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{{Short description|Iron Age boat (750–390 BC)}}
{{More footnotes|date=November 2020}}
'''Hasholme logboat''' (750-390 BC) was located and excavated at [[Hasholme]], near [[Holme-on-Spalding-Moor]], in the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]], on the north bank of the [[river Foulness]] in the broad river channel. The boat was situated in mostly waterlogged clay (silty-clay, silt, and sand) deposits, which greatly helped the preservation of timbers. Besides the boat itself, the excavations did not produce any major associated artifacts, with the exception of a single pottery shard. For dating purposes two techniques, tree-ring dating and [[radiocarbon]] C14/ thermo-luminescence, were employed. Both methods gave rather comparable results some time between 750 – 390 B.C, which approximately correlates with later European [[Iron Age]]. Based on reconstruction of the landscape around the site, we know that it was dominated by mixed [[oak]], [[birch]], and [[alder]] woodland, some meadows and marshes, as well as many river tributaries and oxbow lakes.▼
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image=File:HullMuseum.JPG
| Ship caption=Hasholme Logboat
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header=
| Ship builder=
| Ship completed={{c.}} 750–390 BC
| Ship fate=
| Ship status= [[Museum ship]]
| Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header=
| Header caption=
| Ship type=Oak [[Dugout canoe|logboat]]
| Ship tonnage=
| Ship displacement=
| Ship length= {{cvt|12.87|m|ftin}} [[o/a]]
| Ship beam= {{cvt|1.4|m|ftin}}
| Ship height=
| Ship draught=
| Ship depth= {{cvt|1.25|m|ftin}}
| Ship crew=up to 20
| Ship capacity=up to {{cvt|9000|kg}} cargo
}}
|}
'''Hasholme logboat''' is an [[Iron Age]] boat (750–390 BC) discovered at Hasholme, an area of [[civil parish]] of [[Holme-on-Spalding-Moor]] in the [[East Riding of Yorkshire|East Riding]] of the [[England|English]] county of [[Yorkshire]]. It is now on display in the [[Hull and East Riding Museum]], in [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]].
▲
The hull of Hasholme Logboat was made of an [[oak]] (''Quercus'' sp.). After all the measurements of the hull were taken, it was estimated that the parent log (oak log the boat was made of) had to be approximately 14 m long with at least 5.4 m circumference. Thus the theoretical weight of this log must have been around 28.5 tons but because of the presence of the “heart root” (natural process of rotting of the interior of the log) these estimates are exaggerated. Based on the size of the oak and other dendro measurements, it was also suggested that this kind of tree was between 810 and 880 years old on felling. Oaks of such advanced age and size must have developed a rot known as “brittle heart,” which originates at the bottom and spreads upward. In the case of Hasholme, this rot spread almost to the very top of the trunk. This meant that even though the hollowing was much easier, the openings on both ends had to be closed and watertight. It was not an accident to select a tree with an extensive rot along its entire length and thus save tremendous amount of time.▼
==Size==
[[File:Hasholme boat 6 July 2018 2.jpg|thumb|right|Side view]]
The University of Hull described it in 2010 as the largest surviving logboat in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.hull.ac.uk/news-and-events/news-archive/2009-news-archive/july/pre-historic-vessel-provides-c.aspx |title=Pre-historic vessel provides clue to sea level change|date=29 July 2009|accessdate= 21 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001958/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/news-and-events/news-archive/2009-news-archive/july/pre-historic-vessel-provides-c.aspx|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref>
=="Parent log" of the boat's hull ==
▲
== Shape ==
The Hasholme boat is made of one whole log
== Bow ==
The bow section of the Hasholme logboat has
== Stern ==
In general, the stern is at the right angle to the rest
Fitted transoms are relatively common in pre-historic logboats since it is much easier to
== Beam-ties ==
Beam-ties are transverse timbers fitted athwartship near the stern and their function was to tie the two sides of the hull together. This becomes especially important for logboats without integral ends
== Thickness gauges ==
At seven points along the
== Holes near the sheer ==
There are eleven pairs of equally spaced holes (60
Possible functions of the holes:
* Expansion of the hull: unlikely with Hasholme because it was made of thick oak, which does not expand. The thickness of the sides would not allow expansion.
