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Deva Raya I

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For the 2012 film, see Devaraya (film).

Deva Raya I (reigned 5 November 1406 – 25 February 1423) was an Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire (of the Sangama Dynasty).[2] After Harihara II died, there was a dispute among his sons over succession, in which Deva Raya I eventually emerged victor. He was a very capable ruler noted for his military exploits and his support to irrigation works in his Empire.[3] He modernized the Vijayanagara army by improving the cavalry, employed skilled archers of the Turkic clans and raised the fighting capacity of his bowmen and imported horses from Arabia and Persia.[4]

Deva Raya I
Gold Pagoda of Deva Raya I
Vijayanagara Emperor
Reign5 November 1406[1] – 25 February 1423
PredecessorBukka Raya II
SuccessorRamachandra Raya
Bornc. 1370 CE
Vijayanagara, Vijayanagara Empire
(modern day Hampi, Karnataka, India)
Died25 February 1423
Vijayanagara, Vijayanagara Empire
(modern day Hampi, Karnataka, India)
IssueRamachandra Raya
Bukka Raya III
HouseSangama
DynastyVijayanagara
FatherHarihara II
MotherBhima Devi
ReligionHinduism

The Italian traveler Niccolo Conti, who visited Vijayanagara c. 1420, described Deva Raya I thus: "In this city, there are 90,000 men fit to bear arms... their king is more powerful than all the kings of India".[4][5] Conti also noted that the royal city had grown to a circumference of 60 mi.[6]

Deva Raya I was a patron of Kannada literature and architecture. Madhura, a noted Jain poet was in his court and wrote in Kannada the Dharmanathapurana on the life of the fifteenth Jain Tirthankara (Dharmanatha), and a poem in eulogy of Gommateshvara of Shravanabelagola.[7] The noted Hazara Rama temple, an excellent example of Deccan architecture was constructed during his rule.[8]

Irrigation works and general administration

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The Hazara Rama temple built by Deva Raya I in Hampi
 
Kannada inscription of Deva Raya I at the Hazara Rama temple in Hampi
Main article: Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1417–1419)

The credit for making the capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire one of the biggest cities in the 15th century goes to Deva Raya I. He realized that the scarcity of water supply, both for drinking and for irrigation, was restricting the growth of the royal capital.[3] In c. 1410 he had a barrage constructed across the Tungabhadra River and commissioned a 24 km long aqueduct from the Tungabhadra River to the capital.[9] The account provided by Nuniz gives a details of the projects undertaken by Deva Raya I that brought prosperity to the Empire. He maintained a secular attitude in administrative matters. He had a Mosque and a slaughter house constructed for the convenience of the Muslim soldiers in his army.[10] In c. 1413, a dispute over property between the Shanka Jainalya of Lakshmeshwara and the Someshvara temple trust of the palace was settled in favor of the Jains. Deva Raya I had a Muslim bodyguard who built a choultry in honor of the Emperor.[6]

Military campaigns

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Main article: War of the Goldsmith's Daughter

Throughout his reign, Deva Raya was continually at war with the Velamas of Golconda, the Bahmani Sultan of Gulbarga, the Reddis of Kondavidu, and the traditional rivals of Vijayanagara, the Gajaptis of Kalinga. Deva Raya I was capable of managing the vast territory that he controlled by employing skilled archers of the Turkic clan and raised the fighting capacity of his bowmen. Following a confusion in the Reddi kingdom, Deva Raya I entered into an alliance with Warangal for partitioning the Reddi kingdom between them.[11] The split of Warangal changed the balance of power in the Deccan. In c.1420, Firoz Shah invaded Pangal but the two-year siege at Pangal ended in disease and disaster for Firoz Shah's armies. Deva Raya inflicted a shattering defeat on Firoz Shah.[12] Deva Raya's army massacred Firoz Shah's troops and created a great platform with their heads upon the field of battle. Firoz was followed deep into his own territory, which was completely devastated by the rampaging Hindu army under Deva Raya I. The Hindu army destroyed many mosques and holy places belonging to the Islamic community, and committed great carnages on the civilian Muslim population. The Sultan had to hand over the southern and eastern districts of his kingdom to Deva Raya I to secure peace. Consequently, by c.1422, Deva Raya I came to control territory up to the Krishna River - Tungabhadra river doab including Pangal[11][13] In the following days, the distressed Sultan died after leading a life of piety after abdicating power to his brother Ahmad.[6][14] Unable to accept this turnaround, the Gajapati Emperor Bhanudeva of Odisha invaded Rajamahendri. When a war with Vijayanagara seemed imminent, some skilful diplomacy by Vijayanagara chief Dodda Alla averted it.[15] Deva Raya was to be succeeded by his sons Ramachandra Raya and shortly thereafter by Vijaya Raya.

