The year 1914 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Astronomy and space exploration
edit- Sinope, the outermost known moon of Jupiter, is discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory.
- A 76 cm refracting telescope is built at Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the fifth largest refractor in the world.
- Robert Goddard begins building rockets.
- Walter Sydney Adams determines an incredibly high density for Sirius B.
Biology and medicine
edit- March 27 – Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.
- August 1 – Swiss National Park (Parc Naziunal Svizzer) established in the Engadin region of Switzerland.
- September 1 – Martha, the last known passenger pigeon, dies, in the Cincinnati Zoo.
- November 6 – Jacques Loeb publishes a paper on artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchins.[1]
- November 26 – Karl von Frisch publishes his first significant paper on honey bee behavior, "Der Farbensinn und Formensinn der Biene".[2]
- Julian Huxley publishes The Courtship Habits of the Great Crested Grebe,[3] a key text in ethology.
- John Joly develops a method of extracting radium and applying it in radiotherapy.[4]
- Edward Calvin Kendall isolates thyroxine.
- Morris Simmonds first reports hypopituitarism.[5]
- Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine, is first developed in Germany.[6]
Chemistry
edit- T. W. Richards finds variations between the atomic weight of lead from different mineral sources, attributable to variations in isotopic composition due to different radioactive origins.[7][8]
Mathematics
edit- In analysis of the Riemann hypothesis
- G. H. Hardy shows there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line.[9] Harald Bohr and Edmund Landau show that for any positive ε, all but an infinitely small proportion of zeros lie within a distance ε of the critical line;[10] and R. J. Backlund introduces a better method of checking the zeros.
- J. E. Littlewood shows that the prime number theorem underestimates the cumulative total of primes.[11]
Mineralogy
editPhysics
edit- April 24 – James Franck and Gustav Hertz's experiment on electron collisions showing internal quantum levels of atoms is presented to the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
- October 1 – Edgar Buckingham introduces use of the symbol "πi" for the dimensionless variables (or parameters) in what becomes known as the Buckingham π theorem, significant to dimensional analysis.[13]
- Ernest Rutherford suggests that the positively charged atomic nucleus contains protons.
Technology
edit- February 3 – Willis Carrier patents an air conditioner in the United States.
- September 5 – British Royal Navy scout cruiser HMS Pathfinder (1904) is sunk by German submarine U-21 in the Firth of Forth (Scotland), the first ship ever to be sunk by a locomotive torpedo fired from a submarine.
- November 3 – Polly Jacob patents a backless bra in the United States.
- Kodak introduce the Autographic system.
Other events
edit- October 23 – Manifesto of the Ninety-Three proclaimed in Germany.
Awards
editBirths
edit- February 5 – Alan Hodgkin (died 1998), English physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1963).[14]
- February 22 – Renato Dulbecco (died 2012), Italian-born virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1975).
- March 5 – He Zehui (died 2011), Chinese nuclear physicist.
- March 8 – Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (died 1987), Russian astrophysicist.
- March 25 – Norman Borlaug (died 2009), American agronomist, humanitarian and Nobel laureate.[15]
- April 7 – Heinz Billing, German physicist and computer scientist (died 2017)
- May 19 – Max Perutz (died 2002), Austrian-born biologist.[16]
- June 3 – Ignacio Ponseti (died 2009), Menorcan-born pediatric orthopedist.
- June 4 – Alec Skempton (died 2001), English pioneer of soil science and engineering historian.
- July 15 – Gavin Maxwell (died 1969), Scottish naturalist.[17]
- July 24 – Frances Oldham Kelsey (died 2015), Canadian pharmacologist.
- August 13 – Grace Bates (died 1996), American mathematician.
- September 5 – Nicanor Parra (died 2018), Chilean poet and physicist.
- October 2 – Jack Parsons (died 1952), American rocket engineer and occultist.
- October 6 – Thor Heyerdahl (died 2002), Norwegian ethnographer and explorer, leader of the Kon-Tiki expedition.[18]
- October 14 – Raymond Davis Jr. (died 2006), American chemist and physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2002)[19]
- October 21 – Martin Gardner (died 2010), American writer on recreational mathematics.
- October 28
- Jonas Salk (died 1995), American medical researcher.[20]
- Richard Laurence Millington Synge (died 1994), English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate.[21]
- December 15 – Anatole Abragam, French physicist (died 2011)[22]
- December 20 – Mary Helen Wright Greuter (died 1997), American historian of astronomy.
- December 21 – Frank Fenner (died 2010), Australian virologist and microbiologist.[23]
- December 31 – Mary Logan Reddick (died 1966), African American neuroembryologist.
Deaths
edit- January 24 – Sir David Gill (born 1843), Scottish astronomer.
- March 19 – Giuseppe Mercalli (born 1850), Italian volcanologist.
- March 30 – John Henry Poynting (born 1852), English physicist, discovered the Poynting–Robertson effect and developed the Poynting vector.
- April 16 – George William Hill (born 1838), American astronomer.
- April 26 – Eduard Suess (born 1831), German geologist and ecologist.
