Agathe Uwilingiyimana (Kinyarwanda: [u.wǐː.ɾiː.ɲɟi.jí.mɑ̂ː.nɑ]; 23 May 1953 – 7 April 1994), sometimes known as Madame Agathe,[1] was a Rwandan political figure. She served as Prime Minister of Rwanda from 18 July 1993 until her assassination on 7 April 1994, during the opening stages of the Rwandan genocide. She was also Rwanda's acting head of state in the hours leading up to her death.
Agathe Uwilingiyimana | |
|---|---|
| 4th Prime Minister of Rwanda | |
| In office 18 July 1993 – 7 April 1994 | |
| President | Juvénal Habyarimana |
| Preceded by | Dismas Nsengiyaremye |
| Succeeded by | Jean Kambanda |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 23 May 1953 Nyaruhengeri, Butare, Rwanda-Urundi |
| Died | 7 April 1994 (aged 40) Kigali, Kigali province, Rwanda |
| Manner of death | Assassination |
| Resting place | Rwanda National Heroes Cemetery |
| Political party | Republican Democratic Movement |
| Spouse |
Ignace Barahira
(m. 1976; their deaths 1994) |
| Alma mater | National University of Rwanda |
| Religion | Catholicism |
She was Rwanda's first and so far only female prime minister.
Early life
editAgathe Uwilingiyimana was born 23 May 1953 in the village of Nyaruhengeri in the southern Rwandan province Butare,[2] 140 kilometres (87 mi) southeast of the Rwandan capital Kigali. She moved with her farming parents[3] to the Belgian Congo to find work, but they moved back to Butare in 1957.[2] She was a member of the Hutu ethnicity that made up the majority of the Rwandan population.[4]
After success in public examinations[5] she was educated at Notre Dame des Cîteaux Secondary School, and obtained the certificate to teach humanities in 1973. She continued with graduate studies in mathematics and chemistry, after which she became a schoolteacher in Butare in 1976. By 1983 she was teaching chemistry at the National University of Rwanda in Butare. She received a B.Sc. in 1985, and taught chemistry for four years in Butare academic schools. She received criticism from traditionalists for promoting mathematics and science study amongst female students.[4]
Uwilingiyimana married a high-school classmate, Ignace Barahira, in 1976; she kept her maiden name, as is customary for Rwandese women. She had the first of her five children the next year.[4]
Rise to prime minister
editIn 1986 she created a Soriority and Credit Cooperative Society among the staff of the Butare academic school, and her high-profile role in the self-help organization brought her to the attention of the Kigali authorities, who wanted to appoint decision makers from the discontented south of the country. In 1989 she became a director in the Ministry of Commerce.[6]
She joined the Republican Democratic Movement (MDR), an opposition party, in 1992, and that April was appointed Minister of Education by Dismas Nsengiyaremye,[4] the first opposition prime minister under a power-sharing scheme negotiated between President Juvénal Habyarimana and five major opposition parties.[7] As education minister, Uwilingiyamana scrapped the academic ethnic quota system, instead distributing public school spots and awards on the basis of open merit. This came in the midst of the Rwandan Civil War of 1990–94, and earned her the enmity of the Hutu extremists, as the quota system had favoured Hutus.[4]
Uwilingiyimana succeeded Nsengiyaremye as Rwanda's prime minister on July 17, 1993, following a meeting between President Habyarimana and the five parties. The party was divided between moderates and extremists, and she was a moderate.[8] Nsengiyaremye and the MDR convened an extraordinary congress in Kabusunzu on 23–24 July, during which hardliners had her resign from the party,[8] together with the president of MDR, Faustin Twagiramungu.[9]
Uwilingiyimana briefly resigned in view of her lack of support, but a group of prominent personalities, including Twagiramungu and Théoneste Bagosora, made her renounce her resignation.[10] The MDR was thus split into two factions each claiming to be the real MDR.[11] At a meeting in Kigali, Habyarimana addressed her condescendingly as "You, woman!", to which she replied "Don't talk to me like that. I'm not your wife!"[12]
Arusha Accords
editThe Habyarimana–Uwilingiyimana government had the daunting task of successfully completing the Arusha Accords with the rebel Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF), the Tutsi-dominated guerilla movement. An agreement between Habyarimana, the five opposition parties (led ostensibly by Uwilingiyimana), and the RPF, was finally reached on 4 August 1993. Under Arusha Accords, Habyarimana's ruling MRND would take the transitional presidency, and the Prime Minister would be Faustin Twagiramungu from the MDR.[13]
Caretaker prime minister
editPresident Habyarimana officially dismissed her as prime minister on 4 August 1993, but she stayed on in a caretaker capacity for eight months, until her death in April 1994.[14] This was despite being excoriated by all the Hutu-dominated parties, including her own MDR, and President Habyarimana's ruling party, which held a press conference in January 1994 attacking Uwilingiyimana for being a "political trickster".[citation needed] On November 3, 1993, she publicly warned against retaliatory violence against Tutsis for the assassination of the Hutu Burundian President, Melchior Ndadaye, and said that violence was being used to disrupt the Arusha transition.[15]
The swearing in of the Broad Based Transitional Government (BBTG), was to have taken place on 25 March 1994.[14] At that point, Uwilingiyimana was to have stepped down in favor of Faustin Twagiramungu,[14] having been guaranteed a lower-level ministerial post in the new government.[citation needed] However, the RPF did not appear at the ceremony, postponing the establishment of the new regime.[14] She reached agreement with them that the new government would be sworn in on the following day.
