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April 1963

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The following events occurred in April 1963:

April 22, 1963: Lester Pearson becomes new Prime Minister of Canada
Former P.M. John Diefenbaker out
April 20, 1963: Lascaux closed after 17,000 years

April 1, 1963 (Monday)

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  • The long-running American TV soap opera General Hospital made its debut on the ABC network.[1] On the same afternoon, the first episode of NBC's hospital soap opera, The Doctors, premiered. General Hospital, set in the fictional town of Port Charles, New York, would begin its 60th year in 2022, while The Doctors, set in the fictional New England town of Madison, would end on December 31, 1982.
  • The Titan II-Gemini Coordination Committee was established to direct efforts to reduce longitudinal vibration (pogo oscillation) in the Titan II and to improve engine reliability.[2]
  • On Her Majesty's Secret Service, Ian Fleming's eleventh James Bond novel, was first published by Jonathan Cape.[3]
  • Died: Quinim Pholsena, 47, the Foreign Minister of Laos, was assassinated by a soldier assigned to guard him. Quinim and his wife had returned home from a reception with the King, when Lance Corporal Chy Kong fired a machine gun at the couple. Minister Quinim was hit by 18 bullets, after which the guard "finished him off with a shot through the head".[4][5]

April 2, 1963 (Tuesday)

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April 3, 1963 (Wednesday)

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April 4, 1963 (Thursday)

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  • The cost of making a long-distance telephone call was lowered throughout the continental United States, with a maximum charge of one dollar for three-minute "station-to-station" calls made between 9:00 p.m. and 4:30 a.m.[11] The equivalent 50 years later for a 1963 dollar would be $7.50.[12]
  • Network Ten, the third television network in Australia, began with the granting of a corporate operating license to United Telecasters Sydney Limited.[13] Broadcasting would begin on ATV-0 in Melbourne on April 1, 1964, and on Channel Ten in Sydney on April 5, 1965.
  • The Beatles performed at Stowe School in Buckinghamshire, UK, for a fee of £100, having accepted a personal request from schoolboy David Moores, a fellow Liverpudlian (and later chairman of Liverpool F.C.).[14]
  • The Henry Miller novel Tropic of Cancer went on sale legally in the United Kingdom for the first time, after having been banned for thirty years because it had been deemed obscene.[15]
  • All 67 people on board Aeroflot Flight 25 were killed, one hour after the Ilyushin-18 plane had taken off from Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport, bound for Krasnoyarsk.[16]
  • Died: Gaetano Catanoso, 84, Italian parish priest canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005[17]

April 5, 1963 (Friday)

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"The Hotline"

April 6, 1963 (Saturday)

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April 7, 1963 (Sunday)

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April 8, 1963 (Monday)

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April 9, 1963 (Tuesday)

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April 9, 1963: Churchill becomes U.S. citizen
  • Sir Winston Churchill, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, became the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States by act of the U.S. Congress. President Kennedy signed the legislation for the 88-year-old statesman, whose mother Jennie Jerome Churchill, had been a United States native.[33] The House of Representatives had approved the legislation on March 12 by a 377–21 vote, and the U.S. Senate approved on April 2 by voice vote.[34] Churchill was unable to travel from the UK to the U.S., and his son, Randolph Churchill, accepted in his place in ceremonies that were televised.[35]
  • Langley Research Center personnel provided assistance to NASA for the Mercury 9 tethered balloon experiment at Cape Canaveral, installing force measuring beams, soldered at four terminals, to which the lead wires were fastened.[20]
  • Despite his party's loss in the elections for the House of Commons, Canada's Prime Minister Diefenbaker said that he would not resign until the new Parliament was called into session.[36]

April 10, 1963 (Wednesday)

