Resolute or Resolute Bay ( Template:Lang-iu ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ literally “place with no dawn”[5]) is a small Inuit hamlet on Cornwallis Island in Nunavut, Canada. It is situated at the northern end of Resolute Bay and the Northwest Passage and is part of the Qikiqtaaluk Region.
Resolute
ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᖅ Qausuittuq | |
|---|---|
 Resolute in 1997. Visible on the left is a long residential building (brown) designed by British-Swedish architect Ralph Erskine | |
 Seal | |
| Country |  Canada |
| Territory |  Nunavut |
| Region | Qikiqtaaluk Region |
| Electoral district | Quttiktuq |
| Government | |
| • Type | Hamlet Council |
| • Mayor | Ludy Pudluk |
| • MLA | Ron Elliott |
| Area | |
• Total | 116.89 km2 (45.13 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 66 m (217 ft) |
| Population (2006)[3] | |
• Total | 229 |
| • Density | 2.0/km2 (5.1/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-6 (CST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-5 (CDT) |
| Canadian Postal code | |
| Area code | 867 |
Resolute is one of Canada's northernmost communities and is second only to Grise Fiord on Ellesmere Island (Alert and Eureka are more northerly but are not considered towns—just military outposts and weather stations). It is also one of the coldest inhabited places in the world, with an average yearly temperature of −16.4 °C (2.5 °F).[6] As of the 2006 census the population was 229, an increase of 6.5% from the 2001 census.[3] Like most northern communities the roads and most of the terrain are all gravel.
Settlement
The area shows evidence of being occupied sporadically by the Dorset culture (Tunit) and later the Thule people from as early as 1500 BCE until 1000 CE. However, modern Inuit did not occupy or use the area until the 1953 relocation.[7]
In 1947 Canada and the United States built a weather station, Resolute Weather Station, and an airstrip as part of the Joint Arctic Weather Stations, known today as the High Arctic Weather Stations.[8][7] This was followed in 1949 by a Royal Canadian Air Force base, RCAF Station Resolute Bay.[7] At that time the population was made up of military personnel and technical people, such as meteorologists, from the south. Today the base serves as a starting point for Arctic research and access to both the North Pole and the North Magnetic Pole.[7]
Named after HMS Resolute,[7] the present community of Resolute got its start in 1953 as part of the High Arctic relocation. Efforts to assert sovereignty in the High Arctic during the Cold War, i.e., the area's strategic geopolitical position, led the Government of Canada to forcibly relocate Inuit from northern Quebec to Resolute (and to Grise Fiord). The first group of people, which included one Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer, Ross Gibson, who was also to become the community's first teacher,[7] were relocated in 1953, along with a second group in 1955,[7] from Inukjuak, Quebec (then known as Port Harrison), and from Pond Inlet, Nunavut. They were promised homes and game to hunt, but the relocated people discovered no buildings and very little familiar wildlife.[9] They also had to endure weeks of 24-hour darkness during the winter, and 24-hour sunlight during the summer, something that does not occur in northern Quebec. They were told that they would be returned home after a year if they wished, but this offer was later withdrawn as it would have damaged Canada's claims to sovereignty in the area and the Inuit were forced to stay. Eventually, the Inuit learned the local beluga whale migration routes and were able to survive in the area, hunting over a range of 18,000 km2 (6,900 sq mi) each year.[10]
In 1993, the Canadian government held hearings to investigate the relocation program, and the following year the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples issued a report entitled The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953-55 Relocation.[11] The government paid $10 million CAD to the survivors and their families, and gave a formal apology in 2008.[12]
The community was originally built 5 km (3.1 mi) from the base but by the 1970s the number of research people arriving in Resolute was causing problems. Between 1974 and 1975 the community was moved to its present location, which allowed better municipal services, but was poorly sited for hunting purposes.[7]
Contrary to popular stereotypes, people in this remote community have a low unemployment rate. Most citizens are employed at least part of the year; however, with recent changes to American policy towards polar bear hunting, the local economy is at risk as many Inuit cater to American sport hunters seeking polar bear trophies.[10]
Future
On August 8, 2007, CBC News reported that Canadian Forces documents showed plans to build an army training centre in the community along with a $60 million deepwater port at Nanisivik 370 km to the southeast.[13]
On August 10, 2007, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced the construction of a pair of multimillion-dollar military facilities within the contested waters of Canada's Arctic territory. The facilities consist of a new army training centre at Resolute, Nunavut, and a deep-sea port at Nanisivik Naval Facility. A statement issued by the Prime Minister says, "The Training Centre will be a year-round multi-purpose facility supporting Arctic training and operations, accommodating up to 100 personnel. Training equipment and vehicles stationed at the site will also provide an increased capability and faster response time in support of regional military or civilian emergency operations." [14]
Facilities
Although not as busy as it once was, Resolute Bay Airport is still the core of the town, serving as an aviation hub for exploration in the region and connected by direct service to Iqaluit. The Tadjaat Co-op, part of the Arctic Cooperative, runs a grocery and retail store, a hotel, a restaurant, cable TV service, Internet, snowmobile rental, and an airport gift shop.
