Wikipedia

Euro banknotes

Banknotes of the euro, the common currency of the eurozone (euro area members), have been in circulation since the first series (also called ES1) was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the European Central Bank.[1] The euro was established in 1999, but "for the first three years it was an invisible currency, used for accounting purposes only, e.g. in electronic payments".[2] In 2002, notes and coins began to circulate. The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the European Union.

Euro banknotes from the Europa series (since 2013)
Euro banknotes from the first series (The Ages and Styles of Europe) (2002–2013)

Denominations of the notes range from €5 to €500 and, unlike euro coins, the design is identical across the whole of the eurozone, although they are issued and printed in various member states. The euro banknotes are pure cotton fibre, which improves their durability as well as giving the banknotes a distinctive feel. They measure from 120 by 62 millimetres (4.7 in × 2.4 in) to 160 by 82 millimetres (6.3 in × 3.2 in) and have a variety of color schemes. The euro notes contain many complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink characteristics, holograms, optically variable inks and microprinting that document their authenticity. While euro coins have a national side indicating the country of issue (although not necessarily of minting), euro notes lack this. Instead, this information is shown by the first character of each note's serial number.

According to European Central Bank estimates, in July 2023, there were about 29.624 billion banknotes in circulation around the eurozone, with a total value of about €1.569 trillion.[3] On 8 November 2012, the ECB announced that the first series of notes would be replaced by the Europa series (also called ES2), starting with the 5 euro note on 2 May 2013.[4] This series does not have a €500 note, as the ECB have decided to permanently cease its production over concerns that it could facilitate illicit activities.[5]

Estimates suggest that the average life of a euro banknote is about three years before replacement due to wear, but with a wide variation by denomination level, from less than a year for €5 banknotes to over 30 years for €500 banknotes, on average. High denomination banknotes (€100, €200, €500) typically last longer as they are less frequently used. The Europa series lower denomination €5 and €10 banknotes are designed to last longer, thanks to additional coating.[6][7][8]

History

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Main article: History of the euro
 
The euro is used in the 20 eurozone countries (dark blue).
It is also used de facto in two other countries (Kosovo and Montenegro) (red)

The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999.[2] The euro's creation had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s.[2] The Maastricht Treaty entered into force in 1993 with the goal of creating economic and monetary union by 1999 for all EU states except the UK and Denmark (though Denmark has a policy of a fixed exchange rate with the euro).[9]

Though the currency was born virtually in 1999,[2] notes and coins did not begin to circulate until 2002.[2] The euro rapidly took over from the former national currencies and slowly expanded around the growing EU.[2] In 2009, the Lisbon Treaty formalised the euro's political authority, the Eurogroup, alongside the European Central Bank.[10]

Slovenia joined the eurozone in 2007,[11] Cyprus and Malta in 2008,[12] Slovakia in 2009,[13] Estonia in 2011,[14] Latvia in 2014,[15] Lithuania in 2015[16] and Croatia in 2023.

Specification

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There are seven different denominations of euro banknotes: €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200, and €500. Each has a distinctive colour and size,[17] and displays examples of a historical European architectural style:[17][18] windows or gateways on the obverse, and bridges on the reverse.[17][18] The architectural examples featured are stylised illustrations of the corresponding style, rather than representations of existing structures.[17][18]

First series

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The following table depicts the design characteristics of the 1st series (ES1) of euro notes.

