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Crazy fish

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Butis butis, the crazy fish, duckbill sleeper, or upside-down sleeper, is a species of sleeper goby that are native to brackish and freshwater coastal habitats of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean from the African coast to the islands of Fiji. They prefer well-vegetated waters and can frequently be found in mangrove swamps. They are small, drably-colored fish, reaching a maximum length of only 15 cm (5.9 in).[2] They are predatory and are known for their behavior of swimming vertically – or even upside down – while hunting.

Crazy fish
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Perciformes
Family:
Eleotridae
Genus:
Butis
Species:
B. butis
Binomial name
Butis butis
(F. Hamilton, 1822)
Synonyms
  • Butis prismaticus (F. Hamilton, 1822)
  • Butis leucurus (F. Hamilton, 1822)
  • Cheilodipterus butis F. Hamilton, 1822
  • Eleotris butis (F. Hamilton, 1822)
  • Eleotris longicauda De Vis, 1910
  • Eleotris papa De Vis, 1910
  • Sparus chinensis Osbeck, 1765 (Nomen oblitum)

Description

Crazy fish range in length from 69 to 155 mm (2.7 to 6.1 in) in length.[3] The head is subcylindrical and flattened dorsoventrally, and slightly concave in the area between the tip of the snout to just behind the eyes. The mouth is very large, with a lower jaw extending past the upper jaw. Both contain multiple rows of tiny, bristle-like, sharp teeth. A pair of nostrils is present on each side of the snout (four in all) midway between the tip of the snout and the eyes. The front pair of nostrils is far smaller in size than the posterior pair. The relatively small eyes (about a sixth of the length of the head in diameter) are situated near the top of the head, but are oriented sidewise. They are gold and black in coloration. The body is strongly compressed laterally.[4][5][6][7]

The dorsal fins are situated approximately in the middle of the body. The first dorsal fin (with five to six rays) is arched and originates from the highest point of the back of the fish. It has thinner rays than the second dorsal fin (with seven to eight rays). The short triangular ventral fins (each with five rays) are located considerably farther forward than all the other fins. The anal fin (with seven to nine rays) is located approximately directly below the second dorsal fin, and are roughly the same size and shape as the latter. The pair of pectoral fins (each with eighteen to twenty rays) are large and rounded. They extend past the anus, sometimes reaching the anal fins. The broad and rounded caudal fin has about twenty closely compacted rays.[5][6][7]

The body is covered in scales except the mouth, chin, and the tip of the snout. Small accessory scales of varying sizes are also present at the base of the larger scales on the head and body, numbering at one to six for each larger scale.[6][7][8] The scales on the head, nape, and the sides of the body are ctenoid, while the scales on the belly are cycloid.[4]

Crazy fish are drably colored, with the body predominantly mottled dusky gray to olive green. Five or six irregular dark transverse bands are present, obscured somewhat in the front, but distinct in the rear half of the body. A black streak may extend from the snout, across the eye, and towards the gill covers. Dark spots radiate from around the eyes into the gill covers and snout. Each scale along the body has a pale spot that aligns with others, creating noticeable longitudinal rows. One or two red or pinkish spots are also present at the base of the pectoral fins. The fins can be colorless or possess rows of alternating black and light bars. In some individuals, the fins may exhibit broad, bright-red margins. The pectoral fins are invariably colorless.[4][6][7][8]

Taxonomy and nomenclature

Crazy fish are classified under the genus Butis in the subfamily Butinae of the family Eleotridae (sleeper gobies). They belong to the suborder Gobioidei of the order Perciformes.[9][10]

The crazy fish was first described by the Scottish naturalist Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in 1822 from a specimen recovered from the Ganges River near Calcutta, India. He originally classified it under the genus Cheilodipterus.[5] It was transferred to the genus Eleotris by the Danish naturalist Theodore Edward Cantor in 1850.[11] In 1856, the Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker moved it to its own genus, Butis.[10] Hamilton did not explain the origin of the specific name. Hamilton is believed to have derived the name from the Indian word butis, decorative circular designs on sari fabric, probably referring to the coloration of crazy fish.[12]

