Papers by Evangelos Bebetsos
Acta psychologica, Aug 1, 2024
Physical activity and sports can be considered important sources of motivation for people with vi... more Physical activity and sports can be considered important sources of motivation for people with visual impairments; however limited attention has been given to blind peoples' involvement in sports and to the intra-personal variables such as self-esteem and motivation that affect their sport participation. The purpose of the present study was a) to explore the relationship between self-esteem and intrinsic motivation in blind athletes, and b) to assess the levels of self-esteem and intrinsic motivation and identify differences in intrinsic motivation and selfesteem as a function of gender and sport type (individual-team sports). Participants were 78 (27 females) Greek blind athletes (30.29 ± 1.18 years of age) competing in team (N = 44) and individual (N = 34) sports. Participants completed the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory questionnaire (IMI) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) questionnaire. The findings revealed that high values on self-esteem could predict blind athletes' perceived competence (p = .001) and strengthen their intrinsic motivation while enabling them to regulate pressure and tension (p < .05). However, female athletes appeared to be more pressured than males (p < .05), and interestingly, team sport athletes scored higher in intrinsic motivation than individual sports athletes (p < .05). The findings provide useful insights regarding the role of self-esteem in blind athletes' motivational profiles and draw attention to the role of perceived competence in blind athletes' sporting experiences, emphasizing that team sport context may serve as a fertile ground for enhancing intrinsic motivation.
Activities, adaptation & aging, Feb 12, 2024
Regular exercise participation which is a component of promoting health and healthy aging among o... more Regular exercise participation which is a component of promoting health and healthy aging among older adults necessitates the creation of environments that fulfill participants’ needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, thus, providing opportunities to promote authentic interest in the activities and meaningful social engagement. Appropriate tools to capture satisfaction of these needs may prove invaluable to gain an understanding of the effectiveness of exercise programs from participants’ perspective. The aim of the study was to examine psychometric aspects of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) scores based on responses of 675 older adult Greek exercise participants, men and women, aged 65 to 80 years, attending indoor group-based exercise programs. The data supported the factorial validity, internal reliability, nomological validity, and equivalent item interpretation of BPNES scores between groups differing in demographic characteristics. Older adults with exercise experience greater than three years reported higher exercise needs satisfaction for all three needs compared to those exercising less than three years. The favorable psychometric characteristics of the BPNES in this population make it a valuable tool for the assessment of the extent to which older adults’ needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are fulfilled in group-based exercise settings.
Acta Gymnica, Dec 18, 2023
Background: In Greek scientific literature, no other studies using emotional intelligence as a pe... more Background: In Greek scientific literature, no other studies using emotional intelligence as a personal trait were found. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the validity and reliability of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form in a Greek educational context. The internal consistency as well as the levels of emotional intelligence, along with the gender as a factor that differentiates emotional intelligence have also been examined. Methods: The sample of the study consisted of 306 (for exploratory factor analysis) and 415 (for confirmatory factor analysis) students who attended the 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th grades of high school. The selection of the sample was randomly performed. The scale consists of 30 questions and four factors. The statistical analysis of the data included descriptive statistics, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis using Cronbach's α and discriminant/ convergent validity, and t-test for independent samples. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the hypothesized model produced a significant χ 2 (1026.58), normed fit index (.96) and comparative fit index (.97). The root mean square error of approximation (.78) was also considered to assess the degree extent to which the model of fit of. Composite reliability (≥ .948) and average variance extracted (≥ .751) of all dimensions of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form demonstrated an acceptable reliability coefficient. Conclusions: From the analysis of the results, we came to the following conclusions. The Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form constitutes an instrument credible enough to measure the emotional intelligence of high school male and female students. Gender is a differentiation factor for Total emotional intelligence, Self-control, and Well-being factors.
