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{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| image = PIA17369-NASA-Bacteria-TersicoccusPhoenicis-20131106.jpg▼
| name = ''Tersicoccus phoenicis''▼
| image_caption = Microscopic image of ''Tersicoccus phoenicis''<!--Credits are on the image description page.--><ref name="NASA-20131106" />▼
▲| image = PIA17369-NASA-Bacteria-TersicoccusPhoenicis-20131106.jpg
▲| name taxon = ''Tersicoccus phoenicis''
| image_width = 250px
| authority = Vaishampayan ''et al''. 2013<ref name="NASA-20131106"/><ref name="NIH-201307"/>
▲| image_caption = Microscopic image of ''Tersicoccus phoenicis''<!--Credits are on the image description page.--><ref name="NASA-20131106" />
| type_strain = 1P05MA<ref name="LPSN">{{cite web | vauthors = Euzéby JP, Parte AC | url = https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/tersicoccus-phoenicis | title = ''Tersicoccus phoenicis'' | access-date = June 16, 2022 | publisher = [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)}}</ref><br>DSM 30849<br>NRRL B-59547
| regnum = [[Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Actinobacteria]]
| classis = [[Actinobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Actinomycetales]]
| familia = [[Micrococcaceae]]
| genus = '''''Tersicoccus'''''
| species = '''''T. phoenicis'''''
| binomial = ''Tersicoccus phoenicis''
| binomial_authority = Vaishampayan, ''et. al.'', 2013<ref name="NASA-20131106">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-319 |title=Rare New Microbe Found in Two Distant Clean Rooms |work=[[NASA]].gov |first=Guy |last=Webster |date=November 6, 2013 |accessdate=November 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NIH-201307">{{cite journal |title=Description of ''Tersicoccus phoenicis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from spacecraft assembly clean room environments |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |first1=Parag |last1=Vaishampayan |first2=Christine |last2=Moissl-Eichinger |first3=Rüdiger |last3=Pukall |first4=Peter |last4=Schumann |first5=Cathrin |last5=Spröer |first6=Angela |last6=Augustus |first7=Anne |last7=Hayden Roberts |first8=Greg |last8=Namba |first9=Jessica |last9=Cisneros |first10=Tina |last10=Salmassi |first11=Kasthuri |last11=Venkateswaran |display-authors=9 |volume=63 |issue=Pt 7 |pages=2463-2471 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23223813 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.047134-0}}</ref>▼
}}
 
'''''Tersicoccus phoenicis''''' is an [[aerobic organism|aerobic]], [[motility|non-motile]], [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]] [[cocci]]a member of the bacterial family [[Micrococcaceae]]. It ishas associatedonly withbeen twofound strains:in ''1P05MA<sup>T</sup>''two and[[Cleanroom|spacecraft ''KO_PS43''.<refassembly name="NIH-201307"clean />room The [[bacteriafacilities]] and is berry-shapedresistant andto foundthe inmethods [[cleanroom|spacecraftnormally assemblyused to clean roomsuch facilities]]:. ''Tersi''The species name is derived from the''tersi'', Latin for clean,; ''coccus'' is from the, Greek for berry; and ''phoenicis'' is derived, from NASA's [[Phoenix Mars(spacecraft)|''Phoenix'' Landerlander]], the spacecraft being prepared in 2007 when these bacteriumbacteria were first discovered in its Florida clean room.<ref name="NASA-20131106" />
 
== Occurrence ==
''T.Tersicoccus phoenicis'' haveare beenonly foundknown into exist onlyat two locations on Earth., Theyand were independently found in the geographically separated clean room facilities nearly {{convert|2500|mi|km|disp=flip|abbr=on}} apart.<ref name="NASA-20131106" /><ref name="NIH-201307" /> One example was located during a 2007 microbial test swabbing of the [[Phoenix (spacecraft)|''Phoenix'' lander]]{{'s}} clean room floor in the Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility at [[Kennedy Space Center]] in ([[Florida]], USAUnited States),<ref andname="NASA-20131106" /><ref name="dsmz30849" /> while the other was found in the [[Herschel Space Observatory]]'s clean room at [[Guiana Space Centre]] in ([[Kourou]], French Guiana).<ref name="NASA-20131106" /><ref name="NIH-201307dsmz30842" />
 