Other common names of crazy fish include upside-down sleeper, crimson-tipped gudgeon, duckbill sleeper, crocodile fish, flat-headed gudgeon, pointed-head gudgeon, and bony-snouted gudgeon in English;[13] eendbek-slaper in Afrikaans; kuli (কুলি) in Bengali; kuonotorkkuja in Finnish; butis à épaulette noire in French; Spitzkopfgrundel in German; pasel in Ibanag; nyereh, ploso, puntang, belosoh, belontok, ubi, and ubi muncung itik in Indonesian and Malaysian; bloso-watu in Javanese; jǐ táng lǐ (嵴塘鳢) in Mandarin; vaneya in Sinhalese; bukletkhaeng (บู่เกล็ดแข็ง) in Thai; and cá bống cấu, cá bống đầu dẹp, and cá bong trân in Vietnamese.[3][14]

Distribution and habitat

Crazy fish inhabit brackish and freshwater habitats near the coast, but they can sometimes be found upriver. They are demersal fish, usually found near the muddy bottoms of lagoons, estuaries, and mangrove forests with abundant vegetation.[3][15][16]

Crazy fish has a wide distribution range: west from East Africa to as far east as Fiji, north from the South China Sea and south to Australia and New Caledonia, including islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.[3]

Countries where it is found include Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, and Western Australia);[17] Brunei Darussalam; Cambodia, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong,[18] and Macau); Fiji;[19] India (including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands);[20][21] Indonesia;[16] Japan; Kenya;[22] Madagascar; Malaysia;[23] Mauritius (including Rodrigues Island); Mozambique; Myanmar; Papua New Guinea;[24] the Philippines;[6] Seychelles; Singapore;[10] Somalia; Sri Lanka;[25] Taiwan; Tanzania; Thailand;[26] and Vietnam.[3]

Ecology and behavior

Crazy fish are predatory, preying on crustaceans, small fishes, and worms.[3][27][28] They are territorial and are most active at twilight and at night.[29][30]

They are known for their behavior of aligning their bodies against the nearest surface, appearing horizontal, vertical, and even upside down.[30] They use this positioning to ambush prey.[6][31][32] They also have the ability to change colors to a limited extent to blend in with their environments.[29][32] During the monsoon seasons, the reddish margins of the fins can turn paler (to either orange or white), accompanied by the appearance of numerous reddish spots on the lower half of the body. The upper half of the caudal fin also turns white.[7]

Importance

Crazy fish are caught and sold for the aquarium trade.[29][32] They are also edible and are sometimes fished for human consumption.[7] They are reasonably abundant and are classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.[3]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Butis butis.