Acta Psychologica, 2024
Physical activity and sports can be considered important sources of motivation for people with vi... more Physical activity and sports can be considered important sources of motivation for people with visual impairments; however limited attention has been given to blind peoples' involvement in sports and to the intra-personal variables such as self-esteem and motivation that affect their sport participation. The purpose of the present study was a) to explore the relationship between self-esteem and intrinsic motivation in blind athletes, and b) to assess the levels of self-esteem and intrinsic motivation and identify differences in intrinsic motivation and selfesteem as a function of gender and sport type (individual-team sports). Participants were 78 (27 females) Greek blind athletes (30.29 ± 1.18 years of age) competing in team (N = 44) and individual (N = 34) sports. Participants completed the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory questionnaire (IMI) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) questionnaire. The findings revealed that high values on self-esteem could predict blind athletes' perceived competence (p = .001) and strengthen their intrinsic motivation while enabling them to regulate pressure and tension (p < .05). However, female athletes appeared to be more pressured than males (p < .05), and interestingly, team sport athletes scored higher in intrinsic motivation than individual sports athletes (p < .05). The findings provide useful insights regarding the role of self-esteem in blind athletes' motivational profiles and draw attention to the role of perceived competence in blind athletes' sporting experiences, emphasizing that team sport context may serve as a fertile ground for enhancing intrinsic motivation.
Archives of Hellenic Medicine, 2024
OBJECTIVE Τo look at probable differences in psychological stress indicators among sports profess... more OBJECTIVE Τo look at probable differences in psychological stress indicators among sports professionals (national coaches) based on (a) sex, (b) living status, (c) years of experience, (d) sport kind, and (e) residential status. METHOD The "Perceived Stress Scale" questionnaire was used for the survey. The sample included 605 Greek national coaches, 398 males, 206 women, and one who did not specify their gender preference. RESULTS Only on the questionnaire's "Favorable Perceptions" did univariate analyses of variance indicate statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS The study found that stress is a key influence in determining a person's quality of life, especially among sport professionals.
Hellenic Journal of Nursing, 2024
Introduction: Happy people are distinguished by sociability and strong
social and emotional rela... more Introduction: Happy people are distinguished by sociability and strong
social and emotional relationships. Moreover, they are distinguished
by extroversion and are to a greater extent pleasant to their friends
compared to the less happy people. Some result of extroversion is that
happy people create more and more stable friends and do not refuse
to help those in need and to accept help from others. Happy people
have a stronger immune system, so they are to a greater extent healthy
and are longer-lived. Aim: The purpose of this research was: a) to cross
validate the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (short-form) in the Greek
secondary educational context and b) to investigation of gender as
factor for differentiating the subjective happiness of secondary school
students. Material & Method: The sample of the survey consisted
of 274 male (140) and female students (134) who attended the 7th
(105), 8th (89) and 9th (80) class of middle school. The Oxford Happiness
Questionnaire (Hills & Argyle, 2002) was used to collect the data. The
statistical analyses carried out were descriptive statistics, exploratory
and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation
analysis, test-retest reliability and One-Way ANOVA analysis. Results:
The statistical analysis of the data showed: a. the validity and stability of
the Greek version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, b. the gender
is a factor of differentiation with male students presenting a higher
mean of subjective happiness than female students. Conclusions: The
results confirmed the suitability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire
for the Greek school environment during physical education lesson.
ACTIVITIES, ADAPTATION & AGING, 2024
Regular exercise participation which is a component of promoting health and healthy aging among o... more Regular exercise participation which is a component of promoting health and healthy aging among older adults necessitates
the creation of environments that fulfill participants’ needs for
autonomy, competence, and relatedness, thus, providing
opportunities to promote authentic interest in the activities
and meaningful social engagement. Appropriate tools to capture satisfaction of these needs may prove invaluable to gain an
understanding of the effectiveness of exercise programs from
participants’ perspective. The aim of the study was to examine
psychometric aspects of the Basic Psychological Needs in
Exercise Scale (BPNES) scores based on responses of 675 older
adult Greek exercise participants, men and women, aged 65 to
80 years, attending indoor group-based exercise programs. The
data supported the factorial validity, internal reliability, nomological validity, and equivalent item interpretation of BPNES
scores between groups differing in demographic characteristics.
