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{{short description|Twin-engine Russian jet airliner}}
{{Redirect
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
| national_origin = Russia
| status = In development
| primary_user =
| more_users =
| variants =
}}
▲ |type = [[Narrow-body airliner]]
▲ |manufacturer = [[United Aircraft Corporation]]<ref name=UAC-MC-21>{{cite web |publisher= [[United Aircraft Corporation]] |title= MC-21 |url= http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/aircraft/lineup/civil/ms-21/ |access-date= 15 May 2017 |archive-date= 3 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170503035855/http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/aircraft/lineup/civil/ms-21 |url-status= live }}</ref>
▲ |designer = [[Irkut Corporation|Yakovlev Corporation]] and [[Yakovlev Design Bureau]]<ref name=UAC-MC-21/>
▲ |first flight = 28 May 2017<ref name=28May2017PR>{{cite press release |url= http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/press-center/news/novyy-passazhirskiy-layner-ms-21-300-sovershil-pervyy-polet |title= First flight of MC-21 |publisher= [[United Aircraft Corporation]] |date= 28 May 2017 |access-date= 17 June 2017 |archive-date= 8 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081456/https://www.uacrussia.ru/en/press-center/news/novyy-passazhirskiy-layner-ms-21-300-sovershil-pervyy-polet |url-status= live }}</ref>
▲ |introduction = late 2025/early 2026 (deferred from 2022)<ref name=simpleflying25apr2022/><ref name=AIN25apr2022/>
▲ |produced =
▲ |retired =
▲ |number built = 8 as of April 2023 (>300 on order)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russianplanes.net/planelist/Irkut/MS-21|title=Самолёты Иркут МС-21|website=russianplanes.net|accessdate=2023-04-21}}</ref>{{ugc|date=June 2022}}
The '''Yakovlev MC-21''' ({{
<!--Development-->
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In early 2022, international sanctions against Russia were imposed due to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. Irkut Corporation was placed on the [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine#Aviation|sanctions lists]] of the United States, Canada, Switzerland and Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irkut Research and Production Corporation PJSC |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-Xjop9p8vtPm5HqBDtbp4YB/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=[[opensanctions.org]] |language=en}}</ref> while United Aircraft Corporation was placed on the sanctions lists of the United States, European Union, Japan, Switzerland, France, Belgium and Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PJSC United Aircraft Corporation |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-Uye5Pi4wNs4ZPPicqLvLGr/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=[[opensanctions.org]] |language=en}}</ref> and the [[European Union Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA) suspended all work on [[Type certificate|type certification]] of the MC-21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaminski-Morrow |first=David |date=2022-03-25 |title=MC-21, Tu-204 and Superjet among types affected by EASA certificate suspension |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/mc-21-tu-204-and-superjet-among-types-affected-by-easa-certificate-suspension/148047.article |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref> To circumvent the sanctions, Irkut decided to use only Russian [[avionics]] and engines.
By early 2024, it had become clear that the design work and additional testing necessary to use Russian-made equipment would delay the launch date to
==Naming==
In {{
In 2013, Russian deputy premier [[Dmitry Rogozin]] indicated that it would be designated Yak-242 once it enters serial production, the name of a 1990s proposal of an aircraft of similar size.<ref name=Flight25oct2013>{{cite news |title= Russia to revive Yak-242 name for Irkut MC-21 |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-to-revive-yak-242-name-for-irkut-mc-21-392170/ |publisher= Flight Global |date= 25 October 2013 |author= David Kaminski Morrow |access-date= 1 August 2014 |archive-date= 3 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140303040114/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/russia-to-revive-yak-242-name-for-irkut-mc-21-392170/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
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[[File:Первый полет нового пассажирского лайнера МС-21.webm|thumb|Video of maiden flight, May 2017]]
On 28 May 2017 MC-21 completed its successful maiden flight in Irkutsk.<ref name=28May2017PR/>
Compared with recent 3-to-4-hour maiden flights of western types, this first flight was brief at 30-minute and low, reaching a {{convert|1,000|m}} altitude and {{convert|300|km/h|kn mph}}.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-airplane-idUKKBN18O0DN |date= 28 May 2017 |title= Russia squares up to Boeing, Airbus with maiden jet flight |author= Gleb Stolyarov and Jack Stubbs |work= Reuters |access-date= 31 May 2017 |archive-date= 31 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170531011907/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-russia-airplane-idUKKBN18O0DN |url-status=
