Culver City is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,779. It is mostly surrounded by Los Angeles, but also shares a border with the unincorporated area of Ladera Heights to the east. The city was named after its founder, Harry Culver, who first attempted to establish it in 1913.
Culver City, California | |
|---|---|
 Culver City sign based on the marquee of the Culver Theatre (now Kirk Douglas Theatre) | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Motto: "The Heart of Screenland" | |
 Location within Los Angeles County | |
| Coordinates: 34°0′28″N 118°24′3″W / 34.00778°N 118.40083°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Los Angeles |
| Incorporated | September 20, 1917[1] |
| Named for | Harry Culver |
| Government | |
| • Type | Council-Manager |
| • Mayor | Yasmine-Imani McMorrin |
| • Vice Mayor | Dan O'Brien |
| • City Council | Göran Eriksson Freddy Puza Albert Vera |
| • City Manager | John M. Nachbar[2] |
| Area | |
• Total | 5.14 sq mi (13.31 km2) |
| • Land | 5.11 sq mi (13.24 km2) |
| • Water | 0.03 sq mi (0.07 km2) 0.54% |
| Elevation | 95 ft (29 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 40,779 |
| • Density | 7,977.11/sq mi (3,080.15/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC−8 (Pacific Time Zone) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−7 (PDT) |
| ZIP Codes | 90230–90232, 90066[5] |
| Area codes | 310/424[6] |
| FIPS code | 06-17568 |
| GNIS feature IDs | 1652695, 2410276 |
| Website | www |
In the 1920s, Culver City became a center for film and later television production. It was best known as the home of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios from 1924 to 1986. From 1932 to 1986, it was the headquarters for the Hughes Aircraft Company. National Public Radio West and Sony Pictures Entertainment have headquarters in the city.
History
edit
Early history
editArchaeological evidence suggests a human presence in the area of present-day Culver City since at least 8000 BCE.[7] The region was the homeland of the Tongva-Gabrieliño Native Americans. For centuries, native people lived in areas currently part of and surrounding Culver City.[8][9][10] California's native people were massacred by waves of Spanish, Mexican and Euro-American invaders through a combination of slavery, disease, relocation, forced labor, imprisonment, broken treaties and a genocidal war of extermination, including paid bounties for dead "Indians".[11] The Spanish and Mexican governments offered concessions and land grants from 1785 to 1846 forming the Ranchos of California. Culver City was founded on the lands of the former Rancho La Ballona and Rancho Rincon de los Bueyes.[12] When Culver City was founded, native, Hispanic or Latino people were not allowed to buy property.[13]
During the American Civil War, a U.S. Army post called Camp Latham was established from 1861 to 1862 on the south bank of Ballona Creek.
Culver City
edit
Harry Culver first attempted to establish Culver City in 1913. It was officially incorporated on September 20, 1917, and named after its founder.[14] The area benefited from pre-existing transportation links; Culver's first ads read "All roads lead to Culver City".[8] The city was explicitly founded as a whites-only sundown town, as were most of the suburbs and towns outside the downtown and Central Avenue districts of Los Angeles.[15][16] Culver ran ads promoting "this model little white city", while his close associate, Guy M. Rush, promoted lot sales "restricted to Caucasian race".[17][18] The city also at times excluded people of non-Christian religious faiths.[13]
The weekly Culver City Call was the first newspaper in the community. The paper was founded in 1915.
The first film studio in Culver City was built by Thomas Ince in 1918 for The Triangle Motion Picture Company. Silent film comedy producer Hal Roach built his studios there in 1919, and Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM) took over the Triangle studio complex in 1924.[19] During Prohibition, speakeasies and nightclubs such as the Cotton Club lined Washington Boulevard.
Culver Center, one of Southern California's first shopping malls, was completed in 1950[20] on Venice Boulevard near the Overland Avenue intersection.[21]
Hughes Aircraft Company
editHughes Aircraft opened its Culver City plant in July 1941. There the company built the H-4 Hercules transport (commonly called the "Spruce Goose"). Hughes was also an active subcontractor during World War II. It developed and patented a flexible feed chute for faster loading of machine guns on B-17 bombers, and manufactured electric booster drives for machine guns. Hughes produced more ammunition belts than any other American manufacturer, and built 5,576 wings and 6,370 rear fuselage sections for Vultee BT-13 trainers.[22][23]
Hughes grew after the war, and in 1953 Howard Hughes donated all his stock in the company to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. After he died in 1976, the institute sold the company, which made it the second-best-endowed medical research foundation in the world.[24]
The studios (1960s, 1970s and 1980s)
edit
The Hal Roach Studios were demolished in 1963. In the late 1960s, much of the MGM backlot acreage (lot 3 and other property on Jefferson Boulevard), and the nearby 28.5 acres (11.5 ha) known as RKO Forty Acres, once owned by RKO Pictures and later Desilu Productions, were sold by their owners. In 1976 the sets were razed to make way for redevelopment. Today, the RKO site is the southern expansion of the Hayden Industrial Tract, while the MGM property has been converted into a subdivision and a shopping center known as Raintree Plaza.
