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'''Ja Lama''' ({{lang-langx|mn|Жа Лама}}, also known as '''Dambiijantsan''', {{lang-langx|mn|Дамбийжанцан}} or ''Dambiijaa'', {{lang-langx|mn|Дамбийжаа}}; 1862–1922) was an adventurer and warlord of unknown birth and background who fought successive campaigns against the rule of the [[Qing dynasty]] in western Mongolia between 1890 and 1922. He claimed to be a Buddhist [[lama]], though it is not clear whether he actually was one, as well as a grandson and later the reincarnation of [[Amursana]], the [[Khoid]]-[[Oirats|Oirat]] prince who led the last great Mongol uprising against the [[Qing]] in 1757. He was one of the commanders of Mongolian forces that liberated [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]] city from Qing control in 1912.
== Early life and career ==
All Qing officials were expelled from Mongolia by the independent Mongolian government under the Bogd Khan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolian heroes of the twentieth century |issue=Issue 1 of Asian studies |first=Urgunge |last=Onon|editor-first=Urgunge|editor-last=Onon |others=Contributor Urgunge Onon |edition=illustrated |year=1976 |publisher=AMS Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts1wAAAAMAAJ&q=+manchu+khovd |page=82 |isbn=0404154026 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> The Amban of Uliastai chose to evacuate under Russian protection; however, the Amban of Khovd chose to stay and fight the Mongol rebels with his troops.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolia and the Mongols, Volumes 61-63 |series=Medievalia hungarica series Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia Uralic and Altaic Series, Uralic and Altaic Series |first=Alekseĭ Matveevich |last=Pozdneev |others=Contributor Indiana University |year=1971 |publisher=Indiana University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1QLAQAAMAAJ&q=When+the+Manchu+amban+in+Kobdo,+unlike+his+colleagues+in+the+east,+refused+to+leave+his+garrison,+there+was+a |page=xix |isbn=0877501572 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolia and the Mongols, Volume 1; Volume 61 |volume=61 of Uralic and Altaic Series, Indiana University, Bloomington. Research Center for Language and Semiotic Studies |first=Alekseĭ Matveevich |last=Pozdneev |others=Contributor Indiana University |year=1971 |publisher=Indiana University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kawvAAAAIAAJ&q=When+the+Manchu+amban+in+Kobdo,+unlike+his+colleagues+in+the+east,+refused+to+leave+his+garrison,+there+was+a |page=xix |isbn=0877501572 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf |title=False Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan |last1=Croner |first1=Don |date=2009 |website=dambijantsan.doncroner.com |location=Ulaan Baatar |publisher=Don Crone |page=2 |access-date=29 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903091310/http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Mongol envoy sent to deliver the message to Khovd was executed by the Amban, then the Mongols prepared to attack Khovd, with 2000 soldiers contributed by Ja Lama to the Mongol forces.<ref>{{cite book |title=Twentieth Century Mongolia, Volume 1 |author=Baabar|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Kaplonski |edition=illustrated |year=1999 |publisher=White Horse Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xEpxAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Hovd+amban,+who+had+strong+fortifications+and+well-+armed+troops,+not+only+refused+to+be+subdued,+but+executed+the+state+envoy.+...+On+their+way,+they+mobilized+three+thousand+soldiers+and,+upon+arriving+in+Hovd,+joined+forces+with+Ja+Lama+Dambijantsan+and+his+two+thousand+additional+troops. |page=139 |isbn=1874267405 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=History of Mongolia |author=Baabar, Bat-Ėrdėniĭn Baabar|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Kaplonski |edition=illustrated, reprint |year=1999 |publisher=Monsudar Pub. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXxxAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Hovd+amban,+who+had+strong+fortifications+and+well-+armed+troops,+not+only+refused+to+be+subdued,+but+executed+the+state+envoy.+...+On+their+way,+they+mobilized+three+thousand+soldiers+and,+upon+arriving+in+Hovd,+joined+forces+with+Ja+Lama+Dambijantsan+and+his+two+thousand+additional+troops. |page=139 |isbn=9992900385 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> In 1912 at Khovd, Ja Lama helped defeat the Manchus and ransack their fort.