Anaerococcus is a genus of bacteria. Its type species is Anaerococcus prevotii.[1] These bacteria are Gram-positive and strictly anaerobic.[2][3][4] The genus Anaerococcus was proposed in 2001.[2][4] Its genome was sequenced in August 2009. The genus Anaerococcus is one of six genera classified within the group GPAC (Gram-Positive Anaerobic Cocci).[5] These six genera (Peptostreptococcus, Peptoniphilus, Parvimonas, Finegoldia, Murdochiella, and Anaerococcus) are found in the human body as part of the commensal human microbiota.[6][7][5]
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It is commonly found in the human microbiome and is associated with various infections.[8] Most of the species in this genus can be found among microbes of the skin, human vagina, nasal cavity, oral cavity and feces, often as a pathogen found in ovarian abscesses, chronic wounds and vaginal discharge.[9] Moreover, some of the species can be isolated from foot ulcers and knee arthritis.[2] It can be present in urinary tract infections, chronic ulcers, pleural empyema, blood infections, and soft tissue infections. It is involved in polymicrobial infections.[10] Strains of Anaerococcus were found in the armpit microbiota suggesting some species in this genus could play a role in axillary odor.[10][11]
Physiology
editThe genus Anaerococcus are non motile bacteria who can not form spores.[4][12][2] Depending on the species the arrangement can be different. The most common arrangements within this genus are pairs, tetrads, short chains and irregular formations.[10][4] Their cells size can differ from 0.6μm to 0.9μm.[10] However, when they are grown using enrinched blood agar their size can go from 0.5μm to 2μm.[10] In this genus, there are more than one major cellular fatty acids: C18:1, C16:1, C18 and C16.[12] Most species in this genus are indole-negative and coaguase-negative.[10] In general, the species of Anaerococcus presents susceptibility to penicillins but are resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin.[9]
Metabolism
editThe genus Anaerococcus are classified as saccharolytic bacteria.[2][13] Its species can be arranged from weakly saccharolytic (ex. A. prevotii, A. lactolyticus) to strongly saccharolytic (ex. A. hydrogenalis).[13] This genus can ferment carbohydrates weakly.[6] The major sources of energy use in the metabolism of Anaerococcus are peptones and aminoacids.[4][10] The three major sugars fermented within this genus are glucose, mannose, fructose and sucrose.[12][4] After fermenting the sugars, Anaerococcus produce weak acids as their metabolic end product.[13] Within these metabolic end products, this genus ca produce butyric acid, lactic acid, and some propionic and succinic acid.[12] Nonetheless, the major metabolite produced by Anaerococcus is butyrate.[13][10][2]
Species
editUntil recently, the genus Anaerococcus have 14 known species.[14][9] Six of the species were initially classified in the genus Peptostreptococcus but then based on their characteristics were re-classified in the new genus Anaerococcus: A. hydrogenalis, A. lactolyticus, A. octavius, A. prevotii, A. tetradius, and A. vaginalis.[5][2] Throughout the years, the specie who has been more commonly found on the body within this genus is A. prevotii.[9]
Anaerococcus octavius
editContrary to most of the species in the genus, Anaerococcus octavius was not related to human infections.[9] Nevertheless, recently a new case revealed A. octavius can cause bacteremia.[9] Even though it is uncommon, Anaerococcus octavius can be the cause for human infections.[9] Other studies have found A. octavius as part of the nasal, skin and vaginal normal flora.[9][4] This bacteria can ferment ribose, glucose, and mannose.[4]
Anaerococcus prevotii
editA. prevotii is normally found in vaginal discharge, human plasma and some types of abscesses - such as ovarian, peritoneal sacral and/or lung abscesses.[9][6] Anaerococcus prevotii is part of the normal flora in the skin, oral cavity and the gut.[6] Studies has shown Anaerococcus prevotii presents resistance to Ceftazidime, Clindamycin, Levofloxacin.[9] Unlike the other species, A. prevotii can not ferment glucose.[15]
Anaerococcus vaginalis
editA. vaginalis was first recovered from vaginal discharges and ovarian abscesses although this bacteria can also be found in pressure ulcers and diabetic foot.[4][9] Some strains from this species can be indole-positive.[4]
Anaerococcus provencensis
editA. provencensis was isolated from a cervical abscess.[16] This species can ferment lactose, unlike A. tetradius, A. prevotii, and A. octavius.[16] The first analysis made on Anaerococcus provencensis showed it is susceptible to penicillin G, imipenem, amoxillin, metronidazole, cefotetan and vancomycin.[16]
Anaerococcus senegalensis
editA. senegalensis is one of the few species in the genus whose genome has been sequenced.[2] The genome has a size of 1,790,835 bp.[2] Analysis did not show presence of a plasmid.[2] Initially, Anaerococcus senegalensis was found in the fecal flora of a healthy person.[2]
Anaerococcus rubiinfantis
editA. rubiinfantis was discovered from a stool sample taken from an infant with severe acute malnutrition in Senegal.[17] Based on a genomic analysis, Anaerococcus rubiinfantis has high antibiotic susceptibility.[17] For that reason this bacteria can be treated with common oral antibiotics.[17] A. rubiinfantis have catalase activity, which is not common from an anaerobic bacteria.[17]
Anaerococcus marasmi
editA. marasmi was first found in 2016 from a stool sample on a child with marasmus.[14] Just like A. rubiinfantis, Anaerococcus marasmi is catalase positive.[14] A. marasmi can grow in a range of pH between 6.5 and 8.[14] Moreover, A. marasmi has a high 16S rRNA sequence similarity (97.6%) with A. prevotii [14]
Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis
editA. urinomassiliensis was isolated from a urine sample of a male adolescent with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and autoimmune hepatitis.[18] It took 10 days of anaerobic incubation to observe growth from this bacteria.[18] Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis does not have either oxidase or catalase activity.[18]
References
edit- ^ Parte, A.C. "Anaerococcus". Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lagier JC, El Karkouri K, Nguyen TT, Armougom F, Raoult D, Fournier PE (March 2012). "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus senegalensis sp. nov". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 6 (1): 116–25. Bibcode:2012SGenS...6..116L. doi:10.4056/sigs.2415480. PMC 3359877. PMID 22675604.