* Holes
* Cross-beams /
*
* Fastening holes for hides: Holes could be used as some sort of fastening points for hides to keep cargo or
== Washstrakes ==
Both sides of the front-upper hull consisted of
== Repairs ==
It
== Design and build ==
Based on ethnographic evidence, it is assumed that this kind of log could be cut by the use of some primitive stone or iron tools, but mostly by the use of controlled fire. After the log was cut, it was
A major requirement while working with such an enormous log must have been to
▲Based on ethnographic evidence, it is assumed that this kind of log could be cut by use of some primitive stone or iron tools, but mostly by use of controlled fire. After the log was cut, it was transported (rolled or moved on other wood rollers) to the construction site. At the site, work generally had to start from the bottom of the hull and followed by shaping hull sides.
▲A major requirement while working with such an enormous log must have been to minimize the number of times the log had to be turn over. The first stage, therefore, would be to flat the external bottom and slightly upturn the bow and stern, shape the hull sides, as well as to bore holes (thickness gauges) in bottom. However, in case of Hasholme boat, those gauges were installed right at the turn of the bilge. The log would, than, be rolled over and placed on some sort of timbers so the access to the bottom would be still possible. The next stage would be to work the upper section of the log to produce a sheerline and than work the inside until thickness gauges were reached. Because of the presence of an extensive rot, hollowing was probably done by tools rather than fire. The thickness of the sides would be acheved by eye or by sound, simply by tapping the log. For the bottom, however, the holes left after thickness gauges were later plugged by tightly fitted and dried oak tree-nails to ensure maximum watertightness upon wood expansion. The log would than be finished internally, with all the rabbets for fitting bow timbers, transom, and washstraks, and holes along the sheerline cut. As the final step, bow and stern timbers, which are not integrated with the rest of the hull, would be caulked with moss and the whole structure made watertight.
The overall time to build the Hasholme logboat would directly depend on the number of
▲It is interesting to notice that for many measurements natural units, such as thumb, palm, foot, were used. For example, the thickness gauges were approximately one thumb in diameter, and the holes near the sheer approximately two thumbs.
There is no
▲The overall time to build Hasholme logboat would directly depend on the number of men involved. Based on other ethnographic evidence it was estimated that the total time would roughly a month. Even though, building a log-boat is always a communal effort, the complexity of bow and stern sections suggest that master boatbuilder with specialized knowledge had to be designated.
== See also ==
▲There is no any evidence suggesting that this boat had ever been fitted with a mast or sail of some sort. In case of Hasholme logboat, major means of propulsion were either paddles or long poles, while steering was likely done by an oar. Judging from the size of the boat, there were probably nine pairs of paddlers, 18 men total, and two steersmen. Paddlers would most likely paddle from the standing position, while steersmen would stand on the stern platform. With this arrangement, the major function of the boat would be to display power and high status of the group to their neighbors. The other function of the boat could be to simply transport cargo, for instance iron ore, rocks, timber, grain, or meat, among others, with maximum load even up to 9000 kg (9 tons). In this case, different arrangements and combinations of paddlers to amount cargo would be possible.
*[[Hanson Log Boat]] – a comparable Bronze Age boat
*[[Poole Logboat]]
== References
{{Reflist}}
* Millet, M. and McGrail, S. 1987. ''"The Archaeology of the Hasholme Logboat."'' The Archaeological Journal 144:
{{Kingston upon Hull|state=collapsed}}{{Oldest surviving ships (pre-1919)}}
[[Category:
[[Category:Prehistory of the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Iron Age Britain]]
[[Category:Ships preserved in museums]]
[[Category:Archaeology of the East Riding of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Collection of the Hull and East Riding Museum]]
[[Category:1st-millennium BC works]]
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