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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
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{{Year nav|1769}}
{{C18 year in topic}}▼
[[File:Endeavour replica in Cooktown harbour.jpg|thumb|[[April 13]]: [[James Cook]] arrives in [[Tahiti]] on the [[HM Bark Endeavour|''Endeavour'']].]]
[[File:CugnotAppleton.jpg|thumb|[[October 23]]: [[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] demonstrates
▲{{C18 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1769}}
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=== January–March ===
* [[February 2]] – [[Pope Clement XIII]] dies, the night before preparing an order to dissolve the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]].<ref name=DeLucca>Denis De Lucca, ''Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture in the Baroque Age'' (BRILL, 2012) pp315-316</ref>
* [[February 17]] – The British House of Commons votes to not
* [[March 4]] – [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] [[Mozart in Italy|departs Italy]], after the last of his three tours there.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Gutman|first= Robert W.|title= Mozart: A Cultural Biography|publisher= Harcourt|location= San Diego|year=1999|page=309|isbn=0-15-601171-9}}</ref>
* [[March 16]] – [[Louis Antoine de Bougainville]] returns to [[Saint-Malo]], following a three-year [[circumnavigation]] of the world with the ships ''[[French frigate La Boudeuse (1766)|La Boudeuse]]'' and ''[[French fluyt Étoile (1767)|Étoile]]'', with the loss of only seven out of 330 men; among the members of the expedition is [[Jeanne Baré]], the first woman known to have circumnavigated the globe. She returns to France some time after Bougainville and his ships.
=== April–June ===
* [[April 13]] – [[James Cook]] arrives in [[Tahiti]], on the ship [[HM Bark Endeavour|HM Bark ''Endeavour'']], preparing for the [[1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti]] on [[June 3]]. After the voyage, the data is found to be inaccurate in determining the distance between the Sun and Earth.
* [[April 29]] – Scottish inventor [[James Watt]] is granted a [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[patent]] for "A method of lessening the consumption of steam in [[Watt steam engine|steam engine]]s" – the separate condenser,<ref>Patent 913; specification accepted January 5.</ref> a key improvement (first devised by Watt in 1765) and the basis for the [[Watt steam engine]] which stimulates the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref
* [[May 9]] – [[Kingdom of France|France]] [[French conquest of Corsica|conquers]] [[Corsican Republic|Corsica]].
* [[May 14]] – [[Charles III of Spain]] sends Spanish missionaries, who found [[Spanish missions in California|California missions]] in [[San Diego]], [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], [[San Francisco]] and [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], and begin the settlement of [[California]].
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* [[July 20]] – Recently appointed as the Governor of [[Spanish Louisiana]], Irish-born soldier of fortune [[Alejandro O'Reilly]] sails into the French fort of [[La Balize, Louisiana|La Balize]] with 21 Spanish ships, along with 2,056 soldiers, cannons and ammunition, and informs [[French Louisiana]] Governor [[Charles Philippe Aubry]] of his royal commission to take Louisiana on behalf of the King of Spain.<ref>Joan Garvey and Mary Lou Widmer, ''Beautiful Crescent: A History of New Orleans'' (Pelican Publishing, 2012) pp62-63</ref>
* [[August 3]] – The party of [[Gaspar de Portolà]] becomes the first [[White people|white]] group to set foot in the area now known as [[Santa Monica, California]].
* [[August 18]] – [[Brescia Explosion]]: The city of [[Brescia]], Italy is devastated when the Church of San Nazaro is struck by lightning. The resulting fire ignites 200,000 lb (90,000 kg) of [[gunpowder]] being stored there, causing a massive explosion, which destroys 1/6 of the city and kills 3,000 people.<ref>{{Cite
* [[September]] – Massive droughts in [[Bengal]] lead to the [[Bengal famine of 1770]], in which ten million people, a third of the population, will die, the worst natural disaster in human history (in terms of lives lost)
▲* [[August 18]] – [[Brescia Explosion]]: The city of [[Brescia]], Italy is devastated when the Church of San Nazaro is struck by lightning. The resulting fire ignites 200,000 lb (90,000 kg) of [[gunpowder]] being stored there, causing a massive explosion, which destroys 1/6 of the city and kills 3,000 people. The disaster prompts the [[Roman Catholic Church]] to abandon their religious objection to using [[lightning rod]]s to protect their property.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}
▲* [[September]] – Massive droughts in [[Bengal]] lead to the [[Bengal famine of 1770]], in which ten million people, a third of the population, will die, the worst natural disaster in human history (in terms of lives lost). The [[Maharajah of Mysore]] forces the British to agree to a treaty of mutual assistance in view of the famine, but the [[British East India Company]] increases its demands on the Bengali people to keep profits up.
* [[September 6]]–[[September 9|9]] – [[David Garrick]] holds a ''[[Shakespeare Jubilee]]'' festival at [[Stratford-upon-Avon]] in England.
* [[September 10]] – [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)]]: Russian forces take the Ottoman fortress of [[Chocim]] in [[Bukovina]].
=== October–December ===
* [[October 1]] – [[James Cook]] names [[Whakaari / White Island|
* [[October 7]] – James Cook lands in New Zealand, at [[Turanganui-a-kiwa|Poverty Bay]].
* [[October 9]] – In the first encounter between the [[Māori people]] and Europeans (at the future site of [[Gisborne, New Zealand]]), one Maori is shot and killed after he steals a sword from one of the officers of the Cook expedition. Several more Māori are killed in fighting the next day.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Martin|last1=Terry|first2=Susan|last2=Hall|title=Cook's Endeavour Journal: The Inside Story|publisher=National Library of Australia|location=Canberra|year=2008|page=90}}</ref>[[October 23]] – [[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] demonstrates a steam-powered artillery tractor (''see drawing'') in [[Kingdom of France|France]].