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USS Thresher
  • The U.S. nuclear submarine Thresher sank during sea trials 220 miles (350 km) east of Cape Cod, killing the 112 U.S. Navy personnel and 17 civilians on board.[37] The wreckage of Thresher would be located on October 1, 1964.[38]
  • An unknown gunman narrowly missed killing former U.S. Army General Edwin A. Walker, who had been working on his taxes at his home in Dallas, Texas.[39] The would-be killer would later be claimed to have been Lee Harvey Oswald, who would allegedly use the same rifle to assassinate U.S. President John F. Kennedy in November.[40]
  • The owners and passengers of the yacht Cythera became the first modern victims of piracy (under Australian law) when their boat was stolen by two crew members. The yacht was salvaged over a month later, and the incident would result in various legal complications, including prosecution of the pirates under an act of 1858.[41]
  • Frol Kozlov, the 54-year-old Second Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and Deputy Prime Minister, considered the likely successor to Nikita Khrushchev, had a stroke and was forced to retire. Kozlov would die on January 30, 1965.[42]

April 11, 1963 (Thursday)

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  • Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., John D. Hodge, and William L. Davidson of Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC)'s Flight Operations Division met at Langley with a large contingent of that Center's research staff to discuss LaRC's proposed Manned Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL). Langley spokesmen briefed their Houston visitors on the philosophy and proposed program phases leading to an operational MORL. Kraft and his colleagues then emphasized the need for careful study of operational problems involved with the MORL, as well as those associated with the smaller crew ferry and logistics supply vehicles. Specifically, they cited crew selection and training requirements, the need for a continuous recovery capability, communications requirements, and handling procedures for scientific data.[43]
  • Pope John XXIII issued his final encyclical, Pacem in terris, entitled On Establishing Universal Peace in Truth, Justice, Charity and Liberty,[44] the first papal encyclical addressed to "all men of good will", rather than to Roman Catholics only.
  • Buddy Rogers became the first WWF Champion, defeating Antonino Rocca at the finals of the first World Wrestling Federation tournament, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[45]
  • Mohamed Khemisti, the 33-year-old Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria, was mortally wounded by a gunman who shot him outside the National Assembly.[46]
  • The U.S. Chief of Naval Operations went before the press corps at the Pentagon to announce that the nuclear submarine USS Thresher had been lost with all hands.
  • Born:

April 12, 1963 (Friday)

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April 13, 1963 (Saturday)

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April 14, 1963 (Sunday)

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April 15, 1963 (Monday)

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  • A White House press release announced that First Lady Jackie Kennedy was pregnant and that her baby would be delivered by Caesarean section in September. Mrs. Kennedy, who had a history of miscarriages, had delayed announcement of her pregnancy. She had been delivered of stillborn children in 1955 and 1956, and had two living children, Caroline (b. 1957) and John Jr. (b. 1960).[52] The child, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, would be born prematurely on August 7, and would survive for only two days.
  • The Manned Spacecraft Center published a detailed flight plan for May's Mercury 9 mission. Due to the extended duration of the flight, an 8-hour sleep period was scheduled with a 2-hour option for when the astronaut would begin his rest period. In addition to the general guidelines, the astronaut had a minute-to-minute schedule of tasks to accomplish.[20]
  • An unidentified 58-year-old man, with lung cancer, was admitted to the University of Mississippi hospital. On June 11, 1963, he would become the first person to receive a lung transplant.[53]
  • Seventy thousand marchers arrived in London from Aldermaston, to demonstrate against nuclear weapons. The breakaway group Spies for Peace set up a picket at RSG-6.
  • British driver Innes Ireland won the 1963 Glover Trophy motor race, held at Goodwood Circuit.
  • British driver Jim Clark won the 1963 Pau Grand Prix motor race, held at Pau Circuit.
  • Died: "Colossus", the largest snake ever kept in captivity, at the Highland Park Zoo in Pittsburgh. A reticulated Python, she measured 28 1⁄2 feet long (8.68 meters) and at one time weighed 320 pounds (145 kg).[54][55]

April 16, 1963 (Tuesday)

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April 17, 1963 (Wednesday)