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf |title=False Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan |last1=Croner |first1=Don |date=2009 |website=dambijantsan.doncroner.com |location=Ulaan Baatar |publisher=Don Crone |page=11 |access-date=29 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903091310/http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama-Chapter1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama.1-5.pdf |title=Ja Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan |last1=Croner |first1=Don |date=2010 |website=dambijantsan.doncroner.com |location=Ulaan Baatar |publisher=Don Crone |page=11 |access-date=29 August 2014 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111221530/http://www.dambijantsan.doncroner.com/JaLama.1-5.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolian Music, Dance, & Oral Narrative: Performing Diverse Identities, Volume 1 |first=Carole |last=Pegg |edition=illustrated |year=2001 |publisher=University of Washington Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEGTwiCvd8C&pg=PA268 |pages=268–9 |isbn=0295980303 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19-25, 1987 |volume=3 of Aspects of Altaic civilization / ed. by Denis Sinor Volume 145 of Indiana University Uralic and Altaic series, Indiana University Bloomington|editor-first=Denis|editor-last=Sinor |others=Contributor Indiana University, Bloomington. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies |year=1990 |publisher=Psychology Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWbAbwxMZXEC&pg=PA5 |page=5 |isbn=0700703802 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>
Ja Lama let it be known everywhere that he was going to free the Mongols from the rule of ChinaQing dynasty. The Mongols noted that Ja Lama possessed a cap to which a golden [[Kalachakra|Kalacakran]] [[vajra]] was affixed, instead of a button as common among Mongols. He quickly mobilized his own force and joined the 5,000 Mongols from the [[Khovd Province]]. This combined force was led by Ja Lama, the Generals [[Khatanbaatar Magsarjav]] and [[Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren]], and the [[Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar]]. Together, the Mongol fighters liberated the town of [[Uliastai]], the town of [[Ulaangom]] in May, and [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]] in August, declaring their unity with the newly founded Mongolian state. Khovd was the final city under Manchu-Chinese (Qing) control to be seized by the Mongols.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mongolian heroes of the twentieth century |issue=Issue 1 of Asian studies |first=Urgunge |last=Onon|editor-first=Urgunge|editor-last=Onon |others=Contributor Urgunge Onon |edition=illustrated |year=1976 |publisher=AMS Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts1wAAAAMAAJ&q=+manchu+khovd |page=84 |isbn=0404154026 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>
The Manchu soldiers made an attempt to flee west and evacuate Khovd but they were massacred by the Mongols after being caught.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bawden |first1=Charles R. |title=A Contemporary Mongolian Account of the Period of Autonomy |journal=The Mongolia Society Bulletin |date=1970 |volume=9 |issue=1 [16] |pages=5–29 |jstor=43192934 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43192934 |issn=0026-9654}}</ref>
Ja Lama was extremely cruel to Kazakh prisoners as well. A [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] chief was skinned to make a religious implement by Ja Lama, who also cut the chief's heart was out of his chest. Another Kazakh was also skinned.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lattimore |first1=Owen |last2=Nachukdorji |first2=Sh |author-link= |date=1955 |title=Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28wUAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Ja+Lama+ordered+the+breast+of+a+Kazak+leader+to+be+cut+open+and+the+heart+torn+out%22&pg=PA61 |location= |publisher=Brill Archive |page=61 |chapter=THE PROBLEM OF PERSONALITY: SKETCHES OF TWO CAREERS|isbn=}}</ref> A [[White Army|White Guard]] soldier's heart was eaten by the Mongol Choijon Lama. Mongol banner bloods were sprinkled with blood from the hearts of Russian White Guards and some unlucky Chinese, according to A. V. Burdukov.