Chen Gui (fl. 190s), courtesy name Hanyu, was a Chinese politician who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.[1]
Chen Gui | |
|---|---|
| 陳珪 | |
| Chancellor of Pei (沛相) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Chancellor of Jibei (濟北相) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Prefect of Ju (劇令) | |
| In office ?–? | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Unknown Lianshui County, Jiangsu |
| Died | Unknown |
| Relations |
|
| Children |
|
| Occupation | Politician |
| Courtesy name | Hanyu (漢瑜) |
Family background and early career
editChen Gui's ancestral home (and probably birthplace too) was in Huaipu County (淮浦縣), Xiapi Commandery (下邳郡), Xu Province (徐州), which is present-day Lianshui County, Jiangsu. He came from a family of government officials. His uncle, Chen Qiu (陳球), held high-ranking positions in the Han government during the reign of Emperor Ling. Chen Qiu's sons, Chen Yu (陳瑀) and Chen Cong (陳琮), served as commandery administrators.[2]
Early career
editChen Gui started his career as the Prefect (令) of Ju County (劇縣; south of present-day Shouguang, Shandong) in Beihai State after he was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) by his home commandery. He resigned after some time, but was later nominated as a maocai (茂才; outstanding civil servant) and appointed as the Chancellor (相) of Jibei Kingdom (around present-day Tai'an, Shandong).[3] He was subsequently reassigned to be the Chancellor of Pei Kingdom (around present-day Pei County, Jiangsu).[2]
Refusal to join Yuan Shu
editChen Gui was an old acquaintance of the warlord Yuan Shu, who, like him, also came from a family of government officials.[4] In early 197, Yuan Shu declared himself emperor in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui) – an act deemed treasonous against the figurehead Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han dynasty. [5] Yuan Shu then wrote to Chen Gui: "In the past, when the Qin dynasty was overthrown, all the heroes throughout the Empire started fighting for power. In the end, only the smartest and bravest succeeded in seizing the Mandate of Heaven. As of now, the Han Empire is in a state of chaos and is on the verge of collapse. This is a time for heroes to make glorious achievements. We have known each other for years. Are you not willing to help me? If you are willing to join me, you will be my most trusted adviser."[6]
At the time, Chen Gui's second son, Chen Ying (陳應), was in Xiapi (下邳; present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu), the capital of Xu Province. Yuan Shu wanted to send his men to seize Chen Ying, and use Chen Ying as a hostage to force Chen Gui to join him.[7] Chen Gui wrote a reply to Yuan Shu:
"In the past, the Qin dynasty collapsed because it ruled in an oppressive, harsh and tyrannical manner, which forced the people to rise up and overthrow it. As of now, the Han dynasty may have declined, but the Han Empire is nothing like the Qin Empire in its final years. In the imperial court, General Cao uses his courage and wisdom to support the Emperor and restore order and stability to a central government rendered dysfunctional by corrupt officials. It will not be long before he eliminates all the Han Empire's enemies and brings peace to the people. I had expected you to work together with others to revive the Han dynasty, yet you decided to commit treason instead and bring disaster upon yourself. It hurts me to see you do this! If you can repent and turn back, you probably still have time to make up for your mistakes. I am only telling you this on account of our past relationship. You may not enjoy hearing this from me, but this comes from the very bottom of my heart. As for you asking me to consider my personal interests and join you, I only have to say that I would rather die than join you."[8]
Service under Lü Bu
editIn 196, the warlord Lü Bu seized control of Xu Province from Liu Bei while the latter was away at a battle against Yuan Shu.[9] Chen Gui and his eldest son, Chen Deng, were forced to become Lü Bu's subordinates. In 197,[5] after declaring himself emperor, Yuan Shu proposed forming an alliance with Lü Bu, and offered to arrange a marriage between his son and Lü Bu's daughter. Chen Gui was worried that the two warlords would pose a greater threat to the Han central government if they became allies, so he advised Lü Bu to avoid having any ties to Yuan Shu. He also urged Lü Bu to build friendly relations with Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the figurehead Emperor Xian and the Han central government in the imperial capital Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan).[10]
Lü Bu heeded Chen Gui's advice and rejected Yuan Shu's offer. He also arrested Yuan Shu's messenger, Han Yin (韓胤), and sent him as a prisoner to the imperial capital Xu, where Han Yin was publicly executed. After that, Chen Gui asked Lü Bu to send Chen Deng as his representative to meet Cao Cao, but Lü Bu refused. However, after the Han central government sent an emissary to grant Lü Bu the appointment of General of the Left (左將軍),[a] Lü Bu was so happy that he sent Chen Deng as his representative to Xu to thank Cao Cao and the Han imperial court.[12] In Xu, Chen Deng urged Cao Cao to eliminate Lü Bu and agreed to serve as a mole for Cao Cao in Xu Province. Cao Cao also promoted Chen Deng to the position of Administrator (太守) of Guangling Commandery (廣陵郡; around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu), and increased Chen Gui's salary by 2,000 dan of grain.[13][14]
Yuan Shu was furious that Lü Bu reneged on his word, so he allied with Han Xian and Yang Feng, and sent his general Zhang Xun (張勳) to attack Lü Bu. Lü Bu asked Chen Gui, "Yuan Shu sends his forces to attack me because I followed your suggestion. What should I do now?"[15] Chen Gui replied, "The alliance between Han Xian, Yang Feng and Yuan Shu is formed by a loose assembly of their forces. They have not decided on a common plan so they will not last long. They are like chickens tied up together and they cannot move in tandem. My son, Deng, has a plan to separate them."[16] Lü Bu heeded Chen Gui's advice and wrote a letter to Han Xian and Yang Feng, urging them to defect to his side as well as promising to share the spoils of war with them.[17] Han Xian and Yang Feng were so pleased that they sided with Lü Bu, defeated Zhang Xun at Xiapi (下邳; present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu) and captured Qiao Rui (橋蕤), one of Yuan Shu's officers. Yuan Shu's forces suffered heavy casualties and many of his soldiers fell into the river and drowned.[18]
By the time of the Battle of Xiapi of 198–199,[19] Chen Gui had retired while Chen Deng assisted Cao Cao in eliminating Lü Bu.[1] It is not known when Chen Gui died.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The Yingxiong Ji (英雄記) recorded that the Han central government appointed Lü Bu as General Who Pacifies the East (平東將軍) instead of General of the Left (左將軍).[11]
References
edit- ^ a b de Crespigny (2007), p. 68.
