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{{Short description|2008 asteroid-type meteoroid}}
{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}<!-- Vast majority (~60:1) of articles using Infobox planet are DMY format. Shouldn't this be, too? -->
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|2008 TC|3}}}}
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| orbit_ref = <ref name=jpldata>{{cite web |type=last observation: October 7, 2008; [[Observation arc|arc]]: 1 day |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 TC3) |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2008TC3;cad=1 |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref>
| epoch = October 7, 2008 ([[Julian day|JD]]&nbsp;2454746.5)
| observation_arc = 1 day (575 observations)
| semimajor = {{convert|1.308201|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| eccentricity = 0.312065
| perihelion = {{convert|0.899957|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| time_periastron = 2008-Nov-20
| aphelion = {{convert|1.71644|AU|Gm|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| inclination = 2.54220°
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| jupiter_moid = {{convert|3.57975|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
}}
 
'''{{mp|2008 TC|3}}''' ([[Catalina Sky Survey]] temporary designation '''8TA9D69''') was an {{convert|80|t|ton|sigfig=1|adj=on}}, {{convert|4.1|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us|adj=on}} diameter [[asteroid]]<ref name=" Jenniskens2009">
{{Cite journal
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|doi=10.1038/nature07920
|pmid=19325630
|s2cid=7976525
|display-authors=etal}}</ref> that entered [[Earth's atmosphere]] on October 7, 2008.<ref name="discovermagazine">
{{cite web
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|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/
|publisher=[[Bad Astronomy]]
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007190747/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/
|archivedatearchive-date=October 7, 2008
|url-status=live
}}</ref> It exploded at an estimated {{convert|37|km|sigfig=2|sp=us}} above the [[Nubian Desert]] in [[Sudan]]. Some 600 [[meteorite]]s, weighing a total of {{convert|10.5|kg|sigfig=3}}, were recovered; many of these belonged to a rare type known as [[ureilite]]s, which contain, among other minerals, [[nanodiamond]]s.<ref name="Jenniskens2009"/><ref name="nytimes">
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|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/science/space/26asteroid.html?ref=us
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|accessdateaccess-date=March 26, 2009
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113234704/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/science/space/26asteroid.html?ref=us |archivedatearchive-date=November 13, 2013
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name=AP>{{cite news|last=Borenstein |first=S. |date=March 26, 2009 |title=Astronomers catch a shooting star for 1st time |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Space/WireStory?id=7175837&page=2 |publisherwork=[[ABC news]] |agency=[[The Associated Press]] |accessdateaccess-date=September 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329084214/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Space/WireStory?id=7175837&page=2 |archivedatearchive-date=March 29, 2009 }}</ref>
 
It was the first time that an [[Asteroid impact prediction|asteroid impact had been predicted]] before its entry into the atmosphere as a [[meteor]].<ref name="Roylance2008">
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|url=http://weblogs.marylandweather.com/2008/10/predicted_meteor_may_have_been.html
|publisher=Maryland Weather
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045620/http://weblogs.marylandweather.com/2008/10/predicted_meteor_may_have_been.html
|archivedatearchive-date=October 10, 2008
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
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|url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/mpec/K08/K08T50.html
|publisher=[[Minor Planet Center]]
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009221534/http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/mpec/K08/K08T50.html
|archivedatearchive-date=October 9, 2008
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
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|title=Small Asteroid Enters Earth's Atmosphere
|publisher=eFluxMedia
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010095304/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_Small_Asteroid_Enters_Earths_Atmosphere_26024.html
|archivedatearchive-date=October 10, 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="jplneo">
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|work=[[Near Earth Object Program]]
|publisher=[[NASA]]
|accessdateaccess-date=June 18, 2009
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618045538/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/2008tc3.html
|archivedatearchive-date=June 18, 2009
|url-status=livedead
}}</ref>
 
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|title=NEODys Main Risk Page
|url=https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=NEODys {{mp|2008 TC|3}} page
|url=https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.0&n=2008TC3
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
}}</ref> as well as [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory's]] [[Sentry (monitoring system)|Sentry]] system. Spectral observations that were performed by astronomers at the 4.2-meter [[William Herschel Telescope]] at [[La Palma]], [[Canary Islands]] are consistent with either a [[C-type asteroid|C-type]] or [[M-type asteroid]].
 