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuzmin |first=Sergius L. |editor-last=Terentyev |editor-first=Andrey |others=Dmitry Bennett |author-link= |date=2011 |title=Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tG32DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22and+took+the+skin+off+a+kazakh%3B+Choijon+Lama%22&pg=PA125 |location= |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |page=125 |isbn=978-9380359472 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204133720/https://books.google.com/books?id=tG32DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22and+took+the+skin+off+a+kazakh%3B+Choijon+Lama%22&pg=PA125 |archive-date=2022-02-04 |access-date=2022-02-02 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1095166137770233856|title=Then some people became mad at him because he skinned two Kazakh chiefs. The cossacks deported him back to Russia. He was sent to a prison in Irkutsk, but it was too warm for him (he was not human so the cold felt too warm).|user=Nicholastrad|author=Ungerni Khooloi|date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Life_of_Ja_Lama |title=Life of Ja Lama |last= |first= |date= |website= Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> The Kazakh chief who was skinned alive was named Khaisan. His skin along with that of another man were found by [[Cossacks]] in his [[Yurt|ger]] in Muunjaviin Ulaan on 8 February 1914 under Captain Bulatov.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doncroner.net/labels/Dambijantsan.html |title=Russia - Astrakhan - Dambijantsan - Pestelya Street |last=Croner |first=Don |date=June 5, 2009 |website=Don Croner |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905043055/http://www.doncroner.net/labels/Dambijantsan.html |access-date= |archive-date=2012-09-05 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldwidewanders1.blogspot.com/2008/05/mongolia.html |title=Mongolia - Khovd Aimag - Ja Lama and the Siege of Khovd |last= Croner|first=Don |date= May 13, 2008 |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
Mongol Oirat Kalmyk leader Ja Lama skinned a Kazakh alive.<ref>{{cite book |author=Anglo-Mongolian Society |date=1983 |title= Journal of the Anglo-Mongolian Society, Volumes 8-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-oLjAAAAMAAJ&q=ja+lama+flayed+kazakh |quote=On one occasion , a man from Halh came to Ja Lama's camp claiming to be his brother , and demanding respect for this reason ... The Diluv Hutagt tells one story of how a Kazakh bandit was skinned alive by Dambiijantsan , and even gives ... |page=35 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kaplan|editor1-first=Edward H.|editor2-last=Whisenhunt|editor2-first=Donald W.|editor3-last=Schwarz|editor3-first=Henry G.| volume =19 of Studies on East Asia|date=1994 |title= Opuscula Altaica: Essays Presented in Honor of Henry Schwarz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A2VtAAAAMAAJ&q=ja+lama+flayed+kazakh |quote=... the chest of a Kazakh chieftain be cut open and his heart torn out , after which the skin was flayed from his body . ... Vladimirtsov met Ja Lama in Astrakhan in September 1917.62 On March 7, 1914 , the Russian diplomatic agent in ... |publisher= Western Washington|edition=illustrated|page= 159 |isbn=0914584197}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Kuzmin|first= Sergius L.|editor-last= Terentyev|editor-first= Andrey |date= 2011 |title=Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=tG32DwAAQBAJ&dq=ja+lama+kazakh+skin&pg=PA125|quote=and took the skin off a Kazakh; Choijon Lama ate the heart of a White Guard soldier; |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |page=125 |isbn=978-9380359472}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Australian National University. Institute of Advanced Studies|date=2000 |title=East Asian History, Nummers 19-20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH8wAQAAIAAJ&q=dambijatsan |quote=For the Volga Kalmyk lama Dambijangčan ( Dambijatsan ; d . 1922 ) and his Page ( 127 ) political role in the Autonomous Government period , see Bawden 1989 , pp . 192 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 251-4 . Cf. also Lattimore 1955 , pp.9 ... |publisher=Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University |page=81 }}</ref><ref>https://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article-content/19/EAH19_03.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/36314621 | title=Ja Lama with his Legends by Vello Vaartnou | last1=Väärtnöu | first1=Vello }}</ref><ref>https://www.ayurzana.mn/newsView/175</ref><ref>https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Q9u-X-XuIAgJ:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/229254299.pdf http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/21595/1/jaas001016.pdf</ref>
