Ebilun (Manchu:ᡝᠪᡳᠯᡠᠨ, Möllendorff: ebilun; Chinese: 遏必隆; pinyin: Èbìlóng; died 1673) was a Manchu noble and warrior of the Niohuru clan, most famous for being one of the Four Regents assisting the young Kangxi Emperor from 1661 to 1667, during the early Qing dynasty (1644–1912). A largely passive figure during the regency, Ebilun was disgraced following the ouster of the far more powerful regent Oboi and considered a political supporter of the latter. He was stripped of his positions by the emperor but later regained his noble rank. Many of his descendants became influential figures in the Qing imperial government.
Ebilun | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Regent of the Qing Dynasty | |
| In office 1661–1667 | |
| Monarch | Kangxi Emperor |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1673 |
| Spouse(s) | Ladi Aisin Gioro Lady Aisin Gioro Lady Bayara Lady Susu Gioro |
| Children | 6 daughter and 7 sons |
| Parent(s) | Eidu (father) Princess Mukushen (mother) |
| Relatives | Nurhaci (maternal grandfather) Empress Xiaozhaoren (daughter) Noble Consort Wenxi (daughter) Alingga (son) |
| Clan name | Niohuru |
| Posthumous name | Kexi (恪僖) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Qing dynasty |
| Branch/service | Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner |
Biography
editEbilun was from the Niohuru clan, which lived north of the Korean border and belonged to the Bordered Yellow Banner.[1][2] He was the youngest of the sixteen sons of Eidu (1562–1621), who had been a close associate of Manchu patriarch Nurhaci.[3] Ebilun's mother was herself a sister (or according to some sources, a cousin) of Nurhaci.[4]
In 1634, the second Qing emperor Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643) gave Eidu a posthumous rank of viscount, which Ebilun immediately inherited but lost in 1637 after he tried to interfere in a trial involving his niece.[5] In 1643 Ebilun followed Nurhaci's seventh son Abatai in forays inside North China and was credited with the capture of several towns.[6] In 1645 and 1646, after the Qing had defeated the Ming dynasty and made Beijing their capital, Ebilun served under Lekedehun in campaigns to dislodge Ming loyalist He Tengjiao from Hubei and was rewarded with a minor hereditary rank.[7] Yet his position was not assured. Because he belonged to the Yellow Banners, Ebilun was treated with suspicion by Dorgon (the Prince Regent of the young Shunzhi Emperor), whose power base was in the White Banners.[5]
In 1648, during the persecution of Hooge, Dorgon's main rival, Ebilun's nephew accused Ebilun of having opposed Dorgon during the 1643 succession.[5] Ebilun was sentenced to death, but his penalty was commuted.[8] Half of his property was nonetheless confiscated and his minor nobility title was revoked.[5]
The Shunzhi emperor restored Ebilun's titles after Dorgon's death, and eventually entrusted Ebilun with three others to assist the rule of his son (the Kangxi Emperor), who ascended the throne in 1661 at the age of seven. Of the four regents, Ebilun was ranked third, after Sonin and Suksaha, and before Oboi. In practice Ebilun acquiesced to Oboi on nearly all decisions, as the latter gained increasing power. Ebilun also played a role in the ouster of Suksaha, which, after the infirm Sonin died, left Oboi the unchallenged top political figure at court. In 1667, after the Kangxi Emperor assumed personal rule, Ebilun was given the title of a first-class duke. In 1669, Manchu noble Giyesu memorialized the Kangxi Emperor listing 21 crimes supposedly committed by Ebilun shortly after the emperor had moved against Oboi. Ebilun was then sentenced to death. The sentence was later commuted, and Ebilun retained his title, which could be inherited by his descendants.[citation needed]
Family and descendants
editEbilun belonged to the Eidu line of Niohuru clan nobles, many of whom would go on to serve with distinction in the imperial service. He had five sons. The eldest, Faka, inherited Ebilun's title of duke in 1667, only to lose it several years later.[2]
Ebilun's sixth son, Yende, served as an official under the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735), and in turn Yende's own son, Tsereng, served as Viceroy of Huguang; Yende's second son, Necin, served on the Grand Council of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796).[2] Two of Ebilun's daughters became imperial consorts of the Kangxi Emperor.