Image Value Year Dimensions
(millimetres)		 Main colour Design Printer code position
Obverse Reverse Architecture Century
    €5 2002 120 × 62 mm Grey[19] Classical < 5th Left image edge[20]
    €10 2002 127 × 67 mm Red[21] Romanesque 11–12th 8 o'clock star[22]
    €20 2002 133 × 72 mm Blue[23] Gothic 12–14th 9 o'clock star[24]
    €50 2002 140 × 77 mm Orange[25] Renaissance 15–16th Right image edge[26]
    €100 2002 147 × 82 mm Green[27] Baroque and Rococo 17–18th Right of 9 o'clock star[28]
    €200 2002 153 × 82 mm Yellow[29] Art Nouveau 19–20th Above 7 o'clock star[30]
    €500 2002 160 × 82 mm Purple[31] Modern architecture (20th century) 20–21st 9 o'clock star[32]
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

All the notes of the initial series of euro notes bear the European flag, a map of the continent on the reverse, the name "euro" in both Latin and Greek script (EURO / ΕΥΡΩ) and the signature of a president of the ECB, depending on when the banknote was printed.[17][18] The 12 stars from the flag are also incorporated into every note.[17][18]

The notes also carry the acronyms of the name of the European Central Bank in five linguistic variants, covering all official languages of the EU in 2002 (the time of the banknote introduction), and now 19 out of 24 official languages of the EU27, in the following order:[17]

The order is determined by the EU country listing order,[45] with BCE ahead of ECB because of the national precedence of Belgium's two main languages, followed by the remaining languages of Germany and Austria (Deutschland, Österreich), Greece (Ελλάδα, Elláda[46]) and Finland (Suomi), in that order.

The initial designs for the banknotes were chosen from 44 proposals in a design competition, launched by the Council of the European Monetary Institute (EMI) on 12 February 1996.[47] The winning entry, created by Robert Kalina from the Oesterreichische Nationalbank, was selected on 3 December 1996.[47]

The euro banknotes were made of pure cotton fibre, which improves their durability as well as giving the banknotes a distinctive feel.[48]

In the first and Europa series, the Azores, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Madeira, alba, Réunion, and the Canary Islands, overseas territories of the eurozone member states, which also use the euro, were shown under the map in separate boxes. Cyprus and Malta were not shown on the first series because they were not in the EU in 2002, when the banknotes were issued, even though they joined the eurozone in 2008. The map did not stretch as far east as Cyprus, while Malta was too small to be depicted.[18] Both Cyprus and Malta are however depicted on the Europa series note.[4]

Second series

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The following table depicts the design characteristics of the second series of euro banknotes (ES2), also known as the Europa series, after the holographic depiction of the mythological Europa common to these banknotes.[49]

Image Value Year Dimensions
(millimetres)		 Main colour Design Printer code position
Obverse Reverse Architecture Century
    €5 2013 120 × 62 mm Grey[50] Classical < 5th Top right
    €10 2014 127 × 67 mm Red[51] Romanesque 11–12th Top right
    €20 2015 133 × 72 mm Blue[52] Gothic 12–14th Top right
    €50 2017 140 × 77 mm Orange[53] Renaissance 15–16th Top right
    €100 2019 147 × 77 mm Green[54] Baroque & Rococo 17–18th Top right
    €200 2019 153 × 77 mm Yellow[55] Art Nouveau 19–20th Top right
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
100 euro note
 
147 x 77 mm (ES2)
 
147 x 82 mm (ES1)
200 euro note
 
153 x 77 mm (ES2)
 
153 x 82 mm (ES1)

The Europa series banknotes, similarly to the first series, bear the European flag, a map of the continent on the reverse and the signature of Mario Draghi, since 1 November 2011 president of the ECB. The 12 stars from the flag are also incorporated into the notes.[17][18] On 4 May 2016 the European Central Bank decided not to issue a 500 euro banknote for the Europa series.[5]

The series also bears the name of the currency in capital letters, but in three scripts: Latin (EURO), Greek (ΕΥΡΩ), and Cyrillic (ЕВРО).[4]

The 2nd series €100 and €200 notes are a different size to the €100 and €200 notes from the 1st series. Both denominations are now the same height (77 mm) as the €50 banknote, which makes them more comfortable to use. Their length remains unchanged.

