Bergman space

In complex analysis, functional analysis and operator theory, a Bergman space, named after Stefan Bergman, is a function space of holomorphic functions in a domain D of the complex plane that are sufficiently well-behaved at the boundary that they are absolutely integrable. Specifically, for 0 < p < ∞, the Bergman space A^p(D) is the space of all holomorphic functions $f$ in D for which the p-norm is finite:

$\|f\|_{A^{p}(D)}:=\left(\int _{D}|f(x+iy)|^{p}\,\mathrm {d} x\,\mathrm {d} y\right)^{1/p}<\infty .$

The quantity $\|f\|_{A^{p}(D)}$ is called the norm of the function f; it is a true norm if $p\geq 1$. Thus A^p(D) is the subspace of holomorphic functions that are in the space L^p(D). The Bergman spaces are Banach spaces, which is a consequence of the estimate, valid on compact subsets K of D:

$\sup _{z\in K}|f(z)|\leq C_{K}\|f\|_{L^{p}(D)}.$ (1)

Thus convergence of a sequence of holomorphic functions in L^p(D) implies also compact convergence, and so the limit function is also holomorphic.

If p = 2, then A^p(D) is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, whose kernel is given by the Bergman kernel.

Special cases and generalisations

If the domain D is bounded, then the norm is often given by:

$\|f\|_{A^{p}(D)}:=\left(\int _{D}|f(z)|^{p}\,dA\right)^{1/p}\;\;\;\;\;(f\in A^{p}(D)),$

where $A$ is a normalised Lebesgue measure of the complex plane, i.e. dA = dz/Area(D). Alternatively dA = dz/π is used, regardless of the area of D. The Bergman space is usually defined on the open unit disk $\mathbb {D}$ of the complex plane, in which case $A^{p}(\mathbb {D} ):=A^{p}$. In the Hilbert space case, given:$f(z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}z^{n}\in A^{2}$, we have:

$\|f\|_{A^{2}}^{2}:={\frac {1}{\pi }}\int _{\mathbb {D} }|f(z)|^{2}\,dz=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {|a_{n}|^{2}}{n+1}},$

that is, A² is isometrically isomorphic to the weighted ℓ^p(1/(n + 1)) space. In particular the polynomials are dense in A². Similarly, if D = $\mathbb {C}$₊, the right (or the upper) complex half-plane, then:

$\|F\|_{A^{2}(\mathbb {C} _{+})}^{2}:={\frac {1}{\pi }}\int _{\mathbb {C} _{+}}|F(z)|^{2}\,dz=\int _{0}^{\infty }|f(t)|^{2}{\frac {dt}{t}},$

where $F(z)=\int _{0}^{\infty }f(t)e^{-tz}\,dt$, that is, A²($\mathbb {C}$₊) is isometrically isomorphic to the weighted L^p_1/t (0,∞) space (via the Laplace transform).

The weighted Bergman space A^p(D) is defined in an analogous way, i.e.,

$\|f\|_{A_{w}^{p}(D)}:=\left(\int _{D}|f(x+iy)|^{2}\,w(x+iy)\,dx\,dy\right)^{1/p},$

provided that w : D → [0, ∞) is chosen in such way, that $A_{w}^{p}(D)$ is a Banach space (or a Hilbert space, if p = 2). In case where $D=\mathbb {D}$, by a weighted Bergman space $A_{\alpha }^{p}$ we mean the space of all analytic functions f such that:

$\|f\|_{A_{\alpha }^{p}}:=\left((\alpha +1)\int _{\mathbb {D} }|f(z)|^{p}\,(1-|z|^{2})^{\alpha }dA(z)\right)^{1/p}<\infty ,$

and similarly on the right half-plane (i.e., $A_{\alpha }^{p}(\mathbb {C} _{+})$) we have:

$\|f\|_{A_{\alpha }^{p}(\mathbb {C} _{+})}:=\left({\frac {1}{\pi }}\int _{\mathbb {C} _{+}}|f(x+iy)|^{p}x^{\alpha }\,dx\,dy\right)^{1/p},$

and this space is isometrically isomorphic, via the Laplace transform, to the space $L^{2}(\mathbb {R} _{+},\,d\mu _{\alpha })$, where:

$d\mu _{\alpha }:={\frac {\Gamma (\alpha +1)}{2^{\alpha }t^{\alpha +1}}}\,dt$

(here Γ denotes the Gamma function).

Further generalisations are sometimes considered, for example $A_{\nu }^{2}$ denotes a weighted Bergman space (often called a Zen space) with respect to a translation-invariant positive regular Borel measure $\nu$ on the closed right complex half-plane ${\overline {\mathbb {C} _{+}}}$, that is:

$A_{\nu }^{p}:=\left\{f:\mathbb {C} _{+}\longrightarrow \mathbb {C} {\text{ analytic}}\;:\;\|f\|_{A_{\nu }^{p}}:=\left(\sup _{\varepsilon >0}\int _{\overline {\mathbb {C} _{+}}}|f(z+\varepsilon )|^{p}\,d\nu (z)\right)^{1/p}<\infty \right\}.$

Reproducing kernels

The reproducing kernel $k_{z}^{A^{2}}$ of A² at point $z\in \mathbb {D}$ is given by:

$k_{z}^{A^{2}}(\zeta )={\frac {1}{(1-{\overline {z}}\zeta )^{2}}}\;\;\;\;\;(\zeta \in \mathbb {D} ),$

and similarly, for $A^{2}(\mathbb {C} _{+})$ we have:

$k_{z}^{A^{2}(\mathbb {C} _{+})}(\zeta )={\frac {1}{({\overline {z}}+\zeta )^{2}}}\;\;\;\;\;(\zeta \in \mathbb {C} _{+}),$

In general, if $\varphi$ maps a domain $\Omega$ conformally onto a domain $D$, then:

$k_{z}^{A^{2}(\Omega )}(\zeta )=k_{\varphi (z)}^{{\mathcal {A}}^{2}(D)}(\varphi (\zeta ))\,{\overline {\varphi '(z)}}\varphi '(\zeta )\;\;\;\;\;(z,\zeta \in \Omega ).$

In weighted case we have:

$k_{z}^{A_{\alpha }^{2}}(\zeta )={\frac {\alpha +1}{(1-{\overline {z}}\zeta )^{\alpha +2}}}\;\;\;\;\;(z,\zeta \in \mathbb {D} ),$

and:

$k_{z}^{A_{\alpha }^{2}(\mathbb {C} _{+})}(\zeta )={\frac {2^{\alpha }(\alpha +1)}{({\overline {z}}+\zeta )^{\alpha +2}}}\;\;\;\;\;(z,\zeta \in \mathbb {C} _{+}).$

Further reading

• Bergman, Stefan (1970), The kernel function and conformal mapping, Mathematical Surveys, vol. 5 (2nd ed.), American Mathematical Society
• Hedenmalm, H.; Korenblum, B.; Zhu, K. (2000), Theory of Bergman Spaces, Springer, ISBN 978-0-387-98791-0
• Richter, Stefan (2001) [1994], "Bergman spaces", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press.

See also

• Bergman kernel
• Banach space
• Hilbert space
• Reproducing kernel Hilbert space
• Hardy space
• Dirichlet space