The Concordat of 1940 was an agreement between Portugal and the Holy See of the Catholic Church signed in the Vatican on 7 May 1940 under António de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo. The 1940 concordat was kept in place until 2004 when a new one was signed by Prime Minister José Manuel Barroso. Salazar's text outlived him and outlived his regime for 30 years. The text was re-ratified in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution, only slightly amended in order to allow civil divorce in Catholic marriages, while keeping all the other articles in force.[1]
In May 1940 a Concordat between the Portuguese state and the Vatican was signed.[2] There were difficulties in the negotiations which preceded the signing of the Concordat, demonstrating both how eager the Church remained to re-establish its influence, and how equally determined Salazar was to prevent any religious intervention within the political sphere, which he saw as the exclusive preserve of the State. The legislation of the parliamentary republic was not fundamentally altered: religious teaching in schools remained voluntary, while civil marriages and civil divorce were retained and religious oaths were not reestablished. The Bishops were to be appointed by the Holy See but final nomination required the government's approval.[a] The clergy were subject to military service but in the form of pastoral care to the armed forces and, in time of war, also to the medical units.[4] The Church could establish and maintain private schools, but they would be subject to state supervision. The Catholic religion and morality were to be taught in public schools unless parents had requested the contrary.[4] However, Catholics who celebrated canonical marriages were not allowed to obtain a civil divorce. The law said that "It is understood that by the very fact of the celebration of a canonical marriage, the spouses renounce the legal right to ask for a divorce." Despite this prohibition, by 1960 nearly 91 percent of all marriages in the country were canonical marriages.[5]
One immediate result of the concordat was that on June 13, 1940, Pope Pius XII issued the encyclical Saeculo exeunte, which appealed to Portuguese national feelings.[6]
Notes
edit- ^ Regal control over ecclesiastical appointments was part of the "Padroado Real", that is, the exclusive royal prerogative granted by the Pope to the Portuguese crown to evangelize in the Far East and elsewhere.”[3] Thus the veto right in this concordat is a nod to the privilege of Iberian kings and served to legitimize Salazar's regime.
References
edit- ^ Additional Protocol to the 1940 Concordat, Decreto n.º 187/75, Signed by President Francisco da Costa Gomes
- ^ Full text Salazar's concordat (1940) available online in this link
- ^ César Guillén-Nuñez, Tomás Pereira, S. J., and the Eclipse of the Portuguese Padroado Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine, Chinese Cross Currents, Vol. 5, No. 3, July 2008.
- ^ a b Egerton 1943, p. 301.
- ^ Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos: Statistical date can be found in the following link: [1]
- ^ Text of Saeculo Exeunte Octavo
Sources
edit- Egerton, F. Clement (1943). Salazar, Rebuilder of Portugal. London: Hodder & Stoughton.