Older adults with exercise experience greater than three years
reported higher exercise needs satisfaction for all three needs
compared to those exercising less than three years. The favorable psychometric characteristics of the BPNES in this population make it a valuable tool for the assessment of the extent to
which older adults’ needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are fulfilled in group-based exercise settings.
Journal of sport behavior, 2010
PsycEXTRA Dataset, 2007
The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the relationships among Role Ambiguity, ... more The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the relationships among Role Ambiguity, Role Acceptance, Role Satisfaction and Team Cohesion. It was hypothesized that Role Ambiguity would predict both Role Acceptance and Role Satisfaction and Role Acceptance and Role Satisfaction would predict both Team Cohesion. Participants included 171 male basketball players from Iran basketball super league. Measures included the Role Perception Scale, a Role Acceptance and Role Satisfaction measure and Group Environment Questionnaire. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that Role Ambiguity regarding role evaluation was predictive of Role Satisfaction and Role Ambiguity regarding scope of responsibilities was predictive of Role Acceptance. Stepwise multiple regression also showed that Role Satisfaction to be the predictor of Role Ambiguity as well as the only predictor of Team Cohesion with regard to individual attractions to the group-task.
ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to investigate if anxiety, anger and aggression differentiate a... more ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to investigate if anxiety, anger and aggression differentiate a sample of elite water-polo players, in Greece. The sample consisted of 200 (100 men, 100 women) water-polo players, between the ages of 17-38 years of age. They completed the Greek versions of the CSAI-2 (Stavrou, Zervas, Kakkos, &amp; Psichountaki, 1998), and of the CAAS (Bebetsos, Christoforidis, &amp; Mantis, 2008), instruments. Analyses revealed differences between both sexes and age groups. Younger athletes had higher anxiety, and lower confidence scores, and also women indicated lower anger and aggressive scores. Overall, results shine some light on aspects that effect athletic performance of elite water-polo players in Greece.
Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance, Mar 28, 2023
Sport Mont
The concept of burnout, and indeed its increasing prevalence in recent years, has been a matter ο... more The concept of burnout, and indeed its increasing prevalence in recent years, has been a matter οf major concern among psycologists, sociologists and HR specialists. This research aims to explore the impact of physical activity on burnout syndrome experienced by emergency room nurses in public hospitals. The preliminary research sample consisted of 476 emergency room nurses working in the 3rd, 4th and 5th Health Regions of Greece. The participants’ age ranged from 22 to 60years (age 42.49±9.5 years). The participants completed questionnaires that assessed burnout and physical activity. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was utilised, which comprises 22 symptom items and measures three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment and depersonalisation. In addition, and for measuring physical activity, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, short version) (recall period one week) (Craig, et. al., 2003) was used. The said questionnaire consists of 7 questions ...
Proceeding book, 2019
Research in the field of competitive sports, argue that personality and behavior of coaches, play... more Research in the field of competitive sports, argue that personality and behavior of coaches, plays an important role in personal and athletic progress of athletes. According to the self-determination theory, people tend to deal with more interest and energy to activities chosen by them and remain in them when the need for autonomy, competence and interaction is satisfied. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the perceived coaching behaviour and the basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relations) in junior basketball athletes. The sample of the study consisted of 144 junior basketball athletes, from five clubs of Thrace, with an average age of 13 ± 1.98 years, and years in the same team 5 ± 1.21 years. To evaluate the perceived coaching behavior the Coaching Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ, Williams et al., 2003) adapted for the Greek population (Zourbanos, Hatzigeorgiadis, & Theodorakis, 2007) was used. It included 15 items in two factors: "supportive behavior" with 8 items and "negative behavior" with 7 items. In order to investigate the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, the Basic Psychological Needs in Sport Scale (Vlachopoulos & Michailidou, 2006) with 12 items was used, grouped into three factors, autonomy, competence and social relationships with 4 items respectively. The anonymous questionnaires were completed voluntarily by athletes at the court in the absence of coach at the middle of the 2018 season. The levels of internal consistency of the scales in both questionnaires were at acceptable levels (Cronbach's alpha of .88 to .92 and .87 to 91 respectively). The results of correlation analysis showed that the perceived supportive coaching behaviour had a statistically significant positive correlation with autonomy, competence and relationships, while the negative is not related to any factor scale of basic psychological needs. The results of this study, is in accordance of similar studies which showed that the supportive attitude of the coach directly related to autonomy, competence and relationships. In conclusion, one of the objectives of coaches should be the satisfaction of basic psychological needs of young athletes, important for motivating them and remaining on this sport, especially during the early stages of their sporting career.
