The Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), also known as aoudad (pronounced [ˈɑʊdæd]), is a species of caprine native to rocky mountains in North Africa and parts of West Africa.[1] While this is the only species in genus Ammotragus, six subspecies have been described. Although it is rare in its native North Africa, it has been introduced to North America, southern Europe, and elsewhere. It is also known in the Berber language as waddan or arwi, and in former French territories as the mouflon.
| Barbary sheep | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Caprinae |
| Tribe: | Caprini |
| Genus: | Ammotragus (Blyth, 1840) |
| Species: | A. lervia
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| Binomial name | |
| Ammotragus lervia (Pallas, 1777)
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| Subspecies | |
|
A. l. angusi Rothschild, 1921 | |
| Synonyms | |
Description
editBarbary sheep stand 75 to 110 cm (2 ft 6 in to 3 ft 7 in) tall at the shoulder, with a length around 1.5 m (5 ft), and weigh 30 to 145 kg (66 to 320 lb).[5] They are sandy-brown, darkening with age, with a slightly lighter underbelly and a darker line along the back. Upper parts and the outer parts of the legs are a uniform reddish- or grayish-brown. Some shaggy hair is on the throat (extending down to the chest in males) with a sparse mane. Their horns have a triangular cross-section. The horns curve outward, backward, then inward, and can exceed 76 cm (30 in) in length. The horns are fairly smooth, with slight wrinkles evident at the base as the animal matures.[6]
Range
editNatural range
editBarbary sheep are endemic to regions of Northern Africa primarily surrounding the barren center of the Sahara Desert. Countries and territories where aoudad may be found include Algeria, Chad (north), Egypt, Libya, Mali (north), Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Tunisia and Western Sahara. West of the Nile, they can be found in Sudan; east of the Nile, in the Red Sea Hills.[7] The now-extinct Ancient Egyptian corkscrew-horned sheep (Ovis longipes palaeoaegyptiacus) was also thought to be a subspecies of wild barbary sheep.[8]
Populations within its native range have been decreasing due to hunting, legal and otherwise, and destruction of habitat.[9][10]
Introduced populations
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Barbary sheep have been introduced to southeastern Spain[11] and the southwestern United States.[12]
They have become common in a limited region of southeastern Spain, since its introduction in 1970 to Sierra Espuña Regional Park as a game species. Its adaptability enabled it to colonize nearby areas quickly, and private game estates provided other centers of dispersion. The species is currently expanding, according to recent field surveys, now being found in the provinces of Alicante, Almería, Granada, and Murcia.[13] The species is a potential competitor to native ungulates inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula, and has also been introduced to La Palma (in the Canary Islands), and has spread throughout the northern and central parts of the island, where it is a serious threat to endemic vegetation.[14] The aoudad has also been introduced in Croatia several times, where there is a population in Mosor.[15]
Although the species has not yet been recorded in Australia, it is considered a pest species in Queensland with the potential to establish in the wild.[16]
Taxonomy
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A. lervia is the only species in the genus Ammotragus. However, some authors include this genus in the goat genus Capra, together with the sheep genus Ovis.[4]
The subspecies are found allopatrically in various parts of North Africa:[7]
- A. l. lervia Pallas, 1777 (vulnerable)
- A. l. ornata I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1827 (Egyptian Barbary sheep, thought to be extinct in the wild but still found in the eastern desert of Egypt)[17][18]
- A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913 (vulnerable)
- A. l. blainei Rothschild, 1913 (vulnerable)
- A. l. angusi Rothschild, 1921 (vulnerable)
- A. l. fassini Lepri, 1930 (vulnerable)
Habitats
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Barbary sheep are found in arid mountainous areas where they graze and browse grasses, bushes, and lichens. They are able to obtain all their metabolic water from food, but if liquid water is available, they drink and wallow in it. Barbary sheep are crepuscular - active in the early morning and late afternoon and rest in the heat of the day. They are very agile and can achieve a standing jump over 2 metres (7 ft). They are well adapted to their habitat, which consist of steep, rocky mountains and canyons. They often flee at the first sign of danger, typically running uphill. They are extremely nomadic and travel constantly via mountain ranges. Their main predators in North Africa were the Barbary leopard, Barbary lion, and caracal, but now humans, feral dogs, competition due to overgrazing by domestic animals and drought[19] threaten their populations.
Names
editThe binomial name Ammotragus lervia derives from the Greek ἄμμος ámmos ("sand", referring to the sand-coloured coat) and τράγος trágos ("goat").
Lervia derives from the wild sheep of northern Africa described as "lerwee" by Rev. T. Shaw in his "Travels and Observations" about parts of Barbary and Levant.
The Spanish named this sheep the arruis, from Berber arrwis, and the Spanish Legion even used it as a mascot for a time.
Aoudad ([ˈɑː.uːdæd]) is the name for this sheep used by the Berbers, a North African people, and it is also called arui and waddan (in Libya).