Death
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2019) |
The talks between President Habyarimana, Uwilingiyimana, and the Rwandan Patriotic Front were never concluded, and the president's plane was shot down by surface-to-air missiles at around 8:30 pm on 6 April 1994. From Habyarimana's death until her assassination the following morning (approximately 14 hours), Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana was Rwanda's constitutional head of state and of government.
In an interview with Radio France on the night of President Habyarimana's assassination,[2] Uwilingiyimana said that there would be an immediate investigation.[citation needed] She said her home was under siege, and gave her last recorded words:[2]
There is shooting, people are being terrorized, people are inside their homes lying on the floor. We are suffering the consequences of the death of the head of state, I believe. We, the civilians, are in no way responsible for the death of our head of state.[2]
The U.N. peacekeeping force sent an escort of ten Belgian peacekeepers to her home before 3 am the following morning; they intended to take her to Radio Rwanda, from where she planned to make a dawn broadcast appealing for national calm.[2] Uwilingiyimana's house was further guarded by five Ghanaian U.N. troops, who were stationed outside. Inside the house, the family was protected by the Rwandan presidential guard, but between 6:55 and 7:15 am the presidential guard surrounded the U.N. troops and told them to lay down their arms. Fatally, the blue berets ultimately complied, handing over their weapons just before 9 am.
Seeing the stand-off outside her home, Uwilingiyimana and her family took refuge in the Kigali U.N. volunteer compound around 8 am. Eyewitnesses to the inquiry on U.N. actions say that Rwandan soldiers entered the compound at 10 am and searched it for Uwilingiyimana. Fearing for the lives of her children, Uwilingiyimana and her husband emerged. The presidential guard killed them both on the morning of 7 April 1994;[citation needed] Uwilingiyimana had been shot point-blank. Her children escaped and eventually took refuge in Switzerland. In his book Me Against My Brother, Scott Peterson writes that the U.N. troops sent to protect Uwilingiyimana were castrated, gagged with their own genitalia, and then murdered. However, page 44 and 45 of the UNKIBAT-01 Tab 241 of the Prosecution Case File of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, states clearly: "Although the bodies show signs of fighting, some have rifle-butt or bayonet injuries, some show signs of having been struck by machetes or bullet wounds, there are no traces of sadistic mutilations."[16][17]
In his book Shake Hands with the Devil, U.N. commander Roméo Dallaire writes that Uwilingiyimana and her husband surrendered themselves to save their children, who stayed hidden in the adjoining housing compound for employees of the United Nations Development Programme. The children survived and were picked up by Captain Mbaye Diagne, a UNAMIR military observer, who smuggled them into the Hôtel des Mille Collines.[18] They were eventually resettled in Switzerland.
Major Bernard Ntuyahaga was indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) for the murder of Uwilingiyimana and the U.N. peacekeepers, but the charges were dropped.[19][20] He was eventually convicted of murder of the peacekeepers.[21] On 18 December 2008, the ICTR found Colonel Théoneste Bagosora guilty of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentenced him to life imprisonment, in part due to his involvement in the murders of Uwilingiyimana and the Belgian peacekeepers.[22][23][24]
Legacy
editUwilingiyimana is remembered as a pioneer in women's rights and education in Rwanda, and her efforts to reconcile ethnic differences in the country.[12] Though short, her political career was precedent-setting as one of the few female political figures in Africa. She was contemporaneous with Sylvie Kinigi, Prime Minister of Burundi. As a memorial to the late Rwandan Prime Minister, the Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) established The Agathe Innovative Award Competition. The award funds educational and income generating projects aimed at improving the prospects of African girls. One of FAWE's founding members was Agathe Uwilingiyimana.