- ^ a b (陳球字伯真，下邳淮浦人也。... 弟子珪，沛相； ...) Houhanshu vol. 56.
- ^ ([陳]球弟子珪，字漢瑜。舉孝廉，劇令，去官；舉茂才，濟北相。) Xie Cheng's Houhanshu annotation in Fan Ye's Houhanshu vol. 56.
- ^ (時沛相下邳陳珪，故太尉球弟子也。術與珪俱公族子孫，少共交游， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 6.
- ^ a b Sima (1084), vol. 62.
- ^ (... 書與珪曰：「昔秦失其政，天下羣雄爭而取之，兼智勇者卒受其歸。今世事紛擾，復有瓦解之勢矣，誠英乂有為之時也。與足下舊交，豈肯左右之乎？若集大事，子實為吾心膂。」) Sanguozhi vol. 6.
- ^ (珪中子應時在下邳，術並脅質應，圖必致珪。) Sanguozhi vol. 6.
- ^ (珪荅書曰：「昔秦末世，肆暴恣情，虐流天下，毒被生民，下不堪命，故遂土崩。今雖季世，未有亡秦苛暴之亂也。曹將軍神武應期，興復典刑，將撥平凶慝，清定海內，信有徵矣。以為足下當戮力同心，匡翼漢室，而陰謀不軌，以身試禍，豈不痛哉！若迷而知反，尚可以免。吾備舊知，故陳至情，雖逆於耳，肉骨之惠也。欲吾營私阿附，有犯死不能也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 6.
- ^ Sima (1084), vols. 61–62.
- ^ (沛相陳珪恐術、布成婚，則徐、揚合從，將為國難，於是往說布曰；「曹公奉迎天子，輔讚國政，威靈命世，將征四海，將軍宜與恊同策謀，圖太山之安。今與術結婚，受天下不義之名，必有累卵之危。」) Sanguozhi vol. 7.
- ^ (英雄記曰： ... 朝廷以布為平東將軍，封平陶侯。 ... 布乃遣登奉章謝恩，并以一好綬答太祖。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 7.
- ^ (布亦怨術初不己受也，女已在塗，追還絕婚，械送韓胤，梟首許市。珪欲使子登詣太祖，布不肯遣。會使者至，拜布左將軍。布大喜，即聽登往，并令奉章謝恩。) Sanguozhi vol. 7.
- ^ (登見太祖，因陳布勇而無計，輕於去就，宜早圖之。即增珪秩中二千石，拜登廣陵太守。 ... 令登陰合部衆以為內應。) Sanguozhi vol. 7.
- ^ (奉使到許，太祖以登為廣陵太守，令陰合衆以圖呂布。) Xianxian Xingzhuang annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 7.
- ^ (袁術怒布殺韓胤，遣其大將張勳、橋蕤等與韓暹、楊奉連埶，步騎數萬，七道攻布。布時兵有三千，馬四百匹，懼其不敵，謂陳珪曰：「今致術軍，卿之由也，為之奈何？」) Houhanshu vol. 75.
- ^ (珪曰：「暹、奉與術，卒合之師耳。謀無素定，不能相維。子登策之，比於連雞，埶不俱棲，立可離也。」) Houhanshu vol. 75.
- ^ (布用珪策，與暹、奉書曰：「二將軍親拔大駕， ... 此時不可失也。」又許破術兵，悉以軍資與之。) Houhanshu vol. 75.
- ^ (暹、奉大喜，遂共擊勳等於下邳，大破之，生禽橋蕤，餘衆潰走，其所殺傷、墯水死者殆盡。) Houhanshu vol. 75.
- ^ Sima (1084), vols. 62–63.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
- Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.