The design for the 50, 100 and 200 euro notes features the acronyms of the name of the European Central Bank in ten linguistic variants, covering all official languages of the European Union, in the following order:[4]

The 5 euro, 10 euro and 20 euro notes do not feature ESB, as Croatian became an official language only in July 2013 with the accession of Croatia, after the introduction of the banknote design earlier that year. The order in which the acronyms are shown is determined by the same principles as for Series 1:[45] the language of Bulgaria (България/Bulgaria[46]) precedes that of Germany (Deutschland); EKP now precedes ΕΚΤ due to the accession of Estonia (Eesti); and the languages of Croatia (Hrvatska), Hungary (Magyarország), Malta and Poland (Polska) trail the list.

The notes of the Europa series do not show the same year. The year shown is the year the note is issued.

The Europa series euro banknotes are supposedly more durable than the first series banknotes.[4]

Reinhold Gerstetter, an independent banknote designer (and one of participants of the 1996 design contest), was chosen by the European Central Bank to redesign the euro notes.[4]

Third series

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In December 2021, the ECB announced plans to redesign euro banknotes by 2024. A theme advisory group, made up of one member from each euro area country, was selected to submit theme proposals to the ECB. The proposals will be voted on by the public; a design competition will also be held.[69] In 2023, the ECB asked the public to vote on a theme for the new design.[70]

Design

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Bridges

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Banknotes printed from 2004 to 2012 show the signature of the second president of the ECB, Jean-Claude Trichet.
 
20 and 50 euro banknotes (ES1).
 
Face of Europa on the new 20 euro banknote (ES2).
 
The 50 euro banknote (ES1) has an orange colour scheme, and its gateway and bridge are from the Renaissance.
5 euro banknote under infrared light (Europa series)
 
Obverse
 
Reverse

Due to the great number of historic bridges, arches, and gateways throughout the European continent, all the structures represented on the notes are entirely stylized illustrations of the relevant architectural styles, designed to evoke the landmarks within the European Union,[17] representing various European ages and styles.[17] For example, the 5 euro note has a generic rendition of Classical architecture,[17] the 10 euro note of Romanesque architecture,[17] the 20 euro note of Gothic architecture,[17] the 50 euro note of the Renaissance,[17] the 100 euro note of Baroque and Rococo,[17] the 200 euro note of Art Nouveau[17] and the 500 euro note of modern architecture.[17] The initial designs by Robert Kalina were of actual bridges, including the Rialto Bridge in Venice and the Pont de Neuilly in Paris, and were subsequently rendered more generic.[71] In 2011, Dutch artist Robin Stam and the town of Spijkenisse in the Netherlands built seven bridges of colored concrete after the designs on the seven euro banknotes.[72][73][74][75]

Signature

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Mario Draghi's signature on a 10-euro banknote

The euro banknotes bear the signature of the President of the European Central Bank.[18]

Wim Duisenberg was the first ECB president when the first euro banknotes and coins were issued until 2003.[18] Notes printed between November 2003 and March 2012 show the signature of Jean-Claude Trichet, the second President of the ECB.[18][76] Banknotes printed after March 2012 bear the signature of the third ECB President Mario Draghi.[18]

From 2020, Christine Lagarde's signature will gradually begin to appear on banknotes entering circulation, becoming the fourth signature to appear on euro banknotes.[77]

Security features

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Microprinting on a 100 euro note (ES1)

The European Central Bank has described some of the basic security features of the euro notes that allow the general public to recognise the authenticity of their currency at a glance:

  • For the first series: the firm and crisp paper, the raised print, the watermark, the security thread, the see-through number, the hologram, the micro-perforations, the glossy stripe for €20 and below, the color-changing number for €50 and above, UV light, infrared and the microprint.[78]
  • For the Europa series: the firm and crisp paper, the raised print, the portrait watermark, the security thread, the emerald number, the portrait hologram, UV and UV-C, infrared and the microprint.[79]

However, in the interest of advanced security of the euro notes, the full list of these features is a closely guarded secret of the European Central Bank and the National Central Banks of the Eurosystem.