Parag Vaishampayan, a microbiologist with NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], suggests that this species may exist naturally outside of the clean room environment but has not been seen before due to the difficulty in isolating a single microbe type among the wide variety of different types found in nature.<ref name="NASA-20131106" />
== Microbiology ==
 
These bacteria maintain their coccidial morphology throughout their growth. The rod–coccus life cycle typically observed in nearly all [[Arthrobacter]] species was not present.<ref name="NIH-201307" />
== Characteristics ==
These bacteria are non-[[spore]]-forming, [[aerobic organism|aerobic]], [[motility|non-motile]], and [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]].<ref name="NIH-201307" /><ref name="techbrief20120601"/> They are roughly spherical ([[coccus]]) in shape and measure approximately {{convert|0.00004|in|μm|0|disp=flip}} in diameter.<ref name="telegraph20131107"/> This species maintains a coccal [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] throughout their growth; the rod–coccus life cycle typically observed in nearly all ''[[Arthrobacter]]'' species is not present.<ref name="NIH-201307" /> They are able to survive in environments with few nutrients.<ref name="NASA-20131106" />
 
Two [[strain (biology)|strains]] of ''T. phoenicis'' are known to exist, one at each discovery site: ''1P05MA<sup>T</sup>'' at the American facility and ''KO_PS43'' at the French Guianan facility.<ref name="dsmz30849" /><ref name="dsmz30842" />
 
== Significance ==
Because species like ''T. phoenicis'' are hardy enough to survive the [[sterilization (microbiology)|sterilization]] measures used in spacecraft clean rooms, scientists study them and index their genetic material so that if a potential [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] bacterium were returned to Earth aboard a spacecraft, it could be compared to the index and ruled out as something that may have been originally launched with the spacecraft. Additionally, by examining the characteristics of resistant microbes such as ''T. phoenicis'', scientists may be able to develop improved sterilization methods.<ref name="NASA-20131106" /><ref name="techbrief20120601"/><ref name="cnet20131107" /> This is necessary to [[planetary protection|prevent the contamination]] of other celestial bodies by organisms aboard visiting spacecraft,<ref name="cnet20131107" /> which may have already occurred with the [[Curiosity (rover)|''Curiosity'' rover]] on [[Mars]].<ref name="sciamer20111201"/><ref name="NAT-20140519"/>
According to microbiologist Parag Vaishampayan of NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] and lead author of studies about the microbe, "We want to have a better understanding of these bugs, because the capabilities that adapt them for surviving in clean rooms might also let them survive on a spacecraft. This particular bug survives with almost no nutrients."<ref name="NASA-20131106" />
 
== Recognition ==
On May 23, 2014, the [[International Institute for Species Exploration]] (IISE) declared the bacterium as one of its "Top 10 New Species of 2014", selected from species discovered in 2013, due to the unusual location of its discovery and resistance to sterilization.<ref name="esftop10"/><ref name="natgeo20140522"/><ref name="irish20140522"/>
 
== See also ==
{{wikispeciesWikispecies|Tersicoccus phoenicis}}▼
* [[EXPOSE]]
* ''[[Bacillus safensis]]''
* [[Extremophile]]
* [[Interplanetary contamination]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em| |refs=
▲{{wikispecies|Tersicoccus phoenicis}}
<ref name="NASA-20131106">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-319 |title=Rare New Microbe Found in Two Distant Clean Rooms |work=[[NASA]].gov |first=Guy |last=Webster |date=November 6, 2013 |access-date=November 6, 2013}}</ref>
{{reflist}}
 