The maiden flight was originally scheduled for December 2016, then to April before finally taking place in May.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tass.com/economy/948052 |title= MC-21 airliner makes first test flight—source |publisher= [[Russian News Agency TASS|TASS]] |date= 28 May 2017 |access-date= 28 May 2017 |archive-date= 31 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170531032051/http://tass.com/economy/948052 |url-status= live }}</ref>
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The PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/mc-21-with-russian-built-pd-14-engines-carries-out-maiden-flight/141607.article |title= MC-21 with Russian-built PD-14 engines carries out maiden flight |work= Flightglobal |date= 15 December 2020 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |access-date= 15 December 2020 |archive-date= 15 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073929/https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/mc-21-with-russian-built-pd-14-engines-carries-out-maiden-flight/141607.article |url-status= live }}</ref> In December 2021, Irkut carried out the maiden flight of the first MC-21 to be manufactured with domestically produced composite wings.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/irkut-flies-first-mc-21-with-domestically-produced-composite-wings/146974.article |title= Irkut flies first MC-21 with domestically-produced composite wings |work= Flightglobal |date= 25 December 2021 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |access-date= 25 December 2021 |archive-date= 25 December 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211225142555/https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/irkut-flies-first-mc-21-with-domestically-produced-composite-wings/146974.article |url-status= live }}</ref> By October 2022, Irkut had fitted the first flight test aircraft with PD-14 engines and other domestically produced components, and flown a test sortie in the new configuration. The aircraft was to participate in the certification programme, targeted to be completed by the end of 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=MC-21 test aircraft flies with PD-14 engines after swap from PW1400Gs |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/mc-21-test-aircraft-flies-with-pd-14-engines-after-swap-from-pw1400gs/150465.article |work=Flight Global |date=7 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
In 2022, after [[International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine#Aviation|international sanctions against Russia]] were imposed due to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Rosaviatsia announced that in a resulting change of plans Russia would only use a domestic engine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/30655-russia-to-use-only-domestic-engines|title = Russia to only use domestic engines for its Irkut MC-21 jet| date=April 2022 }}</ref
The production MC-21-300 was planned to consist of between 40% and 50% imported parts, and Irkut needed to replace parts that were to be supplied by the sanctioning countries.
However, as part of a plan announced in June 2022, aimed at bringing the proportion of domestically produced aircraft to 80% of the Russian fleet by the end of the decade, deliveries of the MC-21 were expected to start in 2024 and reach a delivery rate of 72 aircraft per year by 2029.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaminski-Morrow |first1=David |title=Russian fleets to comprise over 80% domestically-built aircraft by 2030: government |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/aerospace/russian-fleets-to-comprise-over-80-domestically-built-aircraft-by-2030-government/149182.article |work=Flight Global |date=27 June 2022}}</ref>
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In early 2019, the annual output was targeted from 20 initially to 72 airframes in 2025, towards 100 and possibly 120 later for a forecast of 850 deliveries.<ref name=AIN29jan2019/>
In July 2021 it was reported that Aeroflot would launch the MC-21-300 with its regional subsidiary [[Rossiya Airlines]] in summer 2022.
In September 2021, Evgeny Ditrikh, CEO of [[GTLK]] (Public Transport Leasing Company of Russia), stated that the MC-21 project was in need of new government grants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/business/02/09/2021/612f75699a7947cd1615ae94|title=ГТЛК попросила у властей новых субсидий для лайнера MC-21|language=ru|date=2021-09-02|publisher=[[РБК]]|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903101139/https://www.rbc.ru/business/02/09/2021/612f75699a7947cd1615ae94|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=a native english source would be better|date=November 2021}}{{importance inline|date=December 2021}}
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==== Post-sanctions plans ====
In March 2024, ''[[Kommersant]]'' reported that the design and testing of new Russian-made equipment would delay the aircraft's service introduction until 2025–2026
Industry analysts questioned the revised delivery schedule due to UAC's reliance on unproven engines and parts from Russian suppliers
==Design==
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Initially it was assumed that the share of domestic components for the MC-21 would be 38%,{{cn|date=August 2022}} but due to [[International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine#Aviation|sanctions]] in the wake of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] the Russian government ordered a target figure of 98% by 2023, making it independent of imported components.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://aif.ru/money/economy/medvedev_schitaet_vazhnym_uhod_ot_importa_v_proekte_ms-21|title=Медведев считает важным уход от импорта в проекте МС-21|date=2019-01-28|publisher=www.aif.ru|accessdate=2019-02-07}}</ref>