 
€5 (ES1) holographic band

Still, between the official descriptions and independent discoveries made by observant users, it is thought that the euro notes have at least eleven different security features, which are:

  • Holograms[78] – The lower value notes carry a holographic band to the right of the obverse. This band contains the denomination, the euro sign, the stars of the EU flag and perforations in the shape of the euro sign. In the Europa series €5 banknote, there is Europa, a gate, 'EURO' and the euro sign, the number 5 and perforations in the shape of a euro sign.[80] The higher-value notes include a holographic decal containing the denomination, the obverse illustration, microprinting, and perforations in the shape of the euro sign.
  • Variable colour ink[78] – This appears on the lower right-hand side corner of the reverse of the higher-value notes. When observed from different angles, the colour will change from purple to olive green or brown. This special ink is also on the left bottom on the Europa series notes.[80]
  • Checksum – Each note has a unique serial number. The remainder from dividing the serial number by 9 gives checksum corresponding to the initial letter indicated on the note.[81] Using a variation of the divisibility rule shortcut, the remainder from division by 9 can easily be found by adding the constituent digits and, if the sum still does not make the remainder obvious, adding the digits of the sum.[81] Alternatively, substituting the letter with its ASCII value makes the resulting number exactly divisible by 9. Taking the same example, Z10708476264, the ASCII code for Z is 90, so the resulting number is 9010708476264. Dividing by 9 yields a remainder of 0. Using the divisibility rule again, the result can be checked speedily since the addition of all digits gives 54; 5 + 4 = 9—so the number is divisible by 9, or 9010708476264 modulo 9 is 0.[81]
 
A 50 euro note (ES1) under ultraviolet light
  • EURion constellation[82] – Euro banknotes contain a pattern known as the EURion constellation that can be used to detect their identity as banknotes to prevent copying and counterfeiting. Some photocopiers are programmed to reject images containing this pattern.
  • Watermarks – There are possibly two watermarks on the euro notes.[80][78][83] They are:
    • Standard watermark – Each denomination is printed on uniquely watermarked paper. This may be observed by holding the note up to the light. The thinner parts will show up brighter with backlight illumination and darker with a dark background. In the first series, the standard watermark is a gate/window that is depicted on the note and the denomination,[78] for the €5 of the Europa series, it is the face of Europa and the denomination as well.[80]
    • Digital watermark – Like the EURion constellation, a Digimarc digital watermark is embedded in the banknotes' designs. Recent versions of image editors, such as Adobe Photoshop or Paint Shop Pro refuse to process banknotes.[83] This system is called Counterfeit Deterrence System (CDS) and was developed by the Central Bank Counterfeit Deterrence Group.
  • Infrared and fluorescent printing patterns[78] – When seen in the near infrared, the banknotes will show darker areas in different zones depending on the denomination. Ultraviolet light will make the EURion constellation show in sharper contrast, and also some fluorescent fibres stand out.
 
A 5 euro note (ES1) under infrared light
  • Security thread[78] – A black magnetic thread in the centre of the note is only seen when held up to the light. It features the denomination of the note, along with the word "euro" in the Latin alphabet and the Greek alphabet.
  • Magnetic ink[78] – Some areas of the euro notes feature magnetic ink. For example, the rightmost church window on the €20 note is magnetic, as well as the large zero above it.
 
Magnetic serial number on euro banknote (recorded using CMOS-MagView)
  • Microprinting[78] – The texture lines to the bottom, like those aligned to the right of ΕΥΡΩ mark on the €5 note, consist of the sequence "EURO ΕΥΡΩ" in microprinting.
  • Matted surface[78] – The euro sign and the denomination are printed on a vertical band that is only visible when illuminated at an angle of 45°. This only exists for the lower-value notes.
  • Raised print – On every banknote, the initials of the ECB are in raised print. In the first series, every banknote has a bar with raised print lines. On the €200 note of the first series, there are lines at the bottom which are raised to allow blind people to identify the note. On the €500 note of the first series, these lines are on the right-hand side.[78] On the Europa series, there are lines on both sides of the banknote.[80]
  • Bar code[clarification needed][78] – When held up to the light, dark bars can be seen to the right of the watermark. The number and width of these bars indicates the denomination of the note. When scanned, these bars are converted to Manchester code.[84]
Manchester code[84]
Note Barcode Manchester
€5 0110 10 100
€10 0101 10 110
€20 1010 1010 0000
€50 0110 1010 1000
€100 0101 1010 1100
€200 0101 0110 1110
€500 0101 0101 1111