- ^ Song Y, Finegold SM (2011-01-01). "Peptostreptococcus, Finegoldia, Anaerococcus, Peptoniphilus, Veillonella , and Other Anaerobic Cocci". In Versalovic J, Carroll KC, Funke G, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Warnock DW (eds.). Manual of Clinical Microbiology (10th ed.). American Society of Microbiology. pp. 803–816. doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch48. ISBN 978-1-55581-463-2. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ezaki T, Kawamura Y, Li N, Li ZY, Zhao L, Shu S (July 2001). "Proposal of the genera Anaerococcus gen. nov., Peptoniphilus gen. nov. and Gallicola gen. nov. for members of the genus Peptostreptococcus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (Pt 4): 1521–1528. doi:10.1099/00207713-51-4-1521. PMID 11491354.
- ^ a b c Veloo AC, de Vries ED, Jean-Pierre H, van Winkelhoff AJ (April 2016). "Anaerococcus nagyae sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". Anaerobe. 38: 111–115. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.11.009. PMID 26639871.
- ^ a b c d Labutti K, Pukall R, Steenblock K, Glavina Del Rio T, Tice H, Copeland A, et al. (September 2009). "Complete genome sequence of Anaerococcus prevotii type strain (PC1)". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 1 (2): 159–65. doi:10.4056/sigs.24194. PMC 3035230. PMID 21304652.
- ^ Veloo AC, Elgersma PE, van Winkelhoff AJ (June 2015). "Anaerococcus degenerii sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens". Anaerobe. 33: 71–5. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.02.002. PMID 25680238.
- ^ "BacMap". Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cobo F, Navarro-Marí JM (February 2020). "First description of Anaerococcus octavius as cause of bacteremia". Anaerobe. 61: 102130. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102130. PMID 31765706. S2CID 208298004.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Murphy EC, Frick IM (July 2013). "Gram-positive anaerobic cocci--commensals and opportunistic pathogens". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 37 (4): 520–53. doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12005. PMID 23030831.
- ^ Fujii, Takayoshi; Shinozaki, Junko; Kajiura, Takayuki; Iwasaki, Keiji; Fudou, Ryosuke (July 2014). "A newly discovered Anaerococcus strain responsible for axillary odor and a new axillary odor inhibitor, pentagalloyl glucose". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 89 (1): 198–207. Bibcode:2014FEMME..89..198F. doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12347. PMID 24784923.
- ^ a b c d Ezaki, Takayuki; Ohkusu, Kiyofumi (2015), "Anaerococcus", Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00712, ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8
- ^ a b c d Ezaki, Takayuki; Li, Na; Kawamura, Yoshiaki (2006), Dworkin, Martin; Falkow, Stanley; Rosenberg, Eugene; Schleifer, Karl-Heinz (eds.), "The Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci", The Prokaryotes: Volume 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 795–808, doi:10.1007/0-387-30744-3_26, ISBN 978-0-387-30744-2
- ^ a b c d e Tall ML, Pham TP, Bellali S, Ngom II, Delerce J, Lo CI, et al. (May 2020). "marasmi sp. nov., a new bacterium isolated from human gut microbiota". New Microbes and New Infections. 35: 100655. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100655. PMC 7082211. PMID 32211195. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101252, PMID 38799826, Retraction Watch)
- ^ Song Y, Liu C, Finegold SM (June 2007). "Peptoniphilus gorbachii sp. nov., Peptoniphilus olsenii sp. nov., and Anaerococcus murdochii sp. nov. isolated from clinical specimens of human origin". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (6): 1746–52. doi:10.1128/JCM.00213-07. PMC 1933094. PMID 17428937.
- ^ a b c Pagnier I, Croce O, Robert C, Raoult D, La Scola B (June 2014). "Non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of Anaerococcus provenciensis sp. nov". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 9 (3): 1198–210. Bibcode:2014SGenS...9.1198P. doi:10.4056/sigs.5501035. PMC 4149013. PMID 25197492.
- ^ a b c d Tidjani Alou M, Khelaifia S, Michelle C, Andrieu C, Armstrong N, Bittar F, et al. (August 2016). "Anaerococcus rubiinfantis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microbiota of a Senegalese infant with severe acute malnutrition". Anaerobe. 40: 85–94. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.06.007. PMID 27328611.
- ^ a b c Morand A, Cornu F, Tsimaratos M, Lagier JC, Cadoret F, Fournier PE, Raoult D (September 2016). "Anaerococcus urinomassiliensis sp. nov., isolated from a urine sample of a 17-year-old boy affected by autoimmune hepatitis and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis". New Microbes and New Infections. 13: 56–8. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2016.06.001. PMC 4933030. PMID 27408746. (This paper currently has an expression of concern, see doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101253, PMID 38799835, Retraction Watch)