▲| binomial_authority = Vaishampayan, ''et. al.'', 2013<ref name="NASA-20131106">{{cite news |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-319 |title=Rare New Microbe Found in Two Distant Clean Rooms |work=[[NASA]].gov |first=Guy |last=Webster |date=November 6, 2013 |accessdate=November 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="NIH-201307">{{cite journal |title=Description of ''Tersicoccus phoenicis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from spacecraft assembly clean room environments |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |first1=Parag |last1=Vaishampayan |first2=Christine |last2=Moissl-Eichinger |first3=Rüdiger |last3=Pukall |first4=Peter |last4=Schumann |first5=Cathrin |last5=Spröer |first6=Angela |last6=Augustus |first7=Anne |last7=Hayden Roberts |first8=Greg |last8=Namba |first9=Jessica |last9=Cisneros |first10=Tina |last10=Salmassi |first11=Kasthuri |last11=Venkateswaran |display-authors=95 |volume=63 |issue=Pt 7 |pages=2463-24712463–2471 |date=July 2013 |pmid=23223813 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.047134-0}}</ref>
 
<ref name="dsmz30849">{{cite web |url=http://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-30849.html |title=Details: DSM-30849 |publisher=Leibniz Institut DSMZ |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="dsmz30842">{{cite web |url=http://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-30842.html |title=Details: DSM-30842 |publisher=Leibniz Institut DSMZ |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="techbrief20120601">{{cite news |url=http://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/13890 |title=Hardy Bacterium Isolated From Two Geographically Distinct Spacecraft Assembly Cleanroom Facilities |work=NASA Tech Briefs |first1=Parag |last1=Vaishampayan |first2=Kasthuri |last2=Venkateswaran |first3=Petra |last3=Schwendner |first4=Christine |last4=Moissl-Eichinger |date=June 1, 2012 |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="telegraph20131107">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10432816/New-life-found-in-Nasas-spacecraft-clean-rooms.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110060028/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10432816/New-life-found-in-Nasas-spacecraft-clean-rooms.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |title=New life found in Nasa's spacecraft clean rooms |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=November 7, 2013 |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="cnet20131107">{{cite news |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57611307-1/new-species-of-microbe-thrives-in-spacecraft-clean-rooms/ |title=New species of microbe thrives in spacecraft clean rooms |work=CNET.com |first=Amanda |last=Kooser |date=November 7, 2013 |access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref>
 
<ref name="sciamer20111201">{{cite news |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasas-mars-rover-curiositt/ |title=NASA's Mars Rover Curiosity Had Planetary Protection Slipup |work=[[Scientific American]] |first=Leonard |last=David |date=December 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530025217/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasas-mars-rover-curiositt/ |archive-date=May 30, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
<ref name="NAT-20140519">{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/microbial-stowaways-to-mars-identified-1.15249 |title=Microbial stowaways to Mars identified |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |first=Jyoti |last=Madhusoodanan |date=May 19, 2014 |access-date=May 23, 2014 |doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15249|s2cid=87409424 }}</ref>
 
<ref name="esftop10">{{cite web |url=http://www.esf.edu/top10/08.htm |title=Clean Room Microbes: Alien Invaders? |series=Top 10 New Species of 2014 |publisher=State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524003729/http://www.esf.edu/top10/08.htm |archive-date=May 24, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
<ref name="natgeo20140522">{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140522-top-ten-new-species-2014-biodiversity/ |title=Top 10 New Species of 2014 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |first=Jennifer |last=Frazer |date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525173520/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140522-top-ten-new-species-2014-biodiversity/ |archive-date=May 25, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
<ref name="irish20140522">{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/tinkerbell-and-cuddly-bears-top-new-species-list-1.1804252 |title=Tinkerbell and cuddly bears top new species list |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |first=Dick |last=Ahlstrom |date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525080616/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/environment/tinkerbell-and-cuddly-bears-top-new-species-list-1.1804252 |archive-date=May 25, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
}}
 
== External links ==
* [httphttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=554083 ''T. phoenicis''] at the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]
* [httphttps://wwwbacdive.straininfodsmz.netde/taxa/382087index.php?site=search&rd=23112 ''T. phoenicis'' type strain] at StrainInfo.net[[BacDive|Bac''Dive'']]
* [http://www.bacterio.net/t/tersicoccus.html ''T. phoenicis''] at LPSN/Bacterio.net
 
{{Bacteria}}
{{Portal bar|Biology}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15139876}}
 
[[Category:Micrococcineae]]▼
[[Category:Bacteria described in 2013]]
▲[[Category:MicrococcineaeMicrococcaceae]]
 
[[Category:Extremophiles]]
{{bacteria-stub}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tersicoccus_phoenicis"