The town has four hotels - Narwhal Inn, Qausuittuq Inns North and South Camp Inn, and the Airport Hotel - which have fewer than 100 rooms each, and several lodges. Other facilities include a Royal Canadian Mounted Police Detachment, a school (which provides education from kindergarten to Grade 12) and a gym.
Climate
Resolute has a polar arctic climate with long cold winters and short cool summers. Resolute's average high for the year is −13.3 °C (8.1 °F) while the average low for the year is −19.5 °C (−3.1 °F). Resolute has a very dry climate with an average precipitation of 150 mm (5.91 in) a year, most of it falling as snow from August to September. The record high for Resolute is 18.4 °C (65.1 °F) on July 9, 2011[15]. The record low for Resolute is −52.2 °C (−62.0 °F) on January 7, 1966.
| Climate data for Resolute Bay Airport | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | −0.8 | −3.9 | −8.5 | 0 | 5.6 | 13.5 | 19.4 | 15 | 8.9 | 0.7 | −2.8 | −4.4 | 19.4 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
0.0 (32.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.4 (48.9) |
0.7 (33.3) |
18.1 (64.6) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
18.3 (64.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −28.8 (−19.8) |
−29.7 (−21.5) |
−27.2 (−17.0) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−20.1 (−4.2) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −32.4 (−26.3) |
−33.1 (−27.6) |
−30.7 (−23.3) |
−22.8 (−9.0) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
4.3 (39.7) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−14.9 (5.2) |
−23.6 (−10.5) |
−29.2 (−20.6) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −35.9 (−32.6) |
−36.6 (−33.9) |
−34.2 (−29.6) |
−26.5 (−15.7) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−27.0 (−16.6) |
−32.7 (−26.9) |
−19.5 (−3.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −52.2 (−62.0) |
−52.0 (−61.6) |
−51.7 (−61.1) |
−42.1 (−43.8) |
−29.4 (−20.9) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−9.3 (15.3) |
−20.6 (−5.1) |
−37.3 (−35.1) |
−42.8 (−45.0) |
−46.1 (−51.0) |
−52.2 (−62.0) |
| Record low wind chill | −72 | −69.6 | −69.9 | −60.5 | −41.5 | −27.1 | −9.8 | −17.1 | −32.4 | −57.1 | −60.3 | −63.8 | −72 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.3 (0.17) |
3.4 (0.13) |
6.5 (0.26) |
6.1 (0.24) |
9.5 (0.37) |
14.7 (0.58) |
20.2 (0.80) |
34.3 (1.35) |
25.0 (0.98) |
13.8 (0.54) |
7.6 (0.30) |
4.7 (0.19) |
150.0 (5.91) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (0.02) |
6.5 (0.26) |
15.7 (0.62) |
21.8 (0.86) |
5.4 (0.21) |
0.5 (0.02) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
50.3 (1.98) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 4.7 (1.9) |
3.7 (1.5) |
7.0 (2.8) |
6.6 (2.6) |
11.1 (4.4) |
8.7 (3.4) |
4.2 (1.7) |
13.1 (5.2) |
21.0 (8.3) |
16.2 (6.4) |
8.6 (3.4) |
5.5 (2.2) |
110.3 (43.4) |
| Average precipitation days | 5.9 | 5.2 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 9.2 | 8.1 | 10 | 13.4 | 13.5 | 12.1 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 106.0 |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 23.5 |
| Average snowy days | 6.1 | 5.3 | 7.3 | 6.8 | 9.7 | 6.1 | 3 | 7.5 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 8.6 | 6.5 | 91.4 |
| Source: 1971-2000 Environment Canada[6] | |||||||||||||
Notable people
Joseph Idlout, grandfather of singer Lucie Idlout and father of Leah Idlout, the community's second teacher, moved to Resolute in 1955 from Pond Inlet.[7] Idlout, an Inuk hunter who was the subject of two National Film Board documentaries, Land of the Long Day, filmed in 1952 in Pond Inlet,[16] and Between Two Worlds, in 1990,[17] was for a time one of the most well known Inuit and was shown on the back of the Canadian two-dollar bill.[18]
Races departing from Resolute
Resolute is the starting point for both the Polar Race and the Polar Challenge, in which teams race the 350 nautical miles (648 kilometres; 403 miles) to the North Magnetic Pole.