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|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jOHHF4wcyteiUj5AlJP69dIMb0yA
|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011054910/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jOHHF4wcyteiUj5AlJP69dIMb0yA
|archivedatearchive-date=October 11, 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
 
''[[The Times]]'' reported that the meteor's "light was so intense that it lit up the sky like a full moon, and an airliner {{convert|1,400|km|mi|abbr=on}} away reported seeing the bright flash."<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Simon |first=P.
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|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article4902427.ece
|work=[[The Times]]
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A webcam captured the flash lighting up [[El-Gouna]] beach 725 kilometres north of the explosion (see [[:File:ELG webcam record of 2008 TC3 frame 0005.png|this webcam frame]]).<ref>
{{cite web
|last=Javaux |first=G.
|title=2008 TC3... Première détection d'un astéroïde avant son impact sur Terre... quelques heures plus tard
|url=http://pagesperso-orange.fr/pgj/2008_TC3.htm
|language=Frenchfr
|accessdateaccess-date=September 15, 2009
|quote=Une webcam de surveillance, située sur la plage de la Mer Rouge à El Gouna en Egypte, a enregistré indirectement le flash de l'explosion qui s'est produit à environ 725&nbsp;km plus au sud.
}}</ref> A low-resolution image of the explosion was captured by the weather satellite [[Meteosat 8]].<ref name="SpaceWeather.com">
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|url=http://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=08&month=10&year=2008
|publisher=SpaceWeather.com
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010193852/http://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=08&month=10&year=2008
|archivedatearchive-date=October 10, 2008
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The Meteosat images place the fireball at {{Coord|21.00|32.15|name=2008 TC<sub>3</sub> fireball}}.<ref name="Meteosat 8 HRV">
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|title=m8 HRV 200810070245
|url=http://www.eumetsat.int/groups/ops/documents/image/img_asteroid_impact_hrv.jpg
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017142511/http://www.eumetsat.int/groups/ops/documents/image/img_asteroid_impact_hrv.jpg
|archivedatearchive-date=October 17, 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Infrasound]] detector arrays in [[Kenya]] also detected a sound wave from the direction of the expected impact corresponding to energy of 1.1 to 2.1 kilotons of TNT.<ref name="NASA-160">
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|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news160.html
|publisher=[[Near Earth Object Program]]
|accessdateaccess-date=October 8, 2008
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010010227/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news160.html
|archivedatearchive-date=October 10, 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Asteroids of this size hit Earth about two or three times a year.<ref>
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|title=Small Asteroid Headed for Light Show Over Africa
|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=5968166
|publisherwork=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
|accessdateaccess-date=September 15, 2009
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
 
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|url=http://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?month=10&day=15&year=2008&view=view
|publisher=SpaceWeather.com
|accessdateaccess-date=October 18, 2008
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
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|url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usg282.txt
|publisher=[[University of Western Ontario]]
|accessdateaccess-date=October 18, 2008
}}</ref> U.S. satellites detected the impact at 02:45:40 UT, with the initial detection at {{Coord|20.9|N|31.4|E|name=2008 TC<sub>3</sub> initial detection}} at {{convert|65.4|km|mi nmi|lk=out|sp=us}} altitude and final explosion at {{Coord|20.8|N|32.2|E|name=2008 TC<sub>3</sub> final explosion}} at {{convert|37|km|mi nmi|sp=us}} altitude. These images have not been publicly released.
 
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== Recovered fragments ==
{{update section|date=November 2023|reason=In 2022, Bischoff et al. concluded that the meteorite's classification as a ureilite may not be correct.[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/maps.13821] Their findings and the impact they may have on the 2009 Jenniskens study need to be incorporated}}
[[File:323213main Petersmeteorites 946-710.jpg|thumb|225pxleft|{{mp|2008 TC|3}} fragment found on February 28, 2009, by [[Peter Jenniskens]], with help from students and staff of the [[University of Khartoum]]. [[Nubian Desert]], [[Sudan]].]]
 
