] Iso fungsi praktikal zigurat nopo nga kinoyonon takawas hinonggo tongoimam kaanu mogidu mantad waig di minkawas monikid toun, om momolondod do tana tosiriba om momoluyud kinoyonon soginayo ratusan kilometer, poomitanan, luyud 1967.[13] Iso kaagu fungsi praktikal zigurat nopo nga montok koumoligan. Gama do aanu o kuil diti akseson momoguno tolu tukad,[14] piipiro mongungumolig milo mogodu do tulun okon ko' imam mantad monuluku doo upacara id kuil id sawat do zigurat, miagal do ritual kotimpuunan miagal do misteri Eleusinian, mogonsok taakanon korban om montutud to tayam korban. Monikid zigurat nopo nga soboogian mantad kompleks kuil i kohompit no liwang, linimput poopian, linimput ponsuan om tionon, id posorili nopo nga haro ido bandar,[15] om kinoyonon do tulun montok sumambayang. Iti nogi nga iso struktur di osundu.

Pongaruh

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Bongunan P&O id Port of Dover.

Ponuatan alkitabiah kokomoi Menara Babel pinoungkait miampai Ulama nokoburu miampai goos do pamansayan saragaagayo do zigurat Mesopotamia,[16] om khusus montok zigurat Etemenanki id Babylon gama do Menara Babel Stele[17] popotolinahas ponondulian i winonsoi di Nebuchadnezzar II.

Tumanud piipiro surupu sajara reka bontuk piramid Mesir, lobi-lobi po reka bontuk mogisiisimbau piramid bobos totuo (Piramid Zoser id Saqqara, 2600 BCE), evolusi mantad zigurat i winonsoi id Mesapotamia kanto.[18] Karait o tulun suai do Piramid Zoser om Piramid Mesir di osopung kopio nopo nga naanu mantad pamalabangan di Mastaba, i kibontuk do tirikohonon.[19][20]

Bontuk zigurat nopo nga nakawaya koingkakaton id suang do inus winonsoi nokoburu om inus winonsoi Brutalis antakan di toun 1970-an. Bongunan Al Zaqura nopo nga bongunan karajaan i poinladsong id Baghdad. Borkhidmat iti sabaagi do upis kumaa luguan montiri id Iraq. Tua' pomusarahan kinapamansayan do Hotel Babylon id Baghdad nopo nga mantad zigurat. Bongunan Koisaan Chet Holifield ointutunan sabaagi do "zigurat" gama do bontuk dau. Iti nopo nga bongunan karajaan Amerika Syarikat id Laguna Niguel, California, winonsoi id pialatan do toun 1968 om 1971. Poomitanan potilombus kohompit no The Ziggurat id Kotonobon Sacramento, California, om Bongunan SIS id London.

Intangai nogi

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Sukuon

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Potikan

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  1. ↑ Crüsemann, Nicola; Ess, Margarete van; Hilgert, Markus; Salje, Beate; Potts, Timothy (2019). Uruk: First City of the Ancient World (id boros Inggilis). Getty Publications. p. 325. ISBN 978-1-60606-444-3.
  2. ↑ "Search Entry". www.assyrianlanguages.org. Linoyog ontok 2020-07-30.
  3. ↑ "Search Entry". www.assyrianlanguages.org. Linoyog ontok 2020-07-30.
  4. ↑ "מילון מורפיקס | זקר באנגלית | פירוש זקר בעברית". www.morfix.co.il. Linoyog ontok 2020-07-30.
  5. ↑ intangai nogi Akkadian zaqru 'popokito, akawas', kopiagal do Hebrew zaqur (זָקוּר) 'popokito, popoingkawas'
  6. ↑ "The Ziggurat of Ur". British Museum. Linoyog ontok 24 November 2017.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Crawford 1993, p. 73.
  8. ↑ Crawford 1993, p. 85.
  9. ↑ "Tchogha Zanbil". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Linoyog ontok July 15, 2017. It is the largest ziggurat outside of Mesopotamia and the best preserved of this type of stepped pyramidal monument.
  10. ↑ Matthews, R; Nashli, H. F., eds. (2013). The Neolithisation of Iran: the formation of new societies. Oxford: British Association for Near Eastern Archaeology and Oxbow Books. p. 272.
  11. ↑ Fazeli, H.; Beshkani A.; Markosian A.; Ilkani H.; Young R. L. (2010). "The Neolithic to Chalcolithic Transition in the Qazvin Plain, Iran: Chronology and Subsistence Strategies". Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran and Turan (41): 1–17.
  12. ↑ George, Andrew R. (2007). "The Tower of Babel: Archaeology, history, and cuneiform texts" (PDF). Archiv für Orientforschung. 2005/2006 (51): 75–95.
  13. ↑ Aramco World Magazine, Mac–April 1968, ms. 32–33
  14. ↑ Crawford 1993, p. 75.
  15. ↑ Oppenheim 1977, pp. 112, 326–328.
  16. ↑ Harris, Stephen L. (2002). Understanding the Bible. McGraw-Hill. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780767429160.
  17. ↑ "MS 2063 - The Schoyen Collection". www.schoyencollection.com (id boros Inggeris British). Linoyog ontok 2020-07-30.
  18. ↑ "The stepped design of the Pyramid of Zoser at Saqqara, the oldest known pyramid along the Nile, suggests that it was borrowed from the Mesopotamian ziggurat concept." in Held, Colbert C. (University of Nebraska) (2018). Middle East Patterns, Student Economy Edition: Places, People, and Politics (id boros Inggilis). Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-429-96199-1. Pinoopi mantad sanḏad ontok 15 April 2021. Linoyog ontok 17 March 2021.
  19. ↑ How the Great Pyramid Was Built By Craig B. Smith
  20. ↑ "The earliest pyramid was the step pyramid of Djoser (2668-2649 BCE) at Saqqara, and was an evolution of the traditional Mastaba tomb, a bench-shaped superstructure" in Booth, Charlotte (29 April 2020). How to Survive in Ancient Egypt (id boros Inggilis). Pen and Sword History. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-5267-5352-6.

Toud

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Pambasaan potilombus

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  • Black, J.A.; Green, A. "Ziggurat". In Bienkowski, P.; Millard, A. (eds.). Dictionary of the Ancient Near East. London: British Museum. pp. 327–328.
  • Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X.
  • Busink, T. (1970). "L´origine et évolution de la ziggurat babylonienne". Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux. 21: 91–141.
  • Chadwick, R. (November 1992). "Calendars, Ziggurats, and the Stars". The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies Bulletin. Toronto. 24: 7–24.
  • Killick, R.G. "Ziggurat". In Turner, J. (ed.). The Dictionary of Art. Vol. 33. New York & London: Macmillan. pp. 675–676.
  • Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-026574-0.
  • Lenzen, H.J. (1942). Die Entwicklung der Zikurrat von ihren Anfängen bis zur Zeit der III. Dynastie von Ur. Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Roaf, M. (1990). Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York. pp. 104–107.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Stone, E.C. (1997). "Ziggurat". In Meyers, E.M. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Vol. 5. New York & Oxford: Oxford. pp. 390–391.

Noputan labus

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