In October of 1975, Fox Hills Mall opened in the place of a golf course.[citation needed]
Rebirth of downtown (1990s and 2000s)
editIn the early 1990s, Culver City launched a successful revitalization program in which it renovated its downtown as well as several shopping centers in the Sepulveda Boulevard corridor near Westfield Culver City. Around the same time, Sony's motion picture subsidiaries, Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures, moved into the former Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer lot which was renamed Columbia Studios in 1990 and took on its current name, Sony Pictures Studios, a year later.
There was an influx of art galleries and restaurants on the eastern part of the city, which was formally designated the Culver City Art District.[25]
Geography
edit
The city is surrounded by the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Mar Vista and Palms to the north; Westchester to the south; Mid-City, West Adams, and Baldwin Hills to the east; the Ladera Heights unincorporated area to the southeast; and the L.A. neighborhoods of Venice and Playa Vista to the west, along with the unincorporated area of Marina del Rey.
Culver City's major geographic feature is Ballona Creek, which runs northeast to southwest through most of the city before it drains into Santa Monica Bay in Marina Del Rey.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.1 square miles (13.2 km2), over 99% of which is land. Over the years, it has annexed more than 40 pieces of adjoining land.
Neighborhoods
editThe city recognizes 15 neighborhoods within city limits:[26]
- Blair Hills
- Blanco-Culver Crest
- Clarkdale
- Culver West
- Downtown Culver City
- Fox Hills
- Jefferson
- Lucerne-Higuera
- McLaughlin
- McManus
- Park East (also known as Carlson Park)
- Park West (also known as Veterans Park)
- Studio Village
- Sunkist Park
- Washington Culver
Climate
edit| Climate data for Culver City, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1935–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 90 (32) |
92 (33) |
92 (33) |
105 (41) |
100 (38) |
98 (37) |
102 (39) |
103 (39) |
111 (44) |
106 (41) |
100 (38) |
91 (33) |
111 (44) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 79.8 (26.6) |
79.6 (26.4) |
81.5 (27.5) |
84.8 (29.3) |
83.2 (28.4) |
82.8 (28.2) |
86.0 (30.0) |
87.3 (30.7) |
91.2 (32.9) |
90.8 (32.7) |
85.1 (29.5) |
77.1 (25.1) |
95.1 (35.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 66.6 (19.2) |
66.5 (19.2) |
68.2 (20.1) |
70.8 (21.6) |
72.0 (22.2) |
74.7 (23.7) |
78.0 (25.6) |
79.1 (26.2) |
78.4 (25.8) |
75.8 (24.3) |
70.6 (21.4) |
65.9 (18.8) |
72.2 (22.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 57.3 (14.1) |
57.5 (14.2) |
59.5 (15.3) |
61.9 (16.6) |
64.3 (17.9) |
67.5 (19.7) |
70.6 (21.4) |
71.3 (21.8) |
70.3 (21.3) |
66.9 (19.4) |
61.3 (16.3) |
56.6 (13.7) |
63.8 (17.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 48.0 (8.9) |
48.5 (9.2) |
50.8 (10.4) |
53.1 (11.7) |
56.6 (13.7) |
60.3 (15.7) |
63.1 (17.3) |
63.6 (17.6) |
62.2 (16.8) |
57.9 (14.4) |
51.9 (11.1) |
47.3 (8.5) |
55.3 (12.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 39.6 (4.2) |
40.3 (4.6) |
42.6 (5.9) |
45.6 (7.6) |
50.0 (10.0) |
54.5 (12.5) |
57.3 (14.1) |
58.3 (14.6) |
55.1 (12.8) |
50.6 (10.3) |
44.1 (6.7) |
39.3 (4.1) |
36.0 (2.2) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 24 (−4) |
24 (−4) |
31 (−1) |
32 (0) |
32 (0) |
43 (6) |
46 (8) |
43 (6) |
40 (4) |
39 (4) |
28 (−2) |
30 (−1) |
24 (−4) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.25 (83) |
3.46 (88) |
2.16 (55) |
0.60 (15) |
0.38 (9.7) |
0.06 (1.5) |
0.02 (0.51) |
0.00 (0.00) |
0.13 (3.3) |
0.56 (14) |
0.94 (24) |
2.49 (63) |
14.05 (357.01) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 5.9 | 5.7 | 4.3 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 4.9 | 28.5 |
