Mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BUB3 gene.[5][6]
Bub3 is a protein involved with the regulation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC); though BUB3 is non-essential in yeast, it is essential in higher eukaryotes. As one of the checkpoint proteins, Bub3 delays the irreversible onset of anaphase through direction of kinetochore localization during prometaphase[5] to achieve biorientation. In directing the kinetochore-microtubule interaction, this ensures the proper (and consequently, bioriented) attachment of the chromosomes prior to anaphase. Bub3 and its related proteins that form the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC) inhibit the action of the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC), preventing early anaphase entry and mitotic exit; this serves as a mechanism for the fidelity of chromosomal segregation.[7]
Function
editBub3 is a crucial component in the formation of the mitotic spindle assembly complex, which forms a complex with other important proteins.[8] For correct segregation of the cells it is necessary for all mitotic spindles to attach correctly to the kinetochore of each chromosome. This is controlled by the mitotic spindle checkpoint complex which operates as a feedback-response.[8] If there is a signal of a defect in the attachment, mitosis will be stopped to ensure that all chromosomes have an amphitelic binding to spindles. After the error is corrected, the cell will proceed to anaphase. The complex of proteins which regulate the cell arrest are BUB1, BUB2, BUB3 (this protein), Mad1, Mad2, Mad3 and MPS1.[8]
Role in the spindle assembly checkpoint
editAt unattached kinetochores, a complex consisting of BubR1, Bub3, and Cdc20 interact with the Mad2-Cdc20 complex to inhibit the APC, thus inhibiting the formation of active APCCdc20.[9][10] Bub3 binds constitutively to BubR1; in this arrangement, Bub3 acts as a key component of the SAC in the formation of an inhibitory complex.[11] Securin and cyclin B are also stabilized before the anaphase transition by the unattached kinetochores.[12] The stabilization of cyclin and securin prevent the degradation that would lead to the irreversible and fast separation of the sister chromatids.
The formation of these “inhibitory complexes” and steps feed into a ‘wait’ signal before activation of separase; at the stage prior to anaphase, securin inhibits the activity of separase and maintains the cohesion complex.[7]
Structure
editThe crystal structure of Bub3 indicates a protein of the seven-bladed beta-propeller structure with the presence of WD40 repeats, with each blade formed by four anti-parallel beta sheet strands that have been organized around a tapered channel. Mutation data suggest several important surfaces of interaction for the formation of the SAC, particularly the conserved tryptophans (in blades 1 and 3) and the conserved VAVE sequences in blade 5.
Rae1 (an mRNA export factor), another member of the WD40 protein family, shows high sequence conservation with that of Bub3. Both bind to Gle2p-binding-sequence (GLEBS) motifs; while Bub3 specifically binds Mad3 and Bub1, Rae1 has more promiscuous binding as it binds both the nuclear pore complex and Bub1. This indicates a similarity in interaction of Bub3 and Rae1 with Bub1.[13]
Interactions
editBUB3 has been shown to interact with BUB1B,[5][14][15] HDAC1[16] and Histone deacetylase 2.[16]
Bub3 has been shown to form complexes with Mad1-Bub1 and with Cdc20 (the interaction of which does not require intact kinetochores). Additionally, it has been shown to bind Mad2 and Mad3.[11][17]
Bub3 directs the localization of Bub1 at the kinetochore in order to activate the SAC.[5] In both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and metazoans, Bub3 has been shown to bind BubR1 and Bub1.[7]
The components that are essential for the spindle assembly checkpoint in yeast have been determined to be Bub1, Bub3, Mad1, Mad2, Mad3, and the increasingly important Mps1 (a protein kinase).
Regulation
editWhen the SAC is activated, the production of the Bub3-Cdc20 complex is activated. After kinetochore attachment is complete, the spindle checkpoint complexes (including the BubR1-Bub3) experience a decrease in concentration.[18][19]
Bub3 also acts as a regulator in that it affects binding of Mad3 to Mad2.[11]
Structural and sequence analysis indicated the existence of three conserved regions that are referred to as WD40 repeats. Mutation of one of these motifs has indicated an impaired ability of Bub3 to interact with Mad2, Mad3, and Cdc20. The structural data suggested that Bub3 acts as a platform that mediates the interaction of SAC protein complexes.[11][13]
Clinical significance
editBUB3 forms a complex with BUB1 (BUB1/BUB3 complex) to inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) as soon as the spindle-assembly checkpoint is activated. BUB3 also phosphorylates:
- CDC20 (activator) and thereby inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of APC/C.