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  • NFL players Paul Hornung of the Green Bay Packers and Alex Karras of the Detroit Lions were ordered suspended indefinitely by Commissioner Pete Rozelle for betting on league games. Five other Lions players (John Gordy, Gary Lowe, Joe Schmidt, Wayne Walker and Sam Williams) were fined $2,000 each for betting on the Packers to win the 1962 NFL Championship Game.[57] Hornung and Karras would be reinstated by Rozelle eleven months later after being barred from playing during the 1963 NFL season.[58]
  • Representatives of Egypt, Syria and Iraq signed a declaration in Cairo to merge their three nations into a new United Arab Republic. Egypt and Syria had been merged as the United Arab Republic from 1958 to 1961 before Syria withdrew, and Egypt and retained the UAR name.[59] Demonstrations followed in Jordan, where citizens of the Kingdom wanted to join the federation, which was never ratified.[60]
  • Grigori Nelyubov, Ivan Anikeyev and Valentin Filatyev were all dismissed from the USSR's cosmonaut corps, after their March 27 arrest for drunk and disorderly conduct.

April 18, 1963 (Thursday)

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April 19, 1963 (Friday)

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  • Under pressure from the United States, South Korea's President Park Chung Hee returned to his pledge to return to civilian rule, and announced that multiparty elections for the presidency and the National Assembly would take place before the end of the year. Park had promised a return to democracy in 1963 when he had taken power in a coup on August 12, 1961, but on March 16, 1963, proposed to extend military rule for another four years. The voting (in which Park would be elected president) would be held on October 15.[64]
  • A new dam was inaugurated on the Chubut River 120 kilometres (75 mi) west of Trelew, Argentina, removing the risk of flooding in the Lower Chubut Valley.

April 20, 1963 (Saturday)

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  • The caves at Lascaux were closed to the general public after fifteen years, in order to protect cave paintings dating from more than 17,000 years ago. The paintings had been rediscovered on September 12, 1940, in the caverns in southwestern France. After the complex was opened to the public in 1948, the works began to erode from carbonic acid produced by the exhalations of the visitors. The Department of Dordogne would create a replica of the paintings in another cave hall, opened as "Lascaux II" in 1983.[65]
  • The final water condensate tank was installed in Mercury spacecraft 20 for the Mercury 9 mission. The system had a 4-pound (1.8 kg), built-in tank, a 3.6-pound (1.6 kg) auxiliary tank located under the couch head, and six 1-pound (0.45 kg) auxiliary plastic containers. The total capacity for condensate water storage was 13.6 pounds (6.2 kg). In operation, the astronaut hand-pumped the fluid to the 3.6-pound tank to avoid spilling moisture inside the cabin during weightlessness.[20]
  • In Montreal, the terrorist campaign of the Front de libération du Québec claimed its first fatality. William Vincent O'Neill, a 65-year-old night watchman and janitor, died in the explosion of a bomb at a Canadian Army recruitment center. O'Neill, who was planning to retire at the end of May, had been scheduled to start his shift at midnight, but had arrived at 11:30 to allow a co-worker to go home, and was killed when the bomb exploded at 11:45 p.m.[66][67]
  • Italy created its first space agency, the Istituto Nazionale per le Richerche Spaziali (IRS) (National Institute for Space Research).[68]
  • The 1963 Pan American Games opened in São Paulo, Brazil.
  • Died: Julián Grimau, 41, Spanish Communist leader, was executed by a firing squad despite pleas to Spanish dictator Francisco Franco for clemency.[69][70][71]

April 21, 1963 (Sunday)

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April 22, 1963 (Monday)

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April 23, 1963 (Tuesday)

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  • Ludwig Erhard was chosen as the successor for retiring West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, despite Adenauer's recommendations that the Christian Democratic Party and the Christian Socialist Union Bundestag members choose another person. Erhard, who had been the nation's Economic Minister since 1950, was approved by a vote of 159 to 47.[80]
  • The Ukrainian football club FC Karpaty Lviv played its first official match, defeating Lokomotiv Gomel 1–0.
  • Died: Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, 78, second and longest-serving President of Israel since 1952. Speaker Kadish Luz became acting president until Zalman Shazar was selected by the Knesset.