Studies in physical Culture &Tourism, 2012
Physical Activity Review, 2019
Introduction: Achievement goals assumes that govern achievement beliefs guide subsequent decision... more Introduction: Achievement goals assumes that govern achievement beliefs guide subsequent decision making and behavior in achievement contexts. The purpose of the study was to analyze the goal perspectives (task and ego orientation) based on personal and disability-related characteristics. Material and methods: The participants in this study were 140 people with physical disabilities (n=107 men, and n=33 women. Their age ranged from 14 to 67 years (M=35.31, SD=10.67). The participants filled the Task and Ego Orientation in Sports Questionnaire (TEOSQ). In addition following factors were put into analysis: gender, age, family status, education, occupational status, disability [congenital versus acquired], type of disability [spinal cord injury, brain palsy, amputation, poliomyelitis, muscular dystrophy and other type], type of activity [sport activities-competitive versus recreational-and any activity], type of sport [team versus individual sports], type of experience [resistance, strength and skills], and type of games [Paralympic, European, National and Sectional]). Results: Results showed that people with physical disabilities who mainly take part in physical activities manifest a high disposition of task orientation (M=3.96, SD=0.67) and moderate ego orientation (M=2.61, SD=0.82) in physical activities settings. In addition, the results revealed that personal characteristics, type of activity, and athletic experience play a small role in the existence of individual differences in goal perspectives. Conclusions: The people with physical disabilities, mainly athletes, show a predisposition towards task orientation on achievement settings in physical activities, and the personal characteristics as exercise form (competitive, recreation, no exercise), and athletic experiences effect in the existence of individual differences in goal perspectives.
Proceeding book, Nov 1, 2019
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Pilates and Yoga programs on adult ... more The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Pilates and Yoga programs on adult women's well-being and to identify any possible differences between types of programs. The sample of the study consisted of 197 women, with a mean age 54 ± 6,89 years, who systematically participated in Pilates' (n=105) and Yoga (n=92) group programs in private gyms at the municipality of Thessaloniki. For the data collection, the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (McAuley & Courneya, 1994) was used which was modified for the Greek population by Mavrovouniotis et al., 2010. It includes 12 items, representing the three factors of psychological health-wellness: a) Positive Well-Being (4 questions e.g., "good or great"), b) Psychological Stress (e.g., "dejected"), and c) Fatigue (e.g., "attenuated / or tired"). Each item presents how participants are undergoing each feeling state, in a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1(not at all) to 7 (very much). Questionnaires were completed by the participants five minutes before and after the completion of each program. The 'Cronbach's α' internal cohesion indicator of the questionnaire was satisfactory. The values concerning all three factors, before participation varied from .78 to .89, while the values of the same factors after participation varied from .84 to .91 respectively. The Repeated Measures Anova analysis showed that there was a statistically important interaction between measurement (before-after) and the type of programs. From the analysis of the interaction for the Positive Well-being factor, a significant improvement was observed after the end of both programs with the highest being after participating in the Yoga program. Similarly, for the Psychological distress there was a statistically significant reduction in both programs, but a greater decrease was found after the Yoga program. Also, in the Fatigue there was an increase in fatigue after participating in the Pilates program while there was a decrease in the Yoga program. The results of the survey showed that Pilates and Yoga programs had high positive effects on the well-being and reduced the factors of psychological distress and fatigue, with the largest decrease occurring in Yoga team programs. In conclusion, both Yoga and Pilate's programs have a particular impact on reducing psychological stress and tension, promoting a sense of positive well-being and improving the psychological health and well-being of the participants.