- MAD1L1, which usually interacts with BUB1 and BUBR1, and in turn the BUB1/BUB3 complex interacts with MAD1L1.
Another function of BUB3 is to promote correct kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) attachments when the spindle-assembly checkpoint is active. It plays a role in the localization of kinetochore of BUB1.
BUB3 serves in oocyte meiosis as the regulator of chromosome segregation.
Defects in BUB3 in the cell cycle can contribute to the following diseases:[8]
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- gastric cancer
- breast cancer
- cervical cancer
- adenomatous polyposis
- osteosarcoma familial breast cancer
- glioblastoma cervicitis
- lung cancer carcinoma
- Coli polyposis
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000154473 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000066979 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b c d Taylor SS, Ha E, McKeon F (July 1998). "The human homologue of Bub3 is required for kinetochore localization of Bub1 and a Mad3/Bub1-related protein kinase". The Journal of Cell Biology. 142 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1083/jcb.142.1.1. PMC 2133037. PMID 9660858.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: BUB3 BUB3 budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 3 homolog (yeast)".
- ^ a b c Morgan, David O (2007). The cell cycle: principles of control. London: Published by New Science Press in association with Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-87893-508-6.
- ^ a b c d Kalitsis P, Earle E, Fowler KJ, Choo KH (September 2000). "Bub3 gene disruption in mice reveals essential mitotic spindle checkpoint function during early embryogenesis". Genes & Development. 14 (18): 2277–82. doi:10.1101/gad.827500. PMC 316933. PMID 10995385.
- ^ * Eytan E, Braunstein I, Ganoth D, Teichner A, Hittle JC, Yen TJ, Hershko A (July 2008). "Two different mitotic checkpoint inhibitors of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome antagonize the action of the activator Cdc20". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (27): 9181–5. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.9181E. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804069105. PMC 2453698. PMID 18591651.
- ^ * Fang G, Yu H, Kirschner MW (August 1998). "Direct binding of CDC20 protein family members activates the anaphase-promoting complex in mitosis and G1". Molecular Cell. 2 (2): 163–71. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80126-4. PMID 9734353.
- ^ a b c d * Fraschini R, Beretta A, Sironi L, Musacchio A, Lucchini G, Piatti S (December 2001). "Bub3 interaction with Mad2, Mad3 and Cdc20 is mediated by WD40 repeats and does not require intact kinetochores". The EMBO Journal. 20 (23): 6648–59. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.23.6648. PMC 125326. PMID 11726501.
- ^ * Li M, Li S, Yuan J, Wang ZB, Sun SC, Schatten H, Sun QY (November 2009). Jin DY (ed.). "Bub3 is a spindle assembly checkpoint protein regulating chromosome segregation during mouse oocyte meiosis". PLOS ONE. 4 (11): e7701. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7701L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007701. PMC 2765619. PMID 19888327.
- ^ a b * Larsen NA, Harrison SC (December 2004). "Crystal structure of the spindle assembly checkpoint protein Bub3". Journal of Molecular Biology. 344 (4): 885–92. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.094. PMID 15544799.
- ^ * Sudakin V, Chan GK, Yen TJ (September 2001). "Checkpoint inhibition of the APC/C in HeLa cells is mediated by a complex of BUBR1, BUB3, CDC20, and MAD2". The Journal of Cell Biology. 154 (5): 925–36. doi:10.1083/jcb.200102093. PMC 2196190. PMID 11535616.
- ^ * Cayrol C, Cougoule C, Wright M (November 2002). "The beta2-adaptin clathrin adaptor interacts with the mitotic checkpoint kinase BubR1". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 298 (5): 720–30. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02522-6. PMID 12419313.
- ^ a b * Yoon YM, Baek KH, Jeong SJ, Shin HJ, Ha GH, Jeon AH, Hwang SG, Chun JS, Lee CW (September 2004). "WD repeat-containing mitotic checkpoint proteins act as transcriptional repressors during interphase". FEBS Letters. 575 (1–3): 23–9. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.089. PMID 15388328. S2CID 21762011.
- ^ * Logarinho E, Bousbaa H (June 2008). "Kinetochore-microtubule interactions "in check" by Bub1, Bub3 and BubR1: The dual task of attaching and signalling". Cell Cycle. 7 (12): 1763–8. doi:10.4161/cc.7.12.6180. hdl:1822/61471. PMID 18594200.
- ^ * Yu H (December 2002). "Regulation of APC-Cdc20 by the spindle checkpoint". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 14 (6): 706–14. doi:10.1016/S0955-0674(02)00382-4. PMID 12473343.