A search of the impact zone that began on December 6, 2008, turned up {{convert|10.5|kg}} of rock in some 600 fragments. These [[meteorite]]s are collectively named '''Almahata Sitta''',<ref>
{{cite web
|date=August 12, 2013
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|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=48915
|work=[[Meteoritical Bulletin Database]]
|accessdateaccess-date=August 13, 2013
}}</ref> ({{Langx|ar|المحطة ستة}}), which means "Station Six"<ref>{{cite web
|last=Gebauer
|first=S.
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|url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/9417877
|publisher=[[Panoramio]]
|accessdateaccess-date=June 15, 2009
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://wwwweb.webcitationarchive.org/5hbspSSJd?url=web/20081230152832/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/9417877
|archive-date=December 30, 2008
|archivedate=June 17, 2009
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> in Arabic and is a train station between [[Wadi Halfa]] and [[Khartoum]], Sudan. This search was led by [[Peter Jenniskens]] from the [[SETI Institute]], [[California]] and Muawia Shaddad of the [[University of Khartoum]] in [[Sudan]] and carried out with the collaboration of students and staff of the University of Khartoum. The initial 15 meteorites were found in the first three days of the search. Numerous witnesses were interviewed, and the hunt was guided with a search grid and specific target area produced by [[NASA]]'s [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] in [[Pasadena, California]].<ref name="NASA2009">
{{cite web
|date=March 27, 2009
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|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/asteroid_treasure_hunt.html
|publisher=[[NASA]]
|accessdateaccess-date=April 5, 2009
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331094810/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/asteroid_treasure_hunt.html
|archivedatearchive-date=March 31, 2009
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
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|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16843-meteorite-hunters-strike-gold-in-sudan.html
|journal=[[New Scientist]]
|accessdateaccess-date=April 4, 2009
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://wwwweb.webcitationarchive.org/5hDZNqGfI?url=web/20090429200504/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16843-meteorite-hunters-strike-gold-in-sudan.html
|archivedatearchive-date=JuneApril 129, 2009
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
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}}</ref>
 
Samples of the Almahata Sitta meteorite were sent for analysis to a consortium of researchers led by Jenniskens, the Almahata Sitta consortium, including [[NASA Ames Research Center|NASA Ames]] in [[California]], the [[Johnson Space Center]] in [[Houston]], the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], and [[Fordham University]] in [[New York City]]. The first sample measured was an anomalous ultra-fine-grained porous [[Conglomerate (geology)|polymict]] [[ureilite]] [[achondrite]], with large [[Carbonaceous chondrite|carbonaceous grains]]. Reflectance spectra of the meteorite, combined with the astronomical observations, identified asteroid 2008 TC<sub>3</sub> as an [[F-type asteroid]] class. These fragileFragile anomalous dark carbon-rich [[ureilite]]s like in the Almahata Sitta meteorite are now firmly linked to the group of F-class asteroids.<ref name="Jenniskens2009" />{{clarify|date=November 2023|reason=What does "now" and "firmly" mean? Is this still true after Bischoff's 2022 paper?}} [[Amino acids]] have been found on the meteorite.<ref>
{{cite web
|date=December 16, 2010
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|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/asteroid-collision-meteoroid-amino-acids-life-101215.html
|publisher=[[Space.com]]
|accessdateaccess-date=August 13, 2013
}}</ref> The nanodiamonds found in the meteorite were shown to have grown slowly, implying that the source is another planet in the solar system.<ref>{{cite journal | lastlast1=Nabiei | firstfirst1=Farhang | last2=Badro | first2=James | last3=Dennenwaldt | first3=Teresa | last4=Oveisi | first4=Emad | last5=Cantoni | first5=Marco | last6=Hébert | first6=Cécile | last7=El Goresy | first7=Ahmed | last8=Barrat | first8=Jean-Alix | last9=Gillet | first9=Philippe | title=A large planetary body inferred from diamond inclusions in a ureilite meteorite | journal=Nature Communications | publisher=Springer Nature | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=1327 | date=April 17, 2018 | issn=2041-1723 | doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03808-6 | pmid=29666368 | pmc=5904174 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1327N|display-authors=1}}</ref> More recently, in December 2020, further studies on the fragments have been reported. These studies revealed an extremely rare form of hydrated crystals, in a fragment called AhS 202, known as [[amphibole]], suggesting to the researchers that 2008 TC3 early on likely belonged to a very large Ceres-class [[dwarf planet]].<ref name="SA-20201222">{{cite news |last=Dockrill |first=Peter |title=Meteorite Clues Point to a Huge, Unknown Object in The Early Solar System |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/a-huge-unknown-object-once-roamed-our-ancient-solar-system-scientists-say |date=22 December 2020 |work=SpaceAlert.com |access-date=22 December 2020 }}</ref>
 
[[Richard Kowalski]], who discovered the object, received a tiny fragment of Almahatta Sitta, a gift from friends and well-wishers on the Minor Planet Mailing List, which Kowalski founded in order to help connect professional and amateur astronomers.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Lakdawalla
{{cite web▼
|last=Lakdawalla |first=E.
|date=September 20, 2009
|title=A piece of an asteroid returns to the telescope that discovered it
|url=http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002104/
|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]]
|accessdateaccess-date=October 7, 2009
|archive-date=AprilMarch 304, 2012▼
}}</ref>▼
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304215230/http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002104/
|url-status=dead
▲ }}</ref>
 