(looked at from the reverse, a dark bar is 1, a bright bar 0)

Europa series

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The portrait of Europa is also among the security features, but the theme of the banknotes is still the same.
 
5 euro note from the new Europa series written in Latin (EURO) and Greek (ΕΥΡΩ) alphabets, but also in the Cyrillic (ЕВРО) alphabet, as a result of Bulgaria joining the European Union in 2007

The European Central Bank intends to redesign the notes every seven or eight years. A new series, called the "Europa series", was released from 2013; the first notes entered circulation on 2 May 2013.[85] The new series includes slight changes, notably the inclusion of the face of the mythological princess Europa in the watermark and in the hologram stripe.[86]

New production and anti-counterfeiting techniques are employed on the new notes, but the design shares the colours of the first series and the theme of bridges and arches.[85] The new notes are nonetheless recognisable as a new series.[87]

The new notes also reflect the expansion of the European Union: every member of the EU is depicted on it. The initial series did not include the recent members Cyprus and Malta (Cyprus was off the map to the east and Malta was too small to be depicted.)[18]

The Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet features on the Europa series banknotes, as a result of Bulgaria joining the European Union in 2007. Thus this series includes "ЕВРО", which is the Bulgarian spelling for EURO, as well as the abbreviation "ЕЦБ" (short for Европейска централна банка in Bulgarian),[88] while set to join the eurozone and abandon Bulgarian lev in 2024. The new banknotes also feature the Maltese abbreviation BĊE (Bank Ċentrali Ewropew), the Hungarian abbreviation EKB (Európai Központi Bank) and the Polish abbreviation EBC (Europejski Bank Centralny). The modified 5 euro note features the initials of the European Central Bank in each of the contemporary EU member languages in a column on the left-hand side of the obverse.[88] The word "euro" in Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic lettering has also been moved to a more central position.[88]

The full design of the Europa series 5 euro banknote was revealed on 10 January 2013.[89] The new note entered circulation on 2 May 2013.[90] The full design of the Europa series 10 euro note was revealed on 13 January 2014 and it entered circulation on 23 September 2014.[91] The full design of the Europa series 20 euro banknote was revealed on 24 February 2015, [92][93] and it was launched on 25 November 2015.[92] The full design of the Europa series 50 euro note was revealed on 5 July 2016[94] and the new 50 note was released on 4 April 2017.[95][96] The full design of the Europa series 100 euro banknote and 200 euro banknote was revealed on 17 September 2018 and the new notes entered circulation on 28 May 2019[97] therefore "will complete the issuance of the Europa series."[98]

On 4 May 2016, the European Central Bank announced that a Europa series 500 euro banknote would not be released, due to fears of facilitating criminal activity.[5][99][100] "The ECB has decided to stop producing the €500 banknote, although the first series €500 remains legal tender."[98]

The old series will gradually be withdrawn.[98] The ECB will announce "well in advance" when the old notes will lose their legal tender status.[98] However, they will not lose their value and it will be possible to exchange them for new notes at Eurosystem central banks indefinitely.[85][98]