Ebilun's seventh son, Alingga, was a main figure in the succession battle among the sons of the Kangxi Emperor.[2]
Parents
- Father: Eidu (額亦都; 1562 – 1621) close associate of Nurhaci
- Mother: Princess of the Second Rank (和碩公主; 1595 – June/July 1659), personal name Mukushen (穆庫什), Nurhaci's fourth daughter
Consort and Issue:
- Wife (嫡妻), of the Aisin-Gioro clan (愛新覺羅氏)[9]
- Second Wife (繼妻), of the Aisin-Gioro clan (愛新覺羅氏)
- Third Wife (三繼妻), of the Bayara clan (巴雅拉氏)
- Duchess of the Fourth Rank (? – 1725), 4th daughter
- Married Yunsheng (雲升), Duke of the Fourth Rank (輔國公), of the Aisin-Gioro clan; son of Gose (高塞), Duke Quehou of the First Rank (鎮國愨厚公)
- Alingga (阿靈阿;1670–1716), first class duke (一等公), 7th son
- Duchess of the Fourth Rank (? – 1725), 4th daughter
- Secondary Wife (側室), of the Šušu-Gioro clan (舒舒覺羅氏)
- Empress Xiaozhaoren (孝昭仁皇后; 1653 – 18 March 1678), 2nd daughter
- Married Emperor Kangxi of Qing in 1665 and had issues (2 sons)
- Noble Consort Wenxi (溫僖貴妃; ? – 19 December 1694), 3rd daughter
- Married Emperor Kangxi of Qing and had issues ( 1 son and 1 daughter)
- Faka (法喀; 17 May 1664 – 9 February 1713), first class duke (一等公), 3rd son
- Yanzhu (顔珠; ? – 1665), first class imperial guard (一等侍衛), 4th son
- Fubao (富保; ? – 1678), second class imperial guard (二等侍衛), 5th son
- Yende (尹德), first class duke (一等公), 6th son
- Empress Xiaozhaoren (孝昭仁皇后; 1653 – 18 March 1678), 2nd daughter
- Unknown
- Princess Consort, 1st daughter
- Married Zhashi (札什), of the Mongol Barin clan (巴林氏)
- Sailin (塞林), third class imperial guard (三等侍衛), 1st son
- Second son
- First Class Viscountess, 5th daughter
- Married Ayushi (阿玉什), first class viscount (一等子)
- Princess Consort, 1st daughter
Notes
edit- ^ Kennedy 1943a, p. 219 (Niohuru clan, Bordered Yellow Banner); Kennedy 1943b, p. 221 (Niohuru clan "settled just north of the Korean border").
- ^ a b c d Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
- ^ Kennedy 1943a, p. 219 (sixteenth son); Kennedy 1943b, p. 221 (Eidu had sixteen sons; close to Nurhaci).
- ^ Rawski 1998, pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c d Kennedy 1943a, p. 219.
- ^ Oxnam 1975, p. 28.
- ^ Kennedy 1943a, p. 219 ("minor hereditary rank"); Fang 1943, p. 443 (Hubei campaigns were against He Tengjiao).
- ^ Oxnam 1975, p. 45.
- ^ eldest daughter of Ajige, Prince Ying
Bibliography
edit- Fang, Chao-ying (1943). . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 443–444.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Kennedy, George A. (1943). . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 219–21.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Kennedy, George A. (1943). . In Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. (ed.). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 221–22.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Oxnam, Robert B. (1975), Ruling from Horseback: Manchu Politics in the Oboi Regency, 1661–1669, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
- Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998), The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 9780520926790.