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{{Short description|2008 asteroid-type meteoroid}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}<!-- Vast majority (~60:1) of articles using Infobox planet are DMY format. Shouldn't this be, too? -->
{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|2008 TC|3}}}}
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| orbit_ref = <ref name=jpldata>{{cite web |type=last observation: October 7, 2008; [[Observation arc|arc]]: 1 day |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2008 TC3) |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2008TC3;cad=1 |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory|access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref>
| epoch = October 7, 2008 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2454746.5)
| observation_arc = 1 day (575 observations)
| semimajor = {{convert|1.308201|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| eccentricity = 0.312065
| perihelion = {{convert|0.899957|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
| time_periastron = 2008-Nov-20
| aphelion = {{convert|1.71644|AU|Gm|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| inclination = 2.54220°
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| jupiter_moid = {{convert|3.57975|AU|Gm|abbr=on}}
}}
'''{{mp|2008 TC|3}}''' ([[Catalina Sky Survey]] temporary designation '''8TA9D69''') was an {{convert|80|t|ton|sigfig=1|adj=on}}, {{convert|4.1|m|ft|sigfig=2|sp=us|adj=on}} diameter [[asteroid]]<ref name=" Jenniskens2009">
{{Cite journal
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|doi=10.1038/nature07920
|pmid=19325630
|s2cid=7976525
|display-authors=etal}}</ref> that entered [[Earth's atmosphere]] on October 7, 2008.<ref name="discovermagazine">
{{cite web
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|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2008/10/06/incoming-2/
|publisher=[[Bad Astronomy]]
|
|
|
|url-status=live
}}</ref> It exploded at an estimated {{convert|37|km|sigfig=2|sp=us}} above the [[Nubian Desert]] in [[Sudan]]. Some 600 [[meteorite]]s, weighing a total of {{convert|10.5|kg|sigfig=3}}, were recovered; many of these belonged to a rare type known as [[ureilite]]s, which contain, among other minerals, [[nanodiamond]]s.<ref name="Jenniskens2009"/><ref name="nytimes">
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|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/science/space/26asteroid.html?ref=us
|work=[[The New York Times]]
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|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name=AP>{{cite news|last=Borenstein |first=S. |date=March 26, 2009 |title=Astronomers catch a shooting star for 1st time |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Space/WireStory?id=7175837&page=2 |
It was the first time that an [[Asteroid impact prediction|asteroid impact had been predicted]] before its entry into the atmosphere as a [[meteor]].<ref name="Roylance2008">
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|url=http://weblogs.marylandweather.com/2008/10/predicted_meteor_may_have_been.html
|publisher=Maryland Weather
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|url-status=live
}}</ref>
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|url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/mpec/K08/K08T50.html
|publisher=[[Minor Planet Center]]
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|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
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|title=Small Asteroid Enters Earth's Atmosphere
|publisher=eFluxMedia
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|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="jplneo">
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|work=[[Near Earth Object Program]]
|publisher=[[NASA]]
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|url-status=
}}</ref>
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|title=NEODys Main Risk Page
|url=https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/
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}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=NEODys {{mp|2008 TC|3}} page
|url=https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.0&n=2008TC3
|
}}</ref> as well as [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory's]] [[Sentry (monitoring system)|Sentry]] system. Spectral observations that were performed by astronomers at the 4.2-meter [[William Herschel Telescope]] at [[La Palma]], [[Canary Islands]] are consistent with either a [[C-type asteroid|C-type]] or [[M-type asteroid]].
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|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jOHHF4wcyteiUj5AlJP69dIMb0yA
|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]
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|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
''[[The Times]]'' reported that the meteor's "light was so intense that it lit up the sky like a full moon, and an airliner {{convert|1,400|km|mi|abbr=on}} away reported seeing the bright flash."<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Simon |first=P.
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|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article4902427.ece
|work=[[The Times]]
|
}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A webcam captured the flash lighting up [[El-Gouna]] beach 725 kilometres north of the explosion (see [[:File:ELG webcam record of 2008 TC3 frame 0005.png|this webcam frame]]).<ref>
{{cite web
|last=Javaux |first=G.
|title=2008 TC3... Première détection d'un astéroïde avant son impact sur Terre... quelques heures plus tard
|url=http://pagesperso-orange.fr/pgj/2008_TC3.htm
|language=
|
|quote=Une webcam de surveillance, située sur la plage de la Mer Rouge à El Gouna en Egypte, a enregistré indirectement le flash de l'explosion qui s'est produit à environ 725 km plus au sud.