- May 15 – Ida Freund (born 1863), Austrian-born British chemist and educator.[24]
- May 27 – Joseph Swan (born 1828), English physicist.[25]
- September 13 – Robert Hope-Jones (born 1859), English-born inventor of the theatre organ (suicide).[26]
- November 5 – August Weismann (born 1834), German evolutionary biologist.[27]
- November 10 – Lydia Shackleton (born 1828), Irish botanical artist.
- November 28 – Johann Wilhelm Hittorf (born 1824), German physicist.[28]
- December 24 – John Muir (born 1838), Scottish American geologist and ecologist, founder of the Sierra Club.
- December 29 – Johannes Ludwig Janson (born 1849), German veterinary scientist.[29]
References
edit- ^ Loeb, J. (1914-11-06). "Activation of the Unfertilized Egg by Ultra-Violet Rays". Science. 40 (1036): 680–681. Bibcode:1914Sci....40..680L. doi:10.1126/science.40.1036.680. PMID 17742992.
- ^ Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere (Jena) 35 (1914–15) pp. 1–182. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.11736
- ^ Huxley, Julian S. (1914). "The Courtship habits of the Great Crested Grrebe (Podiceps cristatus); with an addition to the Theory of Sexual Selection". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 84 (3): 491–562. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1914.tb07052.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
- ^ "Obituary". The Irish Times. 16 December 1933. p. 1.
- ^ Simmonds, M. (1914). "Über hypophysisschwund mit todlichem ausgang". Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. 40 (7): 322. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1190185.
- ^ Sinatra, Raymond (2010). The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0521144506.
- ^ Scerri, Eric R. (2007). The Periodic Table. Oxford University Press. pp. 176–9. ISBN 0-19-530573-6.
- ^ Soddy, Frederick (1922-12-12). "Nobel Lecture:The Origins of the Conception of Isotopes". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
- ^ Hardy, G. H. (1914). "Sur les zéros de la fonction ζ(s) de Riemann". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. 158. Paris: 1012–1014. JFM 45.0716.04. Reprinted in Borwein, Peter; Choi, Stephen; Rooney, Brendan; Weirathmueller, Andrea, eds. (2008). The Riemann Hypothesis: A Resource for the Afficionado and Virtuoso Alike. CMS Books in Mathematics. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-72125-5.
- ^ Bohr, H.; Landau, E. (1914). "Ein Satz über Dirichletsche Reihen mit Anwendung auf die ζ-Funktion und die L-Funktionen". Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo. 37 (1): 269–272. doi:10.1007/BF03014823. S2CID 121145912.
- ^ Granville, Andrew; Martin, Greg (January 2006). "Prime Number Races" (PDF). American Mathematical Monthly. 113 (1): 1–33. doi:10.2307/27641834. JSTOR 27641834.
- ^ Hillebrand, W. F.; Merwin, H. E.; Wright, Fred E. (January–May 1914). "Hewettite, Metahewettite and Pascoite, Hydrous Calcium Vanadates". Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 53 (213): 31–54. JSTOR 984129.
- ^ Buckingham, E. (1914). "On physically similar systems: illustrations of the use of dimensional equations". Physical Review. 4 (4). American Physical Society: 345–376. Bibcode:1914PhRv....4..345B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.4.345. hdl:10338.dmlcz/101743.
- ^ Neil Schlager (2000). Science and Its Times: 1950-present. Gale Group. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-7876-3939-6.
- ^ Peggy Saari; Stephen Allison; Marie C. Ellavich (1996). Scientists: A-F. U-X-L. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-7876-0960-3.
- ^ Manchester Memoirs. The Society. 1999. p. 113.
- ^ Harold Oxbury (1985). Great Britons: Twentieth-century Lives. Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-211599-7.
- ^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. Subcommittee on Oceans and Atmosphere (1972). International Conference on Ocean Pollution: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session ... U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 42.
- ^ Robyn V. Young; Suzanne Sessine (2000). World of Chemistry. Gale Group. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-7876-3650-0.
- ^ Oren Harman; Michael R. Dietrich (20 July 2018). Dreamers, Visionaries, and Revolutionaries in the Life Sciences. University of Chicago Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-226-56990-1.
- ^ James K. Laylin (30 October 1993). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-8412-2690-6.
- ^ Science Chronicle. Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 1974. p. 67.
- ^ The Australian Journal of Science. Australian National Research Council. 1964. p. 254.
- ^ Marelene F. Rayner-Canham; Geoffrey Rayner-Canham (1998). Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-twentieth Century. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-941901-27-7.
- ^ Institution of Electrical Engineers (1915). Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Institution of Electrical Engineers. p. 722.
- ^ "Death of Robert Hope-Jones". Music Trade Review. 19 September 1914.
- ^ United States Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1915. p. 19.
- ^ Chemical Society (Great Britain) (1915). Journal of the Chemical Society. The Society. p. 582.
- ^ Kast, A. (2010). "Johannes Ludwig Janson, professor of veterinary medicine in Tokyo in 1880-1902 - contribution to German-Japanese medical relations, part IV". Acta Med Hist Adriat. 8 (1): 109–18. PMID 21073248.