In July 2021 a composite wing made of Russian materials was docked to the fuselage of the aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Крыло из российских композиционных материалов установлено на самолет МС-21-300 |url=https://www.uacrussia.ru/ru/press-center/news/project-news/krylo-iz-rossiyskikh-kompozitsionnyk-materialov-ustanovleno-na-samolet-ms-21-300 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=www.uacrussia.ru |language=ru}}</ref> The fuselage was designed and manufactured by [[Irkut Corporation]] and [[Yakovlev Design Bureau|Yakovlev Design]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Крыло из российских композиционных материалов установлено на самолет МС-21-300 |url=https://www.uacrussia.ru/ru/press-center/news/project-news/krylo-iz-rossiyskikh-kompozitsionnyk-materialov-ustanovleno-na-samolet-ms-21-300 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=www.uacrussia.ru |language=ru}}</ref> The
The cockpit and part of the aircraft's avionics were developed and supplied by the [[Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies]] and [[Rockwell Collins]] with the participation of personnel from the Russian company Avionika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tvzvezda.ru |first=Редакция |date=2015-06-15 |title=Вопреки санкциям российским лайнером МС-21 заинтересовались на Западе |url=https://tvzvezda.ru/news/201506150201-lpjw.htm |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Телеканал «Звезда» |language=ru}}</ref> It is possible to use both imported auxiliary power units and Russian units developed and produced in NPP [[Aerosila]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Аэросила" готова кМС-21: Разработчик сертифицировал вспомогательную силовую установку, созданную по заказу Минпромторга "АВИСА" – Ассоциация производителей авиационных систем и агрегатов |url=https://avisa.aero/news/members_news/115/ |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=avisa.aero}}</ref>
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==Orders==
By the end of the 2013 [[MAKS Air Show]], there were 175 firm orders including 50 for [[Rostec]] subsidiary Aviakapital leased to [[Aeroflot]] and 35 more with PD-14 engines for governmental customers, 50 for [[Ilyushin]] Finance (10 to be leased to [[Red Wings Airlines]] and six to [[Transaero]]), 30 for [[Vnesheconombank (Russia)|
In June 2016, Azerbaijan Airlines tentatively signed to lease ten -300s from Ilyushin Finance.<ref name="Flight13Jun2016">{{Cite news|first=David|last=Kaminski-Morrow|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/azerbaijan-to-firm-mc-21-lease-once-flight-tests-sta-426288/|title=Azerbaijan to firm MC-21 lease once flight-tests start|date=13 June 2016|work=Flight Global|access-date=15 May 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192902/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/azerbaijan-to-firm-mc-21-lease-once-flight-tests-sta-426288/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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At the 2019 [[MAKS (air show)|MAKS Air Show]], at [[Zhukovsky International Airport]], [[Moscow]], [[Bek Air]] signed a [[letter of intent]] for ten Irkut MC-21 aircraft, [[Yakutia Airlines]] likewise signed for five aircraft and an undisclosed customer for a further five aircraft. Delivery of the new aircraft was expected to be in the second half of 2021.<ref>{{cite journal |title=MC-21 Scores New Orders |journal=Airliner World |volume=October 2019 |page=17}}</ref>
In the fall of 2022, Russia's largest air carrier, the Aeroflot Group ordered 89 SJ-100 regional jets, 210 MC-21 medium-range jets, and another 40 Tu-214 narrow-body jets. 18 MC-21 & 34 SJ-100 Aircraft From Rostec was confirmed later in 2023. But chief executive Sergei Aleksandrovsky suggested the other two types might be dropped, and transfer of the entire fleet to MC-21s.<ref>{{cite web|title=
Aeroflot reportedly negotiating to switch fleet order entirely to MC-21|url= https://www.flightglobal.com/airlines/aeroflot-reportedly-negotiating-to-switch-fleet-order-entirely-to-mc-21/158699.article}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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|-
|21 Jul 2010
|{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Vnesheconombank (Russia)|VEB Leasing]]
|<abbr title="To be announced">TBA</abbr>
|—
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|10
|—
|10{{efn|through [[Vnesheconombank (Russia)|VEB Leasing]]}}
|-
|29 Aug 2013
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On 18 January 2021, an MC-21-300 (prototype 73051) experienced a [[runway excursion]] at [[Zhukovsky International Airport|Zhukovsky Aerodrome]] and came to a stop in heavy snow during testing. There were no injuries to the crew.<ref>[https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2021-01-18/irkut-mc-21-suffers-runway-overrun Irkut MC-21 Suffers Runway Overrun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119065638/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2021-01-18/irkut-mc-21-suffers-runway-overrun |date=19 January 2021 }}, AINonline, by Gregory Polek, January 18, 2021, 3:54 PM</ref>
==Original specifications==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
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