Ferishta's account

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Persian writer Ferishta narrates an interesting story, of the kings' love for a beautiful girl, a daughter of a goldsmith from Mudugal in the Raichur district. Unable to wed her, a frustrated Deva Raya I attacked Mudgal and laid to waste a few villages. Aroused by this provocation, the Bahamani Sultan Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah invaded Vijayanagara leading to defeat of Deva Raya I. Though injured in the conflict, Firuz Shah sent his able commanders who successfully invaded Vijayanagara territory south of Adoni.

According to this account, Deva Raya I had to give as tribute, one of his daughters in marriage to the Sultan's prince,[2] several pearls and cash, Bankapura territory, fifty elephants, and 2,000 dancers. The goldsmith's daughter who was the reason for the war was wedded to Hassan Khan, a prince in the Sultan's family.[6][16]

Personal life

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One of Deva Raya's queens Bhima Devi was a disciple of the Jain guru Abhinava Charukirti Panditacharya. She was a devotee of Shantinatha, 16th Jain tirthankara and built a temple at the Mangayi Basti in Shravanabelagola.[17]

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    Mallikarjuna temple in Mallapangudi, near Hospet, built by Deva Raya I
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    Kannada inscription of Deva Raya I at the Mallikarjuna temple in Mallappanagudi

Notes

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  1. ^ Lakshmi, Kumari Jhansi (1958). THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE SANGAMA DYNASTY.
  2. ^ a b Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 103–108. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  3. ^ a b Kulakarṇī, Nayeem, De Souza (1996), p.106
  4. ^ a b Bowman,(2013) p.271
  5. ^ Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.31
  6. ^ a b c d Kamath (1980), p.163
  7. ^ Sastri (1955), p.360
  8. ^ Fritz & Michell (2001), p.9
  9. ^ V.K Agnihotri (2007), India History, p.150, Allied Publishers Private Limited, ISBN 8184242999
  10. ^ Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), pp.30-31
  11. ^ a b Chandra (1997), p.180
  12. ^ Chandra, Satish (1997), p.180, Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals - Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526), Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
  13. ^ Chaurasia (2002) p.109
  14. ^ Sastri (1955). p.225
  15. ^ Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.30
  16. ^ Sastri (1955), pp.224-225
  17. ^ Sangave (1981), p.46

References

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  • Chandra, Satish (2004) [1997]. Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.
  • Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002) [2002]. History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. New Delhi: Atlantic Publiushers. ISBN 81-269-0123-3.
  • Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
  • Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
  • Bowman, John Stewart (2013) [2013]. Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231-11004-4.
  • Kulakarṇī,Nayeem,De Souza, A. Rā, M. A., Teotonio R. (1996) [1996]. Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 81-7154-579-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • John M. Fritz; George Michell, eds. (2001) [2001]. New Light on Hampi, Recent research in Vijayanagara. Mumbai: Marg. ISBN 81-85026-53-X.
  • Chopra, P.N.; Ravindran, T.K.; Subrahmanian, N (2003) [2003]. History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 2. New Delhi: Chand Publications. ISBN 81-219-0153-7.
  • Sangave, Vilas Adinath (1981), The Sacred Shravanabelagola (A Socio-Religious Study) (1st ed.), New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanpith
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Preceded by Vijayanagar empire
1406–1422 		Succeeded by
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