April 24, 1963 (Wednesday)

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April 25, 1963 (Thursday)

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April 26, 1963 (Friday)

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April 27, 1963 (Saturday)

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  • Bob Hayes became the first person to run the 100-meter dash in less than ten seconds, in 9.9 seconds at a meet in Los Angeles. However, the accomplishment could not be recognized as a world record because the wind was faster than 5 meters per second (18 km/h or 11.2 mph); the barrier would be broken on October 14, 1968, by Jim Hines at 9.95 seconds.[87]
  • Final design review of complex 14 modifications and activation of facilities was held under the aegis of the USAF Space Systems Division (SSD) in Los Angeles, to begin January 1, 1964, with an estimated 10 months required to prepare complex 14 for Project Gemini Atlas-Agena launches.[2]
  • The U.S. Marine Corps lost its first aircraft to enemy action in Vietnam, when Viet Cong ground fire shot down a UH-34D transport helicopter near Do Xa, South Vietnam.
  • Born: Russell T Davies, Welsh television producer and screenwriter; in Swansea

April 28, 1963 (Sunday)

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April 29, 1963 (Monday)

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  • NASA Headquarters approved rescheduling of the Gemini flight program due to late delivery of the spacecraft systems. In the revised program, Gemini 1 was still set for December 1963 as an uncrewed mission but would be orbital rather than suborbital to flight-qualify the Titan II GLV subsystems and demonstrate the compatibility of the launch vehicle and spacecraft. Gemini 2, originally a crewed orbital flight, was set for July 1964 as an uncrewed suborbital flight to test spacecraft reentry under maximum heating-rate reentry conditions. Gemini 3, formerly planned as an orbital rendezvous mission, became the first crewed flight, a short-duration (probably three-orbit) systems evaluation flight scheduled for October 1964. Subsequent flights were to follow at three-month intervals, ending in January 1967. Gemini 4 would be a seven-day mission using a rendezvous pod. Gemini 6 was to be a 14-day long-duration mission with rendezvous with the Agena D target vehicle. Water landing by parachute was planned for the first six flights and land landing by paraglider from flight 7 on.[2]
  • Five Latin American nations— Mexico, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile and Ecuador— announced their agreement to a proposal by Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos to prohibit the placement of nuclear weapons in their territory.[89]
  • Andrew Loog Oldham, 19, signed a contract with The Rolling Stones, becoming their manager. Oldham had seen the band in concert the previous day at the Crawdaddy Club in London.

April 30, 1963 (Tuesday)

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Gordon Cooper wearing Mercury spacesuit in February 1963
  • NASA announced a number of improvements to the Mercury pressure suit for the upcoming Mercury 9 flight. These included a mechanical seal for the helmet, new gloves with an improved inner-liner and link netting between the inner and outer fabrics at the wrist, and an increased mobility torso section. The boots were integrated with the suit to provide additional comfort for the longer mission, to reduce weight, and to provide an easier and shorter donning time. Another change relocated the life vest from the center of the chest to a pocket on the lower left leg. This modification removed the bulkiness from the front of the suit and provided for more comfort during the flight.[20]
  • After U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara implied that the U.S. Air Force would take over Project Gemini, NASA Associate Administrator Robert C. Seamans, Jr. stressed that although the U.S. Department of Defense had a vital role in Gemini management and operations, NASA had the final and overall responsibility for program success.[2]
  • New Hampshire became the first of the United States to legalize a state lottery in the 20th century. The first drawing in the New Hampshire Sweepstakes would take place on March 12, 1964.[90]
  • Born: Michael Waltrip, American race car driver, winner of Daytona 500 in 2001 and 2003; in Owensboro, Kentucky[91]