| Source 1: NOAA[27] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: National Weather Service[28] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
edit| Historical population | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 1920 | 1930 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
| Pop. | 503 | 5,669 | 8,976 | 19,720 | 32,163 | 34,451 | 38,139 | 38,793 | 38,816 | 38,883 | 40,779 |
| ±% | — | +1027.0% | +58.3% | +119.7% | +63.1% | +7.1% | +10.7% | +1.7% | +0.1% | +0.2% | +4.9% |
| U.S. Decennial Census[29] | |||||||||||
Ethnic groups
editAccording to the 2020 Census, the population of Culver City was 46.5% Non-Hispanic White, 16.1% Asian, 15.2% Hispanic White, 8.24% Black or African American, and 5.57% Other Hispanic.[30][31]
According to Mapping L.A., Mexican and German were the most common ancestries in 2000. Mexico and the Philippines were the most common foreign places of birth.[32]
Economy
edit
Corporations with headquarters in Culver City include Beats Audio, MedMen, NantHealth, Sweetgreen and Sony Pictures Entertainment.
Largest employers
editAccording to the city's 2020–21 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[34] the top employers in the city were:
| # | Employer | # of Employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sony Pictures Entertainment | 3,000 |
| 2 | Westfield Culver City | 1,500 |
| 3 | Southern California Hospital at Culver City | 1,116 |
| 4 | NFL Media | 957 |
| 5 | City of Culver City | 808 |
| 6 | Culver City Unified School District | 800 |
| 7 | West Los Angeles College | 739 |
| 8 | Goldrich & Kest Industries, LLC | 670 |
| 9 | Target | 507 |
Movie and television production
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2017) |
Hundreds of movies have been produced on the lots of Culver City's studios: Sony Pictures Studios (originally MGM Studios), Culver Studios, and the former Hal Roach Studios. In 2017, Amazon MGM Studios announced plans to build a studio in Culver City.[35]
Businesses
edit- Westfield Culver City, a shopping mall.
- Beats Electronics
- Disney Digital Network
- MedMen
- NPR West[36]
- Sony Pictures Studios
- The Ripped Bodice, one of the first romance novel bookstores in the northern hemisphere[37]
Arts and culture
editMuseums
editThe Wende Museum possesses a collection of Soviet and East German visual art and everyday artifacts to promote an understanding of Soviet art, history and culture between 1945 and 1991.[38] Additionally, the Museum of Jurassic Technology, founded in 1988 by David Hildebrand Wilson and Diana Drake Wilson, provides over 30 permanent exhibits displaying an eclectic mix of items that blend fact and fiction.[39]
Library
edit
The County of Los Angeles Public Library operates the Julian Dixon Culver City Branch.
Architecture
editThe architecture of Culver City reflects its history as an early location for film studios and, more recently, as a site for architectural experimentation, particularly for the projects of Eric Owen Moss at the Hayden Tract. The architecture office of Morphosis headquartered here. Styles represented include Mission Revival and Colonial Revival from the city's early days, to the PWA Moderne of the 1930s, to modern, postmodern, and deconstructivist styles from the past few decades. Notable architectural landmarks include:[40]
- Ivy Substation (1907), a Mission Revival building that houses The Actors' Gang[41]
- Culver Studios (1918–1920), offices in the style of a Colonial Revival mansion
- Culver Hotel (Curlett and Beelman, 1924), a six-story brick flatiron [42]
- Helms Bakery (1930), in PWA Moderne style
- Kirk Douglas Theatre (1946)[43]
- St. Augustine Catholic Church (1957), a Gothic Revival church
- Platform (2016)
Parks and recreation
editThe City of Culver City Parks and Recreation department operates 14 outdoor parks within city limits.[44]
Government
edit
Culver City has a five-member city council.