Uwilingiyimana was succeeded as prime minister of the interim government by Jean Kambanda, a Hutu hardliner.[25]
References
edit- ^ Frederik Grünfeld, Anke Huijboom (2007). The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda: The Role of Bystanders. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9789004157811.
- ^ a b c d e f Newton 2014, p. 591.
- ^ Hoogensen & Solheim 2006, p. 291.
- ^ a b c d e Newton 2014, p. 592.
- ^ Burnet, Jennie (26 March 2019). "Uwilingiyimana, Agathe". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.487. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- ^ Twagilimana, Aimable (1 October 2007). Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-8108-6426-9.
- ^ Power, Samantha (1 September 2001). "Bystanders to Genocide". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- ^ a b Kayihura & Zukus 2014, p. 72.
- ^ "Rwanda - A Chronology (1867-1994) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network". www.sciencespo.fr. 25 January 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- ^ Guichaoua, André (2015). From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990–1994. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 9780299298203.
- ^ Des Forges, Alison (March 1999). Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda – Choosing War → Splitting the Opposition. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-171-1.
- ^ a b Hoogensen & Solheim 2006, p. 292.
- ^ "Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front". refworld.org. 4 August 1993.
- ^ a b c d Newton 2014, p. 593.
- ^ Klinghoffer 1998, p. 35.
- ^ "UN ICC TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA" (PDF).
- ^ "UNKIBAT-01, Tab 241 of the Prosecution Case File" (PDF).
- ^ Roméo Dallaire, Shake Hands with the Devil, Carroll & Graf: New York, 2003, ISBN 0-7867-1510-3, pp. 245–246, 268
- ^ "Genocide suspect 'likely to be tried'". BBC News. 20 March 1999. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
- ^ "Rwanda genocide adjournment". BBC News. 12 May 1999. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
- ^ "Bernard Ntuyahaga indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda".[dead link]
- ^ Polgreen, Lydia (18 December 2008). "Rwandan Officer Found Guilty of 1994 Genocide". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ^ Chhatbar, Sukhdev (18 December 2008). "Planner of Rwandan massacres convicted of genocide". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 December 2008.[dead link]
- ^ Nyakuiru, Frank (18 December 2008). "Rwanda's Bagosora sentenced to life for genocide". Reuters. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
- ^ Herr 2018, p. 196.
Sources cited
edit- Hoogensen, Gunhild; Solheim, Bruce O. (2006). "Agathe Uwilingiyimana". Women in Power – Women Leaders Since 1960. Praeger Publishing. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-275-98190-8.
- Herr, Alexis (2018). Rwandan Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-5561-0.
- Hill, Kevin A. (1996). "Agathe Uwilingiyimana". In Salokar, Rebecca Mae; Volcansek, Mary L. (eds.). Women and the Law: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook. Greenwood Press. pp. 323–328. ISBN 978-0-313-29410-5.
- Kayihura, Edouard; Zukus, Kerry (2014). Inside the Hotel Rwanda: The Surprising True Story ... and Why It Matters Today. BenBella Books. ISBN 978-1-937856-73-1.
- Klinghoffer, A. (1998). The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. Springer. ISBN 9780230375062.
- Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-286-1.
- Off, Carol (2010). The Lion, the Fox and the Eagle. Random House of Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-37077-8.
- Skard, Torild (2015). "Agathe Uwilingiyimana". Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide. Policy Press. pp. 291–292. ISBN 978-1-4473-1580-3.
External links
edit- A complete biography from FAWE (Contains nothing negative about Madame Uwilingiyimana.)
- Report of the independent inquiry into the actions of the United Nations during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda – containing the complete findings of the inquiry about the morning of the assassination in the section "The crash of the Presidential plane; genocide begins". Although Lt Lotin, the blue beret commander, had been ordered not to surrender his weapons, his orders also included the U.N. directive not to fire unless fired upon, and by the time his commander told him to negotiate (rather than surrender) four of his men were already disarmed.