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2020
"Cross Transfer" (CT) refers to the enhancement of performance of a non-trained limb after unilat... more "Cross Transfer" (CT) refers to the enhancement of performance of a non-trained limb after unilateral training of its opposite homologous limb. Another concept that sometimes is investigated when examining CT is "asymmetrical transfer" (AT), term that implies that the magnitude of transfer is not even for the two directions (i.e. from dominant to non-dominant limb and vice versa). While the existence of AT for strength or skills is already investigated, according to our knowledge previous research has not examined if laterality has an influence on the magnitude of CT of flexibility (CToF) in the lower limbs. The aim of the present study was to examine if a unilateral application of Foam Roller (FR) to the ankle plantar flexors of female exercisers would cause a CToF to their untrained limb and if leg dominance has an influence on the magnitude of CToF (i.e. if the CToF is greater from the dominant to the non-dominant limb or vice versa). According to the statistical analysis, the FR protocol used was effective in increasing the participants' ipsilateral and contralateral ankle range of motion (ROM) independently of limb dominance, indicating that when referring to CToF through FR the transfer will probably occur symmetrically. This finding adds to the literature new data about CToF of the lower limbs in relation to laterality. If these results could be expanded by future researches and could be established that unilaterally injured persons benefit from CToF independently of limb dominance, that would be a major contribution to the field of rehabilitation.
International Journal of Instruction, 2018
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an interdisciplinary program of Greek folk... more The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an interdisciplinary program of Greek folk dance music and sociology on 8th grade Middle school student satisfaction and anxiety level. To evaluate students' anxiety and satisfaction the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and Duda and Nicholls' Satisfaction questionnaire were used respectively. The reliability analysis showed that indicators of internal cohesion of subscales in both instruments were at satisfactory levels. The results showed that the experimental group enhanced significantly the levels of satisfaction, and selfconfidence and decreased significantly the levels of somatic and cognitive anxiety. The satisfaction of students was positively related to self-confidence and negatively related to cognitive anxiety. The improvement observed in the experimental group concerned both boys and girls. In conclusion, we can say that an interdisciplinary program of traditional Greek dance reduces the rates of somatic and cognitive anxiety while simultaneously increasing students' satisfaction and self-confidence.
Journal of Education and Training, 2019
In last decades researches have been undertaken on educational leadership and the linking of the ... more In last decades researches have been undertaken on educational leadership and the linking of the various leadership models with the improvement of school units. Leader's characteristics are an important factor in the leadership's interpretation. The aim of the present study was to look for possible differences in the behaviors of the educational leadership: (a) differentiated teaching on the kinesthetic type of intelligence and the cross-thematic content, (b) the personality trait, the openness in experience of male and female principals, and (c) assess the impact of personality traits, receptivity to experience, behaviors of educational leadership in diversified teaching with regard to the kinesthetic type of intelligence and the cross-thematic teaching content. The survey involved 194 principals from all regions of Greece. The quantitative analysis of the data confirmed the practice of teaching practices in differentiated teaching on the kinesthetic type of intelligence an...
Sport Mont, 2019
The study's aim was to cross-validate the "Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire" (BRSQ), ... more The study's aim was to cross-validate the "Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire" (BRSQ), of Lonsdale and his co-authors (2008) in a Greek dance context. The sample consisted of 390 dancers, 249 coming from folk dance groups and 141 from non-folkdance groups. The scale was translated into Greek using the back-translation procedure. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were checked by performing a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and an internal consistency analysis using Cronbach's alpha. Descriptive statistics were calculated to broadly examine the participation motives and Independent samples t-test calculated the differences in the participants' motives according to the kind of dance they chose to participate in. The Greek version of BRSQ showed stable psychometric properties. Intrinsic motivation is highly evaluated by both traditional and modern/classic dance participants, though the participants of different types of dances statistically different evaluate some of their intrinsic and extrinsic motives of participation.