Security features

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Microprinting on the Europa series 5 euro note
  • Watermark: When the note is held under a normal light source, a portrait of Europa and an electrotype denomination appear on either side.[85][101]
  • Portrait hologram: When the note is tilted, the silver-coloured holographic stripe reveals the portrait of Europa – the same one as in the watermark. The stripe also reveals a window and the value of the banknote.[85][101]
  • Colour changing ink: When the note is tilted, the number on the note displays an effect of light that moves up and down. The number also changes colour from emerald green to deep blue.[85][101]
  • Raised printing: On the front of the note, there is a series of short raised lines on the left and right edges. The main edge, the lettering and the large value numeral also feel thicker.[85][101]
  • Security thread: When the note is held against the light, the security thread appears as a dark line. The euro symbol (€) and the value of the banknote can be seen in tiny white lettering in the thread.[85][101]
  • Microprinting: Tiny letters which can be read with a magnifying glass. The letters should be sharp, not blurred.[101]
  • Ultraviolet ink: Some parts of the banknote shine when under UV or UV-C light. These are the stars in the flag, the small circles, the large stars and several other areas on the front. On the back, a quarter of a circle in the centre as well as several other areas glow green. The horizontal serial number and a stripe appear in red.[101]
  • Infrared light: Under infrared light, the emerald number, the right side of the main image and the silvery stripe are visible on the obverse of the banknote, while on the reverse, only the denomination and the horizontal serial number are visible.[101]
  • Glossy stripe: On the back side, over the map of Europe. Depending on the viewing angle, the glossy stripe appears golden or is nearly invisible.[102]

Features for people with impaired sight

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"A good design for the blind and partially sighted is a good design for everybody" was the principle behind the cooperation of the European Central Bank and the European Blind Union during the design phase of the first series banknotes in the 1990s.[103] As a result, the design of the first euro banknotes include several characteristics which help both the blind and partially sighted to use the notes with greater confidence.[103]

Features for blind and visually impaired users include:

As in the design process of the first series of euro notes, visually impaired users were consulted during the design phase of the Europa series, and their feedback included in the final designs.[80]

Plans for a redesign

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On 6 December 2021, the European Central Bank announced its intention to redesign the banknotes.[104] ECB President Christine Lagarde stated in a press release that it was time to "review the look of [the] banknotes and make them more relatable to the public".

A 19-member advisory board, with one member from each eurozone member state, was appointed and tasked with proposing a shortlist of themes for the new banknotes. After consultations with the public, a theme for the new notes will be chosen. A design competition for the new banknotes will follow, after which the ECB will again consult the public.

Motifs will be proposed by 2024 and the final decision on the redesign is expected to be taken in 2026. Plans for the timing of introduction, and possible phaseout of older banknotes, have not been announced. On 30 November 2023, the ECB announced that the new theme for future banknotes had been narrowed down to either "European culture" or "rivers and birds".[105]

Circulation

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The European Central Bank closely monitors the circulation and stock of euro coins and banknotes. It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the eurozone.[3]

Statistics

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Every month, the European Central Bank publishes the number of banknotes in circulation around the eurozone.

As of July 2023, there were about 29,624 million banknotes in circulation around the eurozone,[3] totalling about €1.569 trillion worth of banknotes.[3] The July 2023 breakdown is as follows:

Note Approx. no. of notes in circulation
(billions)[3]		 Value
(€ billions)[3]		 Share of total quantity
(%)[106]		 Share of total value (%)[107]
€5 2.159 10.8 7.3 0.7
€10 3.033 30.3 10.2 1.9
€20 4.837 96.7 16.3 6.2
€50 14.523 726.1 49.0 46.3
€100 3.942 394.2 13.3 25.1
€200 0.849 169.9 2.9 10.8
€500 0.281 140.5 0.9 9.0

Figures since 2012

Date Banknotes
(millions) 		Value
(€ billions)
December 2012 15,687 912.6
December 2013 16,512 956.2
December 2014 17,528 1,016.5
December 2015 18,895 1,083.4
December 2016 20,220 1,126.2
December 2017 21,407 1,170.7
December 2018 22,615 1,231.1
December 2019 24,057 1,292.7
December 2020 26,494 1,434.5
December 2021 28,188 1,544.4
December 2022 29,450 1,572.0