* [[November 1]] – A party of the expedition of Spanish explorer [[Gaspar de Portola]] becomes the first Europeans to reach [[San Francisco Bay]]. Sergeant Jose Francisco de Ortega and his group accidentally discover the area while searching for [[Drakes Bay]] in [[Alta California]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Spanish Penetrations to the North of New Spain|first=Oakah L.
▲[[File:CugnotAppleton.jpg|thumb|[[October 23]]: [[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]] demonstrates his steam-wagon.]]
▲* [[November 1]] – A party of the expedition of Spanish explorer [[Gaspar de Portola]] becomes the first Europeans to reach [[San Francisco Bay]]. Sergeant Jose Francisco de Ortega and his group accidentally discover the area while searching for [[Drakes Bay]] in [[Alta California]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Spanish Penetrations to the North of New Spain|first=Oakah L., Jr.|last=Jones|title=North American Exploration, Volume '''2''': A Continent Defined|editor=Allen, John Logan|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|year=1997|page=62}}</ref>
* [[November 12]] –The Gorkhali Army conquer the last standing Malla Kingdom of Bhaktapur marking the end of The Malla dynasty in Nepal.
* [[November 21]] – Ireland's House of Commons rejects a spending bill passed by Great Britain's parliament, by a
* [[December 13]] – [[Dartmouth College]] is established in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]], as [[John Wentworth (governor)|John Wentworth]], the Royal Governor, conveys a charter from [[King George III]] of Great Britain.
* [[December 22]] – The [[Sino-Burmese War (1765–69)]] is ended by a truce.
=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Authorized King James Version]] of the [[Bible]]
* First recorded use of 'literally' as a metaphorical intensifier.<ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/grammar/misuse-of-literally Merriam-Webster - Did We Change the Definition of 'Literally'?]</ref>
== Births ==
[[File:Pauline01.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg]]]]
[[File:
[[File:Napoleon - 2.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Napoleon]]]]
[[File:Stieler, Joseph Karl - Alexander von Humboldt - 1843.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Alexander von Humboldt]]]]
* [[January 1]]
** [[Marie Lachapelle]], French [[obstetrician]] (d. [[1821]])
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* [[March 2]] – [[DeWitt Clinton]], American politician and naturalist, 6th [[Governor of New York]] (d. [[1828]])
* [[March 4]] – [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]], Egyptian ruler (d. [[1849]])
* [[March 8]] – [[Samuel Richards (ironmaster)|Samuel Richards]], American ironmaster (d. [[1842]])
* [[March 10]] – [[Joseph Williamson (philanthropist)|Joseph Williamson]], English philanthropist, builder of the [[Williamson Tunnels]] (d. [[1840]])
* [[March 23]] – [[William Smith (geologist)|William Smith]], English geologist, cartographer (d. [[1839]])
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* [[April 13]] – [[Thomas Lawrence]], English painter (d. [[1830]])
* [[April 14]] – [[Barthélemy Catherine Joubert]], French general (d. [[1799]])
* [[April 25]] – [[Marc Isambard Brunel]], French-British engineer (d. [[1849]])
* [[May 1]] – [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], British general, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1852]])
* [[May 6]] – [[Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] (d. [[1824]])
* [[June 5]] – [[Marianne Kirchgessner]], German musician (d. [[1808]])
* [[June 18]] – [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh]], British statesman, diplomat, and soldier (
* [[
* [[August 15]] – [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]], French Emperor (d. [[1821]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Napoleon I {{!}} Biography, Achievements, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 23]] – [[Georges Cuvier]], French naturalist and zoologist; known as the ''Father of Paleontology'' (d. [[1832]])
* [[August 31]] – [[David Hosack]]
* [[September 14]]
** [[Alexander von Humboldt]], German explorer, scientist (d. [[1859]])
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* [[October 6]] – [[Isaac Brock]], British general, administrator (d. [[1812]])
* [[December 13]] – [[James Scarlett Abinger]], English judge (d. [[1844]])
* [[December 23]] – [[Martin Archer Shee]], Irish painter (d. [[1850]])
* [[December 26]] – [[Ernst Moritz Arndt]], German writer, poet (d. [[1860]])
* ''date unknown''
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== Deaths ==
[[File:Anton Raphael Mengs
[[File:Constantine Maurocordato.JPG|thumb|right|110px|Prince [[Constantine Mavrocordatos]]]]
[[File:JosefFriedrErnstHohenzSig.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Joseph Friedrich Ernst, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]]]]
* [[January 5]] – [[Charles Sackville, 2nd Duke of Dorset]], English cricketer (b. [[1711]])
* [[February 2]] – [[Pope Clement XIII]] (b. [[1693]])
* [[March 6]] – [[Andrew Lauder (burgess)|Andrew Lauder]], Burgess of the Royal Burgh of Lauder (1 August 1737) (b. [[1702]])
* [[March 28]] – [[Johann Friedrich Endersch]], German cartographer (b. [[1705]])
* [[April 5]] – [[Marc-Antoine Laugier]], French Jesuit priest, architectural theorist (b. [[1713]])
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==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Blair's Chronological Tables |author1=John Blair |author-link=John Blair (priest) |author2=J. Willoughby Rosse|location= London |publisher=[[Henry George Bohn|H.G. Bohn]] |year=1856 |via=Hathi Trust |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=684 |chapter=1769 |hdl=2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=684 }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1769}}
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