Gallery
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Barbary sheep seeks handouts at a Texas wildlife park -
Ewe and lamb rest in the shade of a tree -
Lamb (closeup) -
Barbary sheep at the Wildlife Ranch in San Antonio -
Barbary sheep at Tierpark Hagenbeck, Hamburg, Germany -
Ewes and a juvenile at Zoologischer Garten, Berlin, Germany -
Barbary sheep at Tennōji Zoo, Japan -
Head of a ram -
Skeleton of a Barbary sheep (Museum of Osteology) -
Captive Barbary sheep Safari West Santa Rosa, California
References
edit- ^ a b Cassinello, J.; Cuzin, F.; Jdeidi, T.; Masseti, M.; Nader, I.; de Smet, K. (2008). "Ammotragus lervia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T1151A3288917. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T1151A3288917.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Ammotragus lervia ultimateungulate.com Archived 2005-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Encyclopedia of animals. Great Neck Pub. 2017. ISBN 9781429811255.
- ^ a b Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Da Silva, Anne; Ahbara, Abulgasim; Baazaoui, Imen; Jemaa, Slim Ben; Cao, Yinhong; Ciani, Elena; Dzomba, Edgar Farai; Evans, Linda; Gootwine, Elisha; Hanotte, Olivier; Harris, Laura; Li, Meng‐Hua; Mastrangelo, Salvatore; Missohou, Ayao; Molotsi, Annelin; Muchadeyi, Farai C.; Mwacharo, Joram M.; Tallet, Gaëlle; Vernus, Pascal; Hall, Stephen J. G.; Lenstra, Johannes A. (19 November 2024). "History and genetic diversity of African sheep: Contrasting phenotypic and genomic diversity". Animal Genetics. doi:10.1111/age.13488. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
- ^ Manlius, Nicolas; Menardi-Noguera, Alessandro; Zboray, Andras (2003). "Decline of the Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) in Egypt during the 20th century: literature review and recent observations". Journal of Zoology. 259 (4): 403–409. doi:10.1017/S0952836902003394.
- ^ Šprem, Nikica; Gančević, Pavao; Safner, Toni; Jerina, Klemen; Cassinello, Jorge (2022). "Barbary Sheep Ammotragus lervia (Pallas, 1777)". Terrestrial Cetartiodactyla. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Verlag. pp. 367–381.
- ^ Acevedo, Pelayo; Cassinello, Jorge; Hortal, Joaquín; Gortázar, Christian (1 June 2007). "Invasive exotic aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) as a major threat to native Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica): a habitat suitability model approach". Diversity and Distributions. 13 (5): 587–597. Bibcode:2007DivDi..13..587A. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00374.x. hdl:10261/118202. S2CID 83656269.
- ^ Cassinello, Jorge (September 2018). "Misconception and mismanagement of invasive species: The paradoxical case of an alien ungulate in Spain". Conservation Letters. 11 (5): e12440. Bibcode:2018ConL...11E2440C. doi:10.1111/conl.12440.
- ^ Cassinello, Jorge; Serrano, Emmanuel; Calabuig, Gustau; Pérez, Jesús M. (May 2004). "Range expansion of an exotic ungulate (Ammotragus lervia) in southern Spain: ecological and conservation concerns". Biodiversity and Conservation. 13 (5): 851–866. Bibcode:2004BiCon..13..851C. doi:10.1023/B:BIOC.0000014461.69034.78. hdl:10261/118209. ISSN 0960-3115. S2CID 24178790.
- ^ Nogales, M.; Rodriguez-Luengo, J. L.; Marerro, P. (January 2006). "Ecological effects and distribution of invasive non-native mammals on the Canary Islands". Mammal Review. 36 (1): 49–65. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00077.x.
- ^ Hackländer, K.; Zachos, F. E. (2020). Handbook of the Mammals of Europe. Springer, Cham. ISBN 978-3-319-65038-8.
- ^ "Barbary sheep". July 2016.
- ^ Wacher, T., El Din, S. B., Mikhail, G., & El Din, M. B. (2002). New observations of the ‘extinct’ Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia ornata in Egypt. Oryx, 36(3), 301-304. doi:10.1017/S0030605302000534
- ^ Manlius, N., Menardi-Noguera, A. and Zboray, A. 2003. Decline of the Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) in Egypt during the 20th century: literature review and recent observations. Journal of Zoology (London) 259: 403-409. doi:10.1017/S0952836902003394
- ^ Jamel Ben Mimoun, Jorge Cassinello, Saïd Nouira (January 2016). "Update of the distribution and status of the aoudad Ammotragus lervia (Bovidae, Caprini) in Tunisia". Mammalia.
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Further reading
edit- Cassinello, J. (1998). Ammotragus lervia: a review on systematics, biology, ecology and distribution. Annales Zoologici Fennici 35: 149-162
- Cassinello, J. (2013). Ammotragus lervia: 595–599. In: Mammals of Africa. Vol VI. Pigs, Hippopotamuses, Chevrotain, Giraffes, Deer and Bovids. JS Kingdon & M Hoffmann (Eds.) Bloomsbury Publishing, London.
- Cassinello, J. (2015). Ammotragus lervia (aoudad). In: Invasive Species Compendium. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/94507[permanent dead link] CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
- Wacher, T., Baha El Din, S., Mikhail, G. & Baha El Din, M. (2002). New observations of the "extinct" Aoudad Ammotragus lervia ornata in Egypt. Oryx 36: 301–304.
External links
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