Counterfeiting

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The European Central Bank publishes information on the amount of counterfeit banknotes removed from circulation every 6 months.[108] In 2009, the ECB reported the highest-ever amount of counterfeits with 860,000 removed items, a rate of 64 per million banknotes in circulation. According to an investigation of the University of Lausanne, the ratio of counterfeited banknotes was about 10 in one million real banknotes for the Swiss franc, of 100 in one million for United States dollar and of 300 in one million for pound sterling.[109]

In 2011, 606,000 euro counterfeits were removed from circulation (41 per million). In 2012, it was lower at 531,000 euro counterfeits (34 per million).[110] In 2014, the ECB removed 838,000 counterfeit euro banknotes from circulation (48 per million).[111] Since then, these values have continuously decreased, mainly due to the improved security features of the Europa series.

In 2021, 347,000 euro counterfeits were seized, equivalent to a rate of 12 counterfeits per million banknotes in circulation. The majority of counterfeit items were €50 (33.8%) and €20 (32.1%) banknotes.[112]

In 2024, the amount of counterfeit banknotes was still on a relative low, after a sharp decrease due to the corona pandemic. The central bank states that "Most counterfeits are easy to detect as they have no, or only very poor, imitations of security features." This, together with the gradual decline after 2013 suggests that the improved security features on the Europa edition make it increasingly difficult to create a convincing fake. [113]

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Legally, both the European Central Bank and the national central banks (NCBs) of the eurozone countries have the right to issue the seven different euro banknotes.[2] In practice, only the NCBs of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro notes.[2] The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations.[2] However, the European Central Bank is responsible for overseeing the activities of national central banks in order to harmonise cash services in the eurozone.[2]

Issuance and printing

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The ECB has the exclusive right to authorise the issue of notes within the eurozone, but most notes are actually issued by the National Central Banks (NCBs) of the eurozone.[1] As of 2004, 8% of banknotes issues were allocated to the European Central Bank and 92% were allocated to eurozone NCBs (in practice, the ECB issues no notes and the NCBs' issues may deviate from the statutory allocation).[1] The issuing central bank can be seen on the banknote serial number. Each NCB is now responsible for the production of certain denominations, as assigned by the ECB.[1]

1st series

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Since 2002, euro notes have been printed by the National Central Banks of the Eurosystem, with each Central Bank being responsible for and bearing the cost of producing a proportion of the notes.[114] The production of notes needs to be sufficient to meet expected and unexpected surges in demand and to replace unfit notes.[114] Production volumes are forecast jointly by the National Central Banks and the European Central Bank, and it needs to be approved by the Governing Council of the ECB.[114]

Printing works

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The printing code on a 10 euro note from the first banknote series

There is a six-character printing code on every euro banknote which gives the printer of the note. These printing codes have an initial letter, followed by three digits, then by a single letter, and ending in a digit, for example, "R001A1".[115]

The initial letter identifies the printing facility[115] (the facilities are described below): "R" for example would be Bundesdruckerei, a printer in Berlin, Germany.[115] The three digits state sequential printing plates: "001", for example, would be the first printing plate created by the printer.[115] The fifth and sixth characters, a letter followed by a number, represent the row and column, respectively, of the particular banknote on the particular plate: "A" would be the first row and "1" the first column.[115][116]

Banknotes are printed in sheets. Different printers use different sheet sizes and sheets of higher denominations, which are larger in size, would have fewer notes printed per sheet. For example, two German printers print €5 banknotes in sheets of 60 (10 rows, designated "A" to "J" and six columns), the sheets of €10 notes have 54 banknotes (nine rows, six columns), and €20 banknotes are printed in sheets of 45 banknotes (nine rows, five columns).[115]

The printer code does not need to be the same as the country code, i.e. notes issued by a particular country may have been printed in another country.[115] The printers used to print euro banknotes include commercial printers as well as national printers, some of which have been privatised, some previously produced national notes before the adoption of the euro.[115] There is one former or current national printer in each of the countries which issue euro notes, with the exception of Germany, where the former East German and West German printers now produce euro notes.[115] France also has two printers,[115] F. C. Oberthur (a private printer) and the printing works of the Bank of France, and two more in the United Kingdom: Thomas De La Rue (another private printer) and the Bank of England printing house, although the latter does not produce euro banknotes.[115]