References

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  1. ^ Reagan, Leslie J.; et al. (2007). Medicine's Moving Pictures: Medicine, Health, and Bodies in American Film and Television. University of Rochester Press. p. 104.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART II (A) Development and Qualification January 1963 through December 1963". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  3. ^ "On Her Majesty's Secret Service". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
  4. ^ "Laos Official Killed By Guard At Home". Miami News. April 2, 1963. p. 2A.
  5. ^ Dommen, Arthur J. (2002). The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Indiana University Press. p. 491.
  6. ^ "Rebellion Ended, Argentina Says". Miami News. April 3, 1963. p. 1.
  7. ^ "From dusk to dawn". 17 June 2011 – via blogspot.com.
  8. ^ Greene, Nick. "Luna 4 Information". Space/astronomy. About.com. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009.
  9. ^ "Flogging Sentences Upheld In Delaware"[permanent dead link‍], Miami News, April 3, 1963, p1
  10. ^ Roger S. Powers, Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage (Taylor & Francis, 2012) p45
  11. ^ "$1 Distance Telephone Calls Start", Miami News, April 6, 1963, p1
  12. ^ USinflationcalculator.com
  13. ^ AWA Group gets TV licence Daily Mirror 5 April 1963 page 1
  14. ^ Keith Badman (October 2001). The Beatles: off the record. The dream is over. Omnibus. p. 501. ISBN 9780711988026.
  15. ^ "'Tropic of Cancer' on Sale in Britain", Miami News, April 5, 1963, p3A
  16. ^ AviationSafety.net
  17. ^ Andreas Resch (2000). I beati di Giovanni Paolo II: 1996-2000 (in Italian). Libreria editrice vaticana. p. 72. ISBN 978-88-209-7593-7.
  18. ^ "Soviets OK 'Hot Line' Link to US". Milwaukee Sentinel. April 6, 1963. p. 1.
  19. ^ Jessup, John E., ed. (1998). "'Hot Line'". An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 288.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART III (B) Operational Phase of Project Mercury June 1962 through June 12, 1963". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  21. ^ "Lunik IV Skirts Moon, To Ring Sun". Miami News. April 6, 1963. p. 1.
  22. ^ "Headless Body of Ex-Skier Found", Miami News, April 6, 1963, p1; "Blonde Ski Star Was Tortrued Before Killing", Miami News, April 7, 1963, p1
  23. ^ David Goldblatt, The Ball is Round: A Global History of Soccer (Penguin, 2008)
  24. ^ Chong, Denise (1998). The girl in the picture: the Kim Phuc story. Toronto: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-86817-9. OL 6877456M. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
  25. ^ "72 Africans Die In Crash of Bus", UPI report in Shreveport (LA) Times, April 9, 1963, p. 4
  26. ^ Rowse, Tim (2002). Nugget Coombs: A Reforming Life. Cambridge University Press. p. 282.
  27. ^ "Masters to Nicklaus, 286, Lema 1 Back". Milwaukee Sentinel. April 8, 1963. p. 2-2.
  28. ^ "700-Page Newspaper". Miami News. April 8, 1963. p. 1.
  29. ^ "Slavs Make Tito Life President". Milwaukee Sentinel. April 8, 1963. p. 1.
  30. ^ "Liberals Win Elections But Don't Get Majority", Montreal Gazette, April 9, 1963, p1
  31. ^ "Lawrence, Bancroft And Peck Capture Top Academy Awards", Montreal Gazette, April 9, 1963, p1
  32. ^ "John Lennon Disputes Yoko Ono Ending His Marriage In Unearthed Letter to First Wife". Billboard. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  33. ^ "U. S. Makes Sir Winston Honorary American Citizen". Tucson Daily Citizen. Tucson, Arizona. April 9, 1963. p. 1.
  34. ^ "Senate Okays Citizenship For Sir Winston Churchill". Kingsport Times-News. Kingsport, Tennessee. April 3, 1963. p. 1.
  35. ^ Gilbert, Martin (2008). Churchill and America. Simon and Schuster. pp. 447–448.
  36. ^ "Canada Vote Sparks Crisis". Milwaukee Sentinel. April 10, 1963. p. 2.
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  38. ^ Bartholomew, Charles A.; Milwee, William I. (2009). Mud, Muscle, and Miracles: Marine Salvage in the United States Navy. Government Printing Office. pp. 374–376.
  39. ^ "Assassin Fires at Ex-Gen. Walker". Miami News. April 11, 1963. p. 2A.
  40. ^ Hollington, Kris (2008). Wolves, Jackals, and Foxes: The Assassins Who Changed History. Macmillan. p. 80.