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
Image:M8-HRV-200810070245.jpg|Meteosat 8 / EUMETSAT visual image of first light flare from 2008 TC<sub>3</sub> with lat/long reference
Image:M8-NCOL-200810070245.jpg|Meteosat 8 / EUMETSAT IR image of main fireball from 2008 TC<sub>3</sub>
Image:Img asteroid hrv ir108.jpg|Meteosat images combined, showing offset from first light flare to main IR flare
</gallery>
 
== See also ==
{{kml}}
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Asteroid impact prediction]]
* [[1972 Great Daylight Fireball]]
* [[2014 AA]]
* [[2018 LA]]
* [[2019 MO]]
* {{mpl|2022 EB|5}}
* {{mpl|2022 WJ|1}}
* {{mpl|2023 CX|1}}
* [[Impact event]]
* [[List of notable asteroids]]
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|publisher=[[Universe Today]]
|url=http://www.universetoday.com/2008/10/13/where-are-the-images-from-asteroid-2008-tc3/
|accessdateaccess-date=June 8, 2009
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://wwwweb.webcitationarchive.org/5hQnWJm4F?url=web/20090215155840/http://www.universetoday.com/2008/10/13/where-are-the-images-from-asteroid-2008-tc3/
|archivedatearchive-date=JuneFebruary 1015, 2009
|url-status=live
}}▼
* {{cite journal
|last1=Gayon-Markt |first1=J.▼
|last2=Delbo |first2=M.▼
|last3=Morbidelli |first3=A.▼
|last4=Marchi |first4=S.▼
▲ |date=April 30, 2012
|title=On the origin of the Almahata-Sitta meteorite and 2008 TC<sub>3</sub> asteroid▼
|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]▼
|volume=424 |issue=1 |pages=508–518▼
|arxiv=1206.3042▼
|bibcode=2012MNRAS.424..508G▼
|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21220.x▼
}}
* {{cite web
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|title=80-ton asteroid's impact recorded
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7964309.stm
|publisherwork=[[BBC News]]
|accessdateaccess-date=August 13, 2013
}}
* {{cite journal
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|pages=1–2
|publisher=Triton Fun Company
|accessdateaccess-date=August 13, 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222144723/http://img-srv.dtcbuilder.com/engine/builder/images/2/8/0/8/5/4/file/6.pdf
|archive-date=February 22, 2012
|url-status=dead
▲ }}
▲* {{cite webjournal
▲ |last1=Gayon-Markt |first1=J.
▲ |last2=Delbo |first2=M.
▲ |last3=Morbidelli |first3=A.
▲ |last4=Marchi |first4=S.
|date=April 30, 2012
▲ |title=On the origin of the Almahata-Sitta meteorite and 2008 TC<sub>3</sub> asteroid
▲ |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
▲ |volume=424 |issue=1 |pages=508–518
▲ |arxiv=1206.3042
▲ |bibcode=2012MNRAS.424..508G
▲ |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21220.x
|doi-access=free
|s2cid=119242802
}}
* {{cite web
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|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2008/1684.html
|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]]
|accessdateaccess-date=August 13, 2013
}}
* {{cite web
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|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news159.html
|publisher=[[Near Earth Object Program]]
|accessdateaccess-date=August 13, 2013
|url-status=dead
|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406122509/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news159.html
|archivedatearchive-date=April 6, 2013
}}
 
== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|2008 TC3|{{nobr|2008 TC<sub>3</sub>}}}}
{{GeoGroup}}
{{Externalimage
{{External media
|alignfloat = right
|width = 350px
|image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20081009110544/http://www.efluxmedia.com/content/news/news_26007.jpg An image of {{mp|2008 TC|3}}]
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|format=GIF
|url=http://pagesperso-orange.fr/pgj/ELG.gif
|accessdateaccess-date=June 8, 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314184526/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/pgj/ELG.gif
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hQ21i9j3
|archivedatearchive-date=JuneMarch 1014, 20092011
|url-status=live
}}<!-- previously sited at now-dead http://home.pages.at/thie/asteroid_2008_tc3/ -->
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{{Modern impact events}}
<!--use upon numbering: {{Minor planets navigator | |number=? |PageName={{mp|(?) 2008 TC|3}} | }} -->
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:2008 TC3}}
[[Category:Apollo asteroids|#]]
[[Category:Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)]]▼
[[Category:Discoveries by Richard Kowalski]]▼
[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]▼
[[Category:Fast rotating minor planets|#]]▼
[[Category:2008 in Sudan|20081006]]
[[Category:October 2008 events]]▼
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2008|20081006]]
▲[[Category:Discoveries by Richard Kowalski]]
▲[[Category:Fast rotating minor planets|#]]
▲[[Category:Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)]]
[[Category:Predicted impact events]]
▲[[Category:October 2008 events in Africa]]
▲[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_TC3"