}}</ref> A low-resolution image of the explosion was captured by the weather satellite [[Meteosat 8]].<ref name="SpaceWeather.com">
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|url=http://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?view=1&day=08&month=10&year=2008
|publisher=SpaceWeather.com
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|
|
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The Meteosat images place the fireball at {{Coord|21.00|32.15|name=2008 TC<sub>3</sub> fireball}}.<ref name="Meteosat 8 HRV">
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|title=m8 HRV 200810070245
|url=http://www.eumetsat.int/groups/ops/documents/image/img_asteroid_impact_hrv.jpg
|
|
|
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Infrasound]] detector arrays in [[Kenya]] also detected a sound wave from the direction of the expected impact corresponding to energy of 1.1 to 2.1 kilotons of TNT.<ref name="NASA-160">
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|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news160.html
|publisher=[[Near Earth Object Program]]
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|
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|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Asteroids of this size hit Earth about two or three times a year.<ref>
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|title=Small Asteroid Headed for Light Show Over Africa
|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=5968166
|
|agency=[[The Associated Press]]
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}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
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|url=http://www.spaceweather.com/archive.php?month=10&day=15&year=2008&view=view
|publisher=SpaceWeather.com
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}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
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|url=http://meteor.uwo.ca/~pbrown/usaf/usg282.txt
|publisher=[[University of Western Ontario]]
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}}</ref> U.S. satellites detected the impact at 02:45:40 UT, with the initial detection at {{Coord|20.9|N|31.4|E|name=2008 TC<sub>3</sub> initial detection}} at {{convert|65.4|km|mi nmi|lk=out|sp=us}} altitude and final explosion at {{Coord|20.8|N|32.2|E|name=2008 TC<sub>3</sub> final explosion}} at {{convert|37|km|mi nmi|sp=us}} altitude. These images have not been publicly released.
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== Recovered fragments ==
{{update section|date=November 2023|reason=In 2022, Bischoff et al. concluded that the meteorite's classification as a ureilite may not be correct.[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/maps.13821] Their findings and the impact they may have on the 2009 Jenniskens study need to be incorporated}}
[[File:323213main Petersmeteorites 946-710.jpg|thumb|
A search of the impact zone that began on December 6, 2008, turned up {{convert|10.5|kg}} of rock in some 600 fragments. These [[meteorite]]s are collectively named '''Almahata Sitta'''
{{cite web
|date=August 12, 2013
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|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=48915
|work=[[Meteoritical Bulletin Database]]
|
}}</ref> ({{Langx|ar|المحطة ستة}}), which means "Station Six"<ref>{{cite web
|last=Gebauer
|first=S.