The Kalmyk Oirat Mongol Ja Lama Dambijatsan skinned the Kazakh Akynbek Tokyluly alive after fighting the Kerei Kazakhs in the Altai mountains. The Kazakhs claim the Kalmyk Oirats killed Kazakh children and fed them to dogs and birds and tried to kidnap Kazakh girls and force convert Kazakhs to Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism from Islam.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://abai.kz/post/43442|title= ТІРІДЕЙ СОЙЫЛҒАН ҚАЗАҚТЫҢ ҚАСІРЕТІ|last= |first= |date=April 18, 2016 |website= Абай-Ақпарат|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abai.kz/tt/post/43442 |title=تىرىدەي سويىلعان قازاقتىڭ قاسىرەتى |last= |first= |date=پىكىر 18 ءساۋىر, 2016 ساعات 10:31 |website=اباي-اقپارات |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> The skin is now in the National Museum in Prague, Czech republic after a Czech soldier, Vaclav Kopetsky of the Czechslovak legion obtained the flayed skin and his great grandson gave it to the museum.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://erjanibek.kz/qogamdyq-kory/631 |title= КЕСІК БАС. ТІРІ ТҰЛҰП. БҮГІНГІ ҰРПАҚ.|author=erjanibek |date=2014 ж. Ақпан 7 |website=Ер Жәнібек халықаралық қоғамдық қоры - www.erjanibek.kz |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>https://erjanibek.kz/qogamdyq-kory/631/119b4327ef323938210408ee43e703e0</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ok.ru/alashorda/topic/66338169154509 |title= Бесстрашный казахский батыр Акынбек Токылулы. (События происходили в... | Интересный контент в группе ALAŚ ORDA|last= |first= |date=5 Jan 2017 |website=ALAŚ ORDA |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://travelerscoffee.ru/nl/fertilizer/poveshenie-dvuh-sposoby-kazni-v-raznye-vremena-16-foto/|title=Twee hangen. Uitvoeringsmethoden op verschillende tijdstippen (16 foto's) |last= |first= |date= |website= travelerscoffee|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://travelerscoffee.ru/fertilizer/poveshenie-dvuh-sposoby-kazni-v-raznye-vremena-16-foto/|title= Повешение двух. Способы казни в разные времена (16 фото)|last= |first= |date= |website=travelerscoffee |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.travel.ru/news/2009/02/15/167005.html|title=Чешский музей включил в экспозицию человеческую кожу |last= |first= |date= 15 February 2009|website=travel.ru |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://madeniportal.kz/article/4949|title= Тірідей сойылған қазақтың қасіреті |last= |first= |date= |website=Мәдениет порталы |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://darkermagazine.ru/page/dzha-lama-monah-koldun-i-tiran |title=Джа-лама: монах, колдун и тиран |last= |first= |date=№5 май 2015 |website= Darker Magazine |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url= https://vesmir.cz/cz/casopis/archiv-casopisu/2003/cislo-2/kuze-stazena-z-ziveho-cloveka.html|title= Kůže stažená z živého člověka|last=Vlček |first=Emanuel |date=2. 2. 2003 |journal=Vesmír |volume=82|number=94|access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://peskiadmin.ru/en/sovetskie-soldaty-mucheniki-afganistana-sovetskie-soldaty.html|title=Soviet soldiers are the martyrs of Afghanistan. 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Video om värsta avrättningar i världen|last= |first= |date=2020-07-19 |website=vit-vladimir.ru |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://vit-vladimir.ru/bg/10-samyh-strashnyh-kaznei-drevnego-mira-samye-strashnye-pytki/ |title= 10 най-лоши екзекуции на древния свят Най-лошото мъчение за жените. Видео за най-лошите екзекуции в света|last= |first= |date=2020-07-19 |website=vit-vladimir.ru |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chistenkoeschool.ru/istoriya/istyazanie-dyrok-kakie-pytki-byli-specialno-pridumany-dlya-zhenshchin/ |title= Истязание дырок. Какие пытки были специально придуманы для женщин. Растворение в кислоте |last= |first= |date= |website=chistenkoeschool.ru |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