  41. ^ Staff writer (15 October 1963). "Yacht Thief Told he is Pirate". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 12 March 2010 – via Google News.
  42. ^ Bluth, Christoph (1992). Soviet Strategic Arms Policy before SALT. Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
  43. ^   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -January 1963 to July 1965.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. p. 24. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  44. ^ Sacco, Ugo Colombo (1999). John Paul II and World Politics: 20 Years of a Search for a New Approach, 1978-1998. Peeters Publishers. p. 6.
  45. ^ Sullivan, Kevin (2011). The WWE Championship: A Look Back at the Rich History of the WWE Championship. Simon and Schuster. p. 297.
  46. ^ "Algeria Minister Fights For Life". Miami News. April 12, 1963. p. 1.
  47. ^ Chinnery, Philip D. (1991). Vietnam: The Helicopter War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-55750-875-1.
  48. ^ Peters, Nonja (2006). The Dutch Down Under: 1606-2006. University of Western Australia Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-920694-75-3.
  49. ^ ESPN.go.com
  50. ^ "Pirates Win In A Balk, 12-4". Pittsburgh Press. April 14, 1963. p. 4-1.
  51. ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  52. ^ "Baby Talk In White House...". Miami News. April 12, 1963. p. 1.
  53. ^ Cooper, David K. C.; et al. (1996). The Transplantation and Replacement of Thoracic Organs: The Present Status of Biological and Mechanical Replacement of the Heart and Lungs. Springer. p. 431.
  54. ^ "World-Noted Resident Of Local Zoo Is Dead- Colossus, 28 Feet, Believed Longest Python; Weighed Nearly 300 Pounds". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 15, 1963. p. 1.
  55. ^ Carwardine, Mark (2008). Animal Records. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 166.
  56. ^ King, Martin Luther Jr. (1990). Washington, James M. (ed.). A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. HarperCollins. p. 289.
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  59. ^ "3-Star Flag Hails Arab Republic". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 18, 1963. p. 2.
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  64. ^ Jinwung Kim, A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict (Indiana University Press, 2012) p435
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  66. ^ "FLQ's Terrorists Blamed For Bomb Death". Montreal Gazette. April 22, 1963. p. 1.
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  68. ^ De Maria, Michelangelo; Orlando, Lucia (2008). Italy in Space: In Search of a Strategy, 1957-1975. Editions Beauchesne. p. 85.
  69. ^ "Spain Kills Top Red Despite K's Plea". Miami News. April 20, 1963. p. 1.
  70. ^ Herr, Richard (1971). Modern Spain: An Historical Essay. University of California Press. pp. 1–2.
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  80. ^ "Erhard Wins Bonn OK for Job". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 24, 1963. p. 2.
  81. ^ "Celtics Win 5th Diadem", Arizona Republic (Phoenix), April 25, 1963, p81
  82. ^ B. Turner (7 February 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2005: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. p. 1644. ISBN 978-0-230-27133-3.
  83. ^ Kenneth K. Mwenda, Public International Law and the Regulation of Diplomatic Immunity in the Fight Against Corruption (Pretoria Law University Press, 2011) p129
  84. ^ Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov (1973). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 174.
  85. ^ Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton University Press, 1997) p175
  86. ^ Dinshaw Mistry, Containing Missile Proliferation: Strategic Technology, Security Regimes, and International Cooperation in Arms Control (University of Washington Press, 2005) p111
  87. ^ Matthews, Peter, ed. (2012). "Even Time". Historical Dictionary of Track and Field. Scarecrow Press. pp. 77–78.
  88. ^ Italian interior ministry, Historical Archive of Elections (in Italian)
  89. ^ Barnes, Peter (December 1966). "Latin America: The First Nuclear Free Zone?". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: 38.
  90. ^ "History of the New Hampshire Lottery". nhlottery.org.
  91. ^ Coca-Cola Racing Family.com
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