References

  1. ^ Larson, H. 2012. Butis butis. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org Archived June 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine>. Downloaded on 04 July 2013.
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Butis butis". FishBase. April 2013 version.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g N. Richman & B. Collen (2010). Butis butis. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Archived June 27, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Version 2011.2.
  4. ^ a b c E.J. Brill (1953). The Fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. E.J. Brill. pp. 306–307.
  5. ^ a b c Francis Hamilton (1822). An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Albert W. Herre (1927). "Gobies of the Philippines and the China Sea". The Philippine Bureau of Science Monographic Publications on Fishes. Smithsonian Institution: 48–51.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Francis Day (1865). The Fishes of Malabar. Bernard Quaritch. pp. 114–115.
  8. ^ a b Kelvin K.P. Lim; Jeffrey K.Y. Low. "Flathead gudgeon". A Guide to Common Marine Fishes of Singapore. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  9. ^ Harald Ahnelt; Josef Göschl (2004). "The pattern of the lateral-line system on the caudal fin of Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877 (Teleostei: Odontobutidae), with comments on the arrangement of the lateral-line system on the caudal fin of Gobioidei" (PDF). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 55 (16): 358–371.
  10. ^ a b c Helen K. Larson; Zeehan Jaafar; Kelvin K.P. Lim (2008). "An annotated checklist of the gobioid fishes of Singapore" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 56 (1). National University of Singapore: 135–155.
  11. ^ Theodore Edward Cantor (1850). "Catalogue of Malayan fishes". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 18 (2). J. Thomas, Baptist Mission Press: 983–1694.
  12. ^ Anthony C. Gill; Douglas F. Hoese (2011). "On the formation of family-group names and gender of genera based on the stem—butis (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2741. Magnolia Press: 66–68. ISSN 1175-5334.
  13. ^ ARKive. "Duckbill sleeper (Butis butis)". Wildscreen. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  14. ^ "Common names of Butis butis". FishBase. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  15. ^ Pascualita Sa-a; Tobias Musschoot (November 15, 2011). "Butis butis (Hamilton, 1822)". FishBase. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  16. ^ a b Wawan Kiswara; A.S. Genis; A. Arifin; L.H. Purnomo (1991). "A preliminary study of the species composition, abundance, and distribution of fishes in the seagrass beds of Banten Bay, West Java, Indonesia". In A. Sasekumar (ed.). Mangrove Fisheries and Connections (PDF). ASEAN-Australia Marine Science Project. p. 188.
  17. ^ J.B. Hutchins (2003). "Checklist of marine fishes of the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia". In F.E. Wells; D.I. Walker; D.S. Jones (eds.). The Marine Flora and Fauna of Dampier, Western Australia (PDF). Western Australian Museum. pp. 453–478.
  18. ^ I-Hsun Ni; Kai-Yin Kwok (1999). "Marine Fish Fauna in Hong Kong Waters" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 38 (2): 130–152.
  19. ^ Patrick Ryan (1981). "Records of Three New Freshwater Fish from the Fiji Islands" (PDF). Pacific Science. 35 (1): 93–95.
  20. ^ Vijay Palavai; Priya Davidar (2009). "A survey of freshwater fishes of Andaman Islands" (PDF). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 106 (1): 11–14. ISSN 0974-7907.
  21. ^ R. Rajaram; T. Nedumaran (2009). "Ichthyofaunal diversity in Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve, Bay of Bengal" (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa. 1 (3): 166–169. doi:10.11609/jott.o1985.166-9. ISSN 0974-7907.
  22. ^ Daniel O. Okeyo (1998). "Updating names, distribution and ecology of riverine fish of Kenya in the Athi-Galana-Sabaki River drainage system" (PDF). Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly (January–March): 44–53.
  23. ^ C.N. Maxwell (1921). Malayan Fishes. Methodist Publishing House. p. 98.
  24. ^ Tyson R. Roberts (1978). "An ichthyological survey of Fly River in Papua New Guinea with descriptions of new species" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (281). Smithsonian Institution Press: 65.
  25. ^ Wildlife Conservation society – Galle (2009). The Study of the Faunal Diversity In Matara District – Southern, Sri Lanka (PDF). Biodiversity, Education & Research Centre, Hiyare Reservoir. p. 19.
  26. ^ Tuantong Jutagate; Amonsak Sawusdee; Thanitha Thapanand Chaidee; Sutheera Thongkhoa; Piyapong Chotipuntu (2009). "Fish in the Pak Panang Bay and River in relation to the anti-salt dam operation, part I: assemblage patterns of the marine and brackish water fish" (PDF). Kasetsart Journal: Natural Science. 43. Kasetsart University: 120–131.
  27. ^ Ronald Baker; Marcus Sheaves (2005). "Redefining the piscivore assemblage of shallow estuarine nursery habitats" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 291. Inter-Research: 197–213. doi:10.3354/meps291197.
  28. ^ Marcus Sheaves (2001). "Are there really few piscivorous fishes in shallow estuarine habitats?" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 222. Inter-Research: 279–290. doi:10.3354/meps222279.
  29. ^ a b c "Butis butis – Crazy Fish". Seriously Fish. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  30. ^ a b Rüdiger Riehl; Hans A. Baensch (1993). Aquarium Atlas. Vol. 2. Rockport Publishers. p. 1063. ISBN 978-1-56465-114-3.
  31. ^ Adam Lundie. "Butis butis". FishProfiles.com. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  32. ^ a b c Aqualand Fact Sheets. "How to Care for Your New Crazy Fish". Aqualand Pets Plus. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
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