In Los Angeles County, Culver City is in the 2nd Supervisorial District, represented by Holly Mitchell.[45]
In the California State Legislature, Culver City is in the 28th Senate District, represented by Democrat Lola Smallwood-Cuevas, and in the 55th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Isaac Bryan.[46]
In the United States House of Representatives, Culver City is split between California's 36th congressional district, represented by Democrat Ted Lieu,[47] and California's 37th congressional district, represented by Democrat Sydney Kamlager-Dove.[48]
Education
editPrimary and secondary schools
editThe Culver City Unified School District administers the following public schools:[49]
- Culver City High School
- Culver City Middle School
- Culver City Unified School District iAcademy
- Culver Park High School
- El Marino Elementary School
- El Rincon Elementary School
- Farragut Elementary School
- La Ballona Elementary School
- Linwood E. Howe Elementary School
Private schools
edit- STAR Prep Academy, a middle and high school that shares its campus with an exotic wildlife rescue center.[50]
- The Willows Community School (elementary and middle school).
- Turning Point School (elementary and middle school).
- Kayne Eras Center (school for disabled).
- Wildwood School (primary through high school).
- Echo Horizon School (primary through middle school).
Colleges and universities
edit- Antioch University Los Angeles, a nonprofit liberal arts college in Culver City's Corporate Pointe district.
Media
editNewspaper
editMovies
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
Movies filmed or partially filmed in Culver City include:
- The Wizard of Oz
- The Thin Man
- Gone with the Wind[51]
- Rebecca
- Tarzan
- King Kong
- Grease
- Raging Bull
- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
- The Man with Two Brains
- City Slickers
- Air Force One
- Wag the Dog
- Contact
- Pee-wee's Big Adventure
- Tron
- Bewitched
- Fun with Dick and Jane
- Get Shorty
- Superbad
- Killers
- Dinner for Schmucks
- Lincoln Lawyer
- Moneyball
- Horrible Bosses
- Jack and Jill
- Think Like a Man
- The Campaign
- Matchstick Men
Television shows
editTelevision shows filmed or partially filmed in Culver City include:
Infrastructure
editTransportation
editTransit
edit
The Culver City station of the Los Angeles Metro E Line sits at the Culver Junction near Venice and Robertson Boulevards in Culver City. The E Line provides a light rail connection from Culver City to Downtown Los Angeles and East Los Angeles to the east and Downtown Santa Monica to the west, mostly following the right-of-way that the Pacific Electric Santa Monica Air Line used, also known as the Exposition Boulevard line. Culver City station was the western terminus of what was then known as the Expo Line from its opening on June 20, 2012, to the opening of Expo Line phase two on May 20, 2016.[52]
Culver CityBus was founded on March 4, 1928, making it the second oldest municipal bus line in California[53] and the oldest public transit bus system still operating in Los Angeles County.[54] Big Blue Bus was founded on April 14, 1928.[54][55] Culver CityBus operates seven regular bus lines as well as a short-term downtown circulator shuttle.
The Culver City Transit Center in the Westfield Culver City parking serves as a bus depot for three Culver CityBus lines and two Metro bus lines. The Washington Fairfax Hub, just across the border of the City of Los Angeles under the I-10 freeway, connects residents to seven bus lines, two operated by Culver CityBus and five operated by Metro.
The Baldwin Hills Parklands Link is a shuttle service operated by Los Angeles County that stops at Stoneview Nature Center on weekends only.
Bike routes
edit
The city is served by multiple separated bike paths:
- Culver Boulevard Median bike route
- Ballona Creek bike path, connecting to the Park to Playa Trail
- Elenda Street bikeway, 12-block route between Ballona Creek Pedestrian Bridge and Washington Boulevard[56]
- Separated bike and bus lanes through downtown Culver City, part of the MoveCulverCity complete streets initiative[57]
Air travel
editThe city is served by the Los Angeles International Airport, about 7 miles (11 km) south of the city. Smaller nearby airports include Santa Monica Airport and Hawthorne Municipal Airport.
Freeways
editCulver City is served by Interstate 405 (San Diego Freeway), Interstate 10 (Santa Monica Freeway), and California State Route 90 (Marina Freeway). California State Route 187 runs along Venice Boulevard in Culver City.