In 2007, the British television team Top Gear embarked from Resolute and became the first team to reach the 1996 position of the magnetic north pole with automobiles, with Jeremy Clarkson and James May reaching the Pole in a UK plated 2007 Toyota Hilux 3.0 litre Diesel heavily modified by an Icelandic team on a mixture of diesel and avgas, against Richard Hammond who was being pulled by a team of sled dogs.[19]
Image gallery
-
Resolute Bay, Nunavut, 2002 -
Resolute at Sundown, 2002 -
Stone Cairn, 2002 -
The C.D.Howe that brought the first people to Resolute, 1955 -
Resolute Area, 2004 -
Tadjaat Coop Hotel under the midnight sun, July 2004 -
References
- ^ Hamlets elect new councils
- ^ Election Results - 2008 General Election
- ^ a b c 2006 Census
- ^ Elevation at airport. Canada Flight Supplement. Effective 0901Z 16 July 2020 to 0901Z 10 September 2020.
- ^ The Nunavut Handbook ISBN 1550365878
- ^ a b Environment Canada—Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Resolute Bay Community History
- ^ High Arctic Weather Stations
- ^ Grise Fiord: History
- ^ a b McGrath, Melanie. The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic. Alfred A. Knopf, 2006 (268 pages) Hardcover: ISBN 0007157967 Paperback: ISBN 0007157975
- ^ The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953-55 Relocation by René Dussault and George Erasmus, produced by the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, published by Canadian Government Publishing, 1994 (190 pages)[1]
- ^ Royte, Elizabeth (2007-04-08). "Trail of Tears". The New York Times.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Planned army base, port in North heat up Arctic quest
- ^ Prime Minister Announces Expansion of Canadian Forces Facilities amd Operations in the Arctic, Government of Canada news release, 10 Aug 07.
- ^ [2], Environment Canada, 10 Jul 11.
- ^ Land of the Long Day
- ^ NFB Collection: Between Two Worlds
- ^ Contact with Europeans
- ^ Top Gear Team in Hot Water Over Pole Race
Further reading
- Bissett, Don. Resolute, An Area Economic Survey. Ottawa: Industrial Division, Dept. of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 1968.
- Canadian Ice Service. Present and future sea ice travel: Resolute Maannaujuq ammalu sivuniksattinni sikukkut aullaaqattarniq: Qausuittuq = Déplacements actuels et futurs sur la glace de mer: Resolute. Ottawa: Canadian Ice Service = Service Canadien des glaces, 2007. ISBN 9780662498810
- Lahoutifard, Nazafarin, Melissa Sparling, and David Lean. 2005. "Total and Methyl Mercury Patterns in Arctic Snow During Springtime at Resolute, Nunavut, Canada". Atmospheric Environment. 39, no. 39: 7597.
External links
- Prime Minister announces expansion of Canadian Forces facilities and operations in the Arctic, Government of Canada news release, 10 Aug 07 - Backgrounder: Expanding Canadian Forces Operations in the Arctic, 10 Aug 07.
- Resolute Bay 1961, British Pathe Newsreel - New Arctic Station