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Papers by Evangelos Bebetsos
social and emotional relationships. Moreover, they are distinguished
by extroversion and are to a greater extent pleasant to their friends
compared to the less happy people. Some result of extroversion is that
happy people create more and more stable friends and do not refuse
to help those in need and to accept help from others. Happy people
have a stronger immune system, so they are to a greater extent healthy
and are longer-lived. Aim: The purpose of this research was: a) to cross
validate the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (short-form) in the Greek
secondary educational context and b) to investigation of gender as
factor for differentiating the subjective happiness of secondary school
students. Material & Method: The sample of the survey consisted
of 274 male (140) and female students (134) who attended the 7th
(105), 8th (89) and 9th (80) class of middle school. The Oxford Happiness
Questionnaire (Hills & Argyle, 2002) was used to collect the data. The
statistical analyses carried out were descriptive statistics, exploratory
and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation
analysis, test-retest reliability and One-Way ANOVA analysis. Results:
The statistical analysis of the data showed: a. the validity and stability of
the Greek version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, b. the gender
is a factor of differentiation with male students presenting a higher
mean of subjective happiness than female students. Conclusions: The
results confirmed the suitability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire
for the Greek school environment during physical education lesson.
the creation of environments that fulfill participants’ needs for
autonomy, competence, and relatedness, thus, providing
opportunities to promote authentic interest in the activities
and meaningful social engagement. Appropriate tools to capture satisfaction of these needs may prove invaluable to gain an
understanding of the effectiveness of exercise programs from
participants’ perspective. The aim of the study was to examine
psychometric aspects of the Basic Psychological Needs in
Exercise Scale (BPNES) scores based on responses of 675 older
adult Greek exercise participants, men and women, aged 65 to
80 years, attending indoor group-based exercise programs. The
data supported the factorial validity, internal reliability, nomological validity, and equivalent item interpretation of BPNES
scores between groups differing in demographic characteristics.
Older adults with exercise experience greater than three years
reported higher exercise needs satisfaction for all three needs
compared to those exercising less than three years. The favorable psychometric characteristics of the BPNES in this population make it a valuable tool for the assessment of the extent to
which older adults’ needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are fulfilled in group-based exercise settings.
social and emotional relationships. Moreover, they are distinguished
by extroversion and are to a greater extent pleasant to their friends
compared to the less happy people. Some result of extroversion is that
happy people create more and more stable friends and do not refuse
to help those in need and to accept help from others. Happy people
have a stronger immune system, so they are to a greater extent healthy
and are longer-lived. Aim: The purpose of this research was: a) to cross
validate the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (short-form) in the Greek
secondary educational context and b) to investigation of gender as
factor for differentiating the subjective happiness of secondary school
students. Material & Method: The sample of the survey consisted
of 274 male (140) and female students (134) who attended the 7th
(105), 8th (89) and 9th (80) class of middle school. The Oxford Happiness
Questionnaire (Hills & Argyle, 2002) was used to collect the data. The
statistical analyses carried out were descriptive statistics, exploratory
and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation
analysis, test-retest reliability and One-Way ANOVA analysis. Results:
The statistical analysis of the data showed: a. the validity and stability of
the Greek version of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, b. the gender
is a factor of differentiation with male students presenting a higher
mean of subjective happiness than female students. Conclusions: The
results confirmed the suitability of the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire
for the Greek school environment during physical education lesson.
the creation of environments that fulfill participants’ needs for
autonomy, competence, and relatedness, thus, providing
opportunities to promote authentic interest in the activities
and meaningful social engagement. Appropriate tools to capture satisfaction of these needs may prove invaluable to gain an
understanding of the effectiveness of exercise programs from
participants’ perspective. The aim of the study was to examine
psychometric aspects of the Basic Psychological Needs in
Exercise Scale (BPNES) scores based on responses of 675 older
adult Greek exercise participants, men and women, aged 65 to
80 years, attending indoor group-based exercise programs. The
data supported the factorial validity, internal reliability, nomological validity, and equivalent item interpretation of BPNES
scores between groups differing in demographic characteristics.
Older adults with exercise experience greater than three years
reported higher exercise needs satisfaction for all three needs
compared to those exercising less than three years. The favorable psychometric characteristics of the BPNES in this population make it a valuable tool for the assessment of the extent to
which older adults’ needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are fulfilled in group-based exercise settings.