Public safety
editCulver City is served by the Culver City Police Department, and the Culver City Fire Department, which operates three stations and a fire training facility.[58][59]
Cemeteries
editNotable people
edit- Art Alexakis, musician, founder and lead singer of the band Everclear[60]
- Drew Barrymore, actress[61]
- Shayla Beesley, actress
- Big Boy, radio host
- Jack Black, actor
- Jackson Browne, singer, songwriter, and musician
- Michael Bumpus, NFL player, Seattle Seahawks[62]
- Dean Byington, visual artist[63]
- Gary Carter (1954–2012), Major League Baseball player, Hall of Famer[64]
- Michael Chacon, professional fixed-gear bike rider
- Tiffany Cohen, double-gold champion in swimming at the 1984 Summer Olympics
- Glenn Cowan (1952–2004), table tennis player
- Carolyn Craig, actress
- Dee Dee Davis, actress[65]
- Jeff Fisher, NFL coach[66]
- Tim Foli (born 1950), Major League Baseball player[67]
- Dick Gautier, actor
- Kron Gracie, son of Rickson Gracie, teaches Brazilian Jiu Jitsu in town
- Linda Gray, film, stage, and television actress, director, and producer
- Charles Herbert, actor[68]
- Win Headley, NFL and CFL player
- Kelly Lytle Hernández, professor and Thomas E. Lifka Chair of History at UCLA, author, and MacArthur Fellowship recipient
- Howard Hughes, founder of Hughes Aircraft[24]
- Helen Hunt, Oscar-winning actress[69]
- HuskyStarcraft, aka Mike Lamond, YouTube commentator
- Darrin Jackson, Major League Baseball player and MLB sportscaster
- Taran Killam, actor and comedian
- Tim Layana (1964–1999), Major League Baseball player
- Merry Lepper, set world record marathon time for women, December 16, 1963, in Culver City.[70]
- Masiela Lusha, Albanian-American actress and poet
- Ron Mael, musician, member of Sparks
- Bill Monning, California State Senator[71]
- Michael Richards, actor and comedian[72]
- Michelle Horn, actress
- Michael Ruppert, journalist and former LAPD officer
- Ryan Sherriff (born 1990), Major League Baseball player
- Dick Stuart (1932–2002), Major League Baseball player[73]
- Robert Trujillo, bass player with Suicidal Tendencies, Ozzy Osbourne, and Metallica[74]
- Gwen Verdon, four-time Tony Award-winning actress[75]
- Michael Whelan, artist and illustrator
Sister cities
editCulver City has five sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Cities within the County of Los Angeles" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2014.
- ^ "Government, City Manager". Culver City. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
- ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
- ^ "Culver City". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
- ^ "USPS - ZIP Code™ by City and State Results". Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
- ^ "Number Administration System - NPA and City/Town Search Results". Archived from the original on January 25, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
- ^ "The Native Americans". Culvercity.org. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
- ^ a b Cerra, Julie Lugo (2004). Culver City. Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-2893-9.
- ^ laokay: History of Rancho Los Encinos. Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine accessed August 20, 2010
- ^ "Prehistoric milling site found in California". Usatoday. Com. March 4, 2006. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ Lindsay, Brendan C. (2015). Murder State: California's Native American Genocide, 1846-1873. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803269668.
- ^ Lugo Cerra, Julie (2016). Culver City, California: The First Hundred Years (First ed.). Culver City Chamber of Commerce. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-692-73834-4.
- ^ a b "The Hidden History of Culver City Racism". Streetsblog Los Angeles. April 5, 2019. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ Lugo Cerra, Julie (1999). Culver City: The Heart of Screenland: An Illustrated History (First ed.). Chatsworth: Windsor Publications. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-89781-441-6.
- ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. The New Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-59558-674-2. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ Shyong, Frank (September 2, 2023). "A Chinese Grocery Store Opening in West Los Angeles Represents a Cultural Shift". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
- ^ "Free Excursion to Culver City". Los Angeles Herald. March 12, 1915. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ "Get Your Free Gift Sunday". Los Angeles Herald. December 19, 1913. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ Kamin, Debra (December 3, 2019). "Culver City, Calif.: A Movie Town Gets a Remake". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ "Culver City Timeline: A Work in Progress". Culver City Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
- ^ "How Culver City Created One of Southern California's First Shopping Malls". Muse Treatment. December 3, 2021. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
- ^ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, pp. 277-81, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
- ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 49-58, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
- ^ a b Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, p. 49, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
- ^ "Culver City Arts District". Culver City Arts District. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
- ^ "Neighborhoods (map)" (PDF). City of Culver City. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
- ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Culver City, CA". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Los Angeles". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on July 4, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ "Culver City, CA | Data USA". datausa.io. Archived from the original on February 9, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
- ^ "QuickFacts: Culver City city, California". US Census Bureau QuickFacts. Archived from the original on March 7, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
- ^ "Culver City Profile - Mapping L.A. - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
- ^ Kuypers, Melissa (November 14, 2012). "Ten Years In Tinsel Town: NPR West Celebrates A Decade". npr.org. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
- ^ "City of Culver City CAFR" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
- ^ "The Culver Studions Innoviation Plan in Culver City". Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
- ^ NPR always seems to be reporting from a town called Culver City. Why? Archived April 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine by Paul Farhi for The Washington Post June 29, 2016
- ^ French, Agatha (May 24, 2017). "Culver City is now home to America's sole romance-only bookstore: the Ripped Bodice". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ "The Wende Museum". Wende Museum. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
- ^ "Things To Do In Culver City". Brian Petruzzelli.[permanent dead link]
- ^ David Gebhard and Robert Winter, An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles, 6th edition, pp. 251-55.
- ^ "The Actors Gang". Archived from the original on June 24, 2013.
- ^ "The Culver Hotel | Culver City Luxury Hotels | Official Page". The Culver Hotel. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
- ^ "Tickets & Events". Center Theatre Group. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
- ^ Culver City Parks and Recreation Department. "Culver City Parks". culvercity.org. City of Culver City. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
- ^ "Discover the Los Angeles County Second District - LA County Supervisor Holly J. Mitchell". Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
- ^ "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
- ^ "California's 36th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
- ^ "California's 37th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
- ^ "Search Results". California Department of Education. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
- ^ "starprepacademy.org". Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
- ^ Loewen, James W. (2005). Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. The New Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59558-674-2.
- ^ Lelyveld, Nita; Nelson, Laura (May 21, 2016). "Trains are packed as Metro's Expo Line extension to Santa Monica opens". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ "Culver City Timeline: A Work in Progress". Culver City Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
- ^ a b "Public Transit Ridership, Los Angeles County, California". www.laalmanac.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
- ^ "Our History - Big Blue Bus". www.bigbluebus.com. Archived from the original on August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
- ^ Martin-Straw, Judith (October 15, 2021). "Ribbon Cutting Launches Bike Lane and Crosswalks for 'Safe Routes to School' @ La Ballona Elementary – Culver City Crossroads". Culver City Crossroads. Archived from the original on June 22, 2022. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- ^ "Downtown Culver City Just Got More Walkable, Bikeable, and Transit-Friendly". Streetsblog Los Angeles. December 17, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
- ^ "Culver City Police Department Archived March 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine."
- ^ "Fire - Culver City, CA". www.culvercityfd.org. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
- ^ "Department of Community Justice - Multnomah County". co.multnomah.or.us. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
- ^ "Drew Barrymore (I)". Imdb.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ "Seattle Seahawks - Players : Michael Bumpus". Seahawks.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ Selz, Gabrielle. "A Devastating and Breathtaking Vision of Climate Change," Archived October 1, 2023, at the Wayback Machine Hyperallergic, December 21, 2022. Retrieved September 6, 2023.
- ^ "Gary Carter Baseball Stats". Baseball-almanac.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ "Dee Dee Davis (II)". Imdb.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ "Jeff Fisher Agent - Speaker Fee - Booking Contact". www.nopactalent.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
- ^ "Tim Foli Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
- ^ "Charles Herbert (I)". Imdb.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ "Helen Hunt Biography - Yahoo! Movies". Movies.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on January 14, 2012. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ Rabe, John (December 12, 2013). "50 years later, Culver City honors first female marathoner". Southern California Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ Jason Hoppin (November 7, 2012). "Bill Monning, Luis Alejo re-elected". Gilroy Dispatch. Archived from the original on November 13, 2012. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
- ^ "Michael Richards Information". Movietome.com. Retrieved November 3, 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Bucs Option Power Hitter to Hollywood". The Santa Cruz Sentinel. Associated Press. March 31, 1957. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
- ^ "Culver City High Class of 1983 (I)". Cchsa.org. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ The Broadway League (September 23, 1987). "The official source for Broadway Information". IBDB. Archived from the original on September 20, 2024. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ "Regular Meeting of the City Council, Culver City July 24, 2017". culver-city.legistar.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
External links
edit