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|url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/9417877
|publisher=[[Panoramio]]
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|
|archive-date=December 30, 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
{{cite web
|date=March 27, 2009
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|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/asteroid_treasure_hunt.html
|publisher=[[NASA]]
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|
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|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
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|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16843-meteorite-hunters-strike-gold-in-sudan.html
|journal=[[New Scientist]]
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|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
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}}</ref>
Samples of the Almahata Sitta meteorite were sent for analysis to a consortium of researchers led by Jenniskens, the Almahata Sitta consortium, including [[NASA Ames Research Center|NASA Ames]] in [[California]], the [[Johnson Space Center]] in [[Houston]], the [[Carnegie Institution of Washington]], and [[Fordham University]] in [[New York City]]. The first sample measured was an anomalous ultra-fine-grained porous [[Conglomerate (geology)|polymict]] [[ureilite]] [[achondrite]], with large [[Carbonaceous chondrite|carbonaceous grains]]. Reflectance spectra of the meteorite, combined with the astronomical observations, identified
{{cite web
|date=December 16, 2010
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|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/asteroid-collision-meteoroid-amino-acids-life-101215.html
|publisher=[[Space.com]]
|
}}</ref> The nanodiamonds found in the meteorite were shown to have grown slowly, implying that the source is another planet in the solar system.<ref>{{cite journal |
[[Richard Kowalski]], who discovered the object, received a tiny fragment of Almahatta Sitta, a gift from friends and well-wishers on the Minor Planet Mailing List, which Kowalski founded in order to help connect professional and amateur astronomers.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Lakdawalla
{{cite web▼
|date=September 20, 2009
|title=A piece of an asteroid returns to the telescope that discovered it
|url=http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002104/
|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]]
|
}}</ref>▼
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304215230/http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002104/
|url-status=dead
▲ }}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
Image:M8-HRV-200810070245.jpg|Meteosat 8
Image:M8-NCOL-200810070245.jpg|Meteosat 8
Image:Img asteroid hrv ir108.jpg|Meteosat images combined, showing offset from first light flare to main IR flare
</gallery>
== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Asteroid impact prediction]]
* [[1972 Great Daylight Fireball]]
* [[2014 AA]]
* [[2018 LA]]
* [[2019 MO]]
* {{mpl|2022 EB|5}}
* {{mpl|2022 WJ|1}}
* {{mpl|2023 CX|1}}
* [[Impact event]]
* [[List of notable asteroids]]
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|publisher=[[Universe Today]]
|url=http://www.universetoday.com/2008/10/13/where-are-the-images-from-asteroid-2008-tc3/
|
|
|
|url-status=live
}}▼
|last1=Gayon-Markt |first1=J.▼
|last2=Delbo |first2=M.▼
|last3=Morbidelli |first3=A.▼
|last4=Marchi |first4=S.▼
▲ |date=April 30, 2012
|title=On the origin of the Almahata-Sitta meteorite and 2008 TC<sub>3</sub> asteroid▼
|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]▼
|volume=424 |issue=1 |pages=508–518▼
|arxiv=1206.3042▼
|bibcode=2012MNRAS.424..508G▼
|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21220.x▼
}}
* {{cite web
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|title=80-ton asteroid's impact recorded
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7964309.stm
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|
}}
* {{cite journal
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|pages=1–2
|publisher=Triton Fun Company
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|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222144723/http://img-srv.dtcbuilder.com/engine/builder/images/2/8/0/8/5/4/file/6.pdf
|archive-date=February 22, 2012
|url-status=dead
▲ }}
▲ |last1=Gayon-Markt |first1=J.
▲ |last2=Delbo |first2=M.
▲ |last3=Morbidelli |first3=A.
▲ |last4=Marchi |first4=S.
|date=April 30, 2012
▲ |title=On the origin of the Almahata-Sitta meteorite and 2008 TC<sub>3</sub> asteroid
▲ |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
▲ |volume=424 |issue=1 |pages=508–518
▲ |arxiv=1206.3042
▲ |bibcode=2012MNRAS.424..508G
▲ |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21220.x
|doi-access=free
|s2cid=119242802
}}
* {{cite web
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|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2008/1684.html
|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]]
|
}}
* {{cite web
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|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news159.html
|publisher=[[Near Earth Object Program]]
|
|url-status=dead
|
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}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category
{{GeoGroup}}
{{External media
|
|width = 350px
|image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20081009110544/http://www.efluxmedia.com/content/news/news_26007.jpg An image of {{mp|2008 TC|3}}]
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|format=GIF
|url=http://pagesperso-orange.fr/pgj/ELG.gif
|
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314184526/http://pagesperso-orange.fr/pgj/ELG.gif
|
|url-status=live
}}<!-- previously sited at now-dead http://home.pages.at/thie/asteroid_2008_tc3/ -->
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{{Modern impact events}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2008 TC3}}
[[Category:Apollo asteroids|#]]
[[Category:Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)]]▼
[[Category:Discoveries by Richard Kowalski]]▼
[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]▼
[[Category:Fast rotating minor planets|#]]▼
[[Category:2008 in Sudan|20081006]]
[[Category:October 2008 events]]▼
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2008|20081006]]
▲[[Category:Discoveries by Richard Kowalski]]
▲[[Category:Fast rotating minor planets|#]]
▲[[Category:Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)]]
[[Category:Predicted impact events]]
▲[[Category:October 2008 events in Africa]]
▲[[Category:Modern Earth impact events]]
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