- ^ * Doncic A, Ben-Jacob E, Einav S, Barkai N (August 2009). Khanin R (ed.). "Reverse engineering of the spindle assembly checkpoint". PLOS ONE. 4 (8): e6495. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6495D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006495. PMC 2714964. PMID 19652707.
Further reading
edit- Cahill DP, da Costa LT, Carson-Walter EB, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C (June 1999). "Characterization of MAD2B and other mitotic spindle checkpoint genes". Genomics. 58 (2): 181–7. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5831. PMID 10366450.
- Kwon TK, Hawkins AL, Griffin CA, Gabrielson E (2000). "Assignment of BUB3 to human chromosome band 10q26 by in situ hybridization". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 88 (3–4): 202–3. doi:10.1159/000015547. PMID 10828586. S2CID 8371224.
- Saffery R, Irvine DV, Griffiths B, Kalitsis P, Choo KH (October 2000). "Components of the human spindle checkpoint control mechanism localize specifically to the active centromere on dicentric chromosomes". Human Genetics. 107 (4): 376–84. doi:10.1007/s004390000386. PMID 11129339. S2CID 38578162.
- Kaplan KB, Burds AA, Swedlow JR, Bekir SS, Sorger PK, Näthke IS (April 2001). "A role for the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli protein in chromosome segregation". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (4): 429–32. doi:10.1038/35070123. PMID 11283619. S2CID 12645435.
- Sudakin V, Chan GK, Yen TJ (September 2001). "Checkpoint inhibition of the APC/C in HeLa cells is mediated by a complex of BUBR1, BUB3, CDC20, and MAD2". The Journal of Cell Biology. 154 (5): 925–36. doi:10.1083/jcb.200102093. PMC 2196190. PMID 11535616.
- Saxena A, Saffery R, Wong LH, Kalitsis P, Choo KH (July 2002). "Centromere proteins Cenpa, Cenpb, and Bub3 interact with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 protein and are poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (30): 26921–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M200620200. PMID 12011073.
- Saxena A, Wong LH, Kalitsis P, Earle E, Shaffer LG, Choo KH (September 2002). "Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2 localizes to mammalian active centromeres and interacts with PARP-1, Cenpa, Cenpb and Bub3, but not Cenpc". Human Molecular Genetics. 11 (19): 2319–29. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.19.2319. PMID 12217960.
- Baek WK, Park JW, Lim JH, Suh SI, Suh MH, Gabrielson E, Kwon TK (July 2002). "Molecular cloning and characterization of the human budding uninhibited by benomyl (BUB3) promoter". Gene. 295 (1): 117–23. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00827-2. PMID 12242018.
- Liu L, Amy V, Liu G, McKeehan WL (2003). "Novel complex integrating mitochondria and the microtubular cytoskeleton with chromosome remodeling and tumor suppressor RASSF1 deduced by in silico homology analysis, interaction cloning in yeast, and colocalization in cultured cells". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal. 38 (10): 582–94. doi:10.1290/1543-706X(2002)38<582:NCIMAT>2.0.CO;2. PMC 3225227. PMID 12762840.
- Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (August 2004). "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112130B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935.
- Yoon YM, Baek KH, Jeong SJ, Shin HJ, Ha GH, Jeon AH, Hwang SG, Chun JS, Lee CW (September 2004). "WD repeat-containing mitotic checkpoint proteins act as transcriptional repressors during interphase". FEBS Letters. 575 (1–3): 23–9. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.089. PMID 15388328. S2CID 21762011.
- Tang Z, Shu H, Oncel D, Chen S, Yu H (November 2004). "Phosphorylation of Cdc20 by Bub1 provides a catalytic mechanism for APC/C inhibition by the spindle checkpoint". Molecular Cell. 16 (3): 387–97. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.09.031. PMID 15525512.
- Andersen JS, Lam YW, Leung AK, Ong SE, Lyon CE, Lamond AI, Mann M (January 2005). "Nucleolar proteome dynamics". Nature. 433 (7021): 77–83. Bibcode:2005Natur.433...77A. doi:10.1038/nature03207. PMID 15635413. S2CID 4344740.
- Mendoza S, David H, Gaylord GM, Miller CW (April 2005). "Allelic loss at 10q26 in osteosarcoma in the region of the BUB3 and FGFR2 genes". Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 158 (2): 142–7. doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.08.035. PMID 15796961.
- Lo KW, Kogoy JM, Pfister KK (April 2007). "The DYNLT3 light chain directly links cytoplasmic dynein to a spindle checkpoint protein, Bub3". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (15): 11205–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M611279200. PMID 17289665.
External links
edit- Human BUB3 genome location and BUB3 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.