[[Oriental studies|Orientalist]] [[Owen Lattimore]] described as "a strange, romantic and sometimes savage figure" the Mongol Sandagdorjiyn Magsarjav (1877-1927). Magsarjav had served under anti-communist Russian General [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg]], known as "the Bloody Baron" for his brutal treatment of his enemies. In [[Uryankhay Krai|Uriankhai]], captured Kazakh bandits had their hearts cut out and were sacrificed by Magsarjav.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |author-link= |date=2019 |title=Mongolia: A Political History of the Land and its People |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYSzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Magsarjav+also+sacrificed+the+hearts+of+Kazakh+bandits+when+his+troops+were+operating+in+the%22&pg=PA55 |location= |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=55 |isbn=978-1788316958}}</ref> It was rumored that he tore out the hearts of prisoners with his left hand and placed them in [[Skull cup|skull bowls]], together with bits of the brain and entrails, as offerings to the Tibetan [[Wrathful deities|terror gods]]. He then allegedly hung the peeled skins of his Kazakh enemies on the walls of his yurt.
In February 1914, Ja Lama was arrested by Siberian [[Cossacks]] on the orders of Russian consular officials in Khovd.<ref>{{cite book |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski|edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA41 |page=41 |isbn=978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> The consulate had received numerous complaints from nobles in the Khovd region who disapproved of Ja Lama's autocratic behavior and despotic practices. Ja Lama was imprisoned in [[Tomsk]] for about a year and later moved to [[Irkutsk]]. In 1916, Ja Lama returned to his native Lower [[Volga]] region then reentered Mongolia in the summer of 1918. Ja Lama refused to recognize the authority of the [[Bogd Khan]] and the government immediately issued a warrant for his arrest. Ja Lama, however, managed to evade Mongolian authorities, and established himself in a retreat in the [[Gobi|Black Gobi]], on the border between Mongolia and the Chinese provinces of [[Xinjiang]] and [[Gansu]]. From there, he recruited followers and extorted or robbed passing caravans.<ref>{{cite book |title=Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debarcle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s |volume=4 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, V.4 |first=Alexandre |last=Andreyev|edition=illustrated |year=2003 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC&pg=PA139 |page=139 |isbn=9004129529 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich |first=Alexandre |last=Andreyev |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TI6fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |page=285 |isbn=978-9004270435 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja Lama gained a lucrative amount of gold and silver after looting a Tibetan caravan of fifty merchants.<ref>{{cite book |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |first=Andrei |last=Znamenski|edition=illustrated |year=2011 |publisher=Quest Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&pg=PA138 |page=138 |isbn=978-0835608916 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>
In the [[Zasagt Khan|Zasagt Khan aimag]] opium was cultivated by Chinese workers who were employed by Ja Lama in 1918.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Tea Road: China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe |first=Martha |last=Avery|year=2003 |publisher=五洲传播出版社 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BMftUQCm5_IC&pg=PA139 |page=139 |isbn=7508503805 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>
Ja-lama murdered all the members of a delegation sent by Baron [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg]] to [[Lhasa]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite book |title=Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debarcle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s |volume=4 of Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, V.4 |first=Alexandre |last=Andreyev|edition=illustrated |year=2003 |publisher=BRILL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC&pg=PA150 |page=150 |isbn=9004129529 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> Ja-lama was apparently found to be a disillusionment by Ungern who had been an admirer, only to allude to him by insults after actually entering Mongolia.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia |first=James |last=Palmer|edition=reprint |year=2011 |publisher=Basic Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_2oJYvNHAQC&pg=PA60 |page=60 |isbn=978-0465022076 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref>
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