Printer identification codes[115]
Code Printer Location Country NCB(s) produced for
(A)
 (Bank of England Printing Works) (Loughton) (  United Kingdom) —
(B)
 Unassigned
(C)
 (Tumba Bruk) (Tumba) (  Sweden) —
D
 Setec Oy Vantaa   Finland L (  Finland)
E
 F. C. Oberthur Chantepie   France E (  Slovakia), F (  Malta), G (  Cyprus), H (  Slovenia), L (  Finland), P (  Netherlands), U (  France), X (  Germany)
F
 Österreichische Banknoten‐ und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH Vienna   Austria N (  Austria), P (  Netherlands), S (  Italy), T (  Ireland), Y (  Greece)
G
 Koninklijke Joh. Enschedé Haarlem   Netherlands E (  Slovakia), F (  Malta), G (  Cyprus), H (  Slovenia), L (  Finland), N (  Austria), P (  Netherlands), V (  Spain), X (  Germany), Y (  Greece)
H
 De La Rue Gateshead   United Kingdom L (  Finland), M (  Portugal), P (  Netherlands), T (  Ireland)
(I)
 Unassigned
J
 Banca d'Italia Rome   Italy S (  Italy)
K
 Banc Ceannais na hÉireann / Central Bank of Ireland Dublin   Ireland T (  Ireland)
L
 Banque de France Chamalières   France U (  France)
M
 Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre Madrid   Spain V (  Spain)
N
 Bank of Greece Athens   Greece Y (  Greece)
(O)
 Unassigned
P
 Giesecke & Devrient Munich & Leipzig   Germany L (  Finland), M (  Portugal), P (  Netherlands), U (  France), V (  Spain), X (  Germany), Y (  Greece)
(Q)
 Unassigned
R
 Bundesdruckerei Berlin   Germany D (  Estonia), E (  Slovakia), F (  Malta), G (  Cyprus), H (  Slovenia), L (  Finland), P (  Netherlands), X (  Germany), Y (  Greece)
(S)
 (Danmarks Nationalbank) (Copenhagen) (  Denmark) —
T
 National Bank of Belgium Brussels   Belgium U (  France), V (  Spain), Z (  Belgium)
U
 Valora—Banco de Portugal Carregado   Portugal M (  Portugal)
(V)
 Unassigned
(W)
 Unassigned
(X)
 Unassigned
(Y)
 Unassigned
(Z)
 Unassigned
  • The A, C and S codes have been reserved for the British, Swedish and Danish printers not printing euro banknotes.[115]
  • Where a printer is listed as producing banknotes for a particular country, this may apply to a single denomination, or as many as all seven denominations.[115] Some NCBs source different denominations from different printers,[115] and some source even a single denomination from multiple printers.[115] NCBs that issue banknotes are free to source from any authorized printers, and do so in varying quantities.[115]

Serial number

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The serial number on a 50 euro note. This banknote was issued for Banca d'Italia, the Italian central bank.

Unlike euro coins, euro notes do not have a national side indicating which country issued them. The country that issued them is not necessarily where they were printed. The information about the issuing country is encoded within the first character of each note's serial number instead.[17]

The first character of the serial number is a letter which uniquely identifies the country that issues the note.[17] The remaining 11 characters are numbers which, when their digital root is calculated, give a checksum also particular to that country.[117]

The W, K and J codes have been reserved for the three EU member states that did not adopt the euro in 1999, while the R prefix is reserved for Luxembourg, which, at present, does not issue euro banknotes.[17] The first series of uncirculated notes from Luxembourg use the prefix belonging to the country where they were printed.[17]

National identification codes[118][81]
Code Country Checksum(1)
in English in official language(s)
A Unassigned
B   Lithuania Lietuva[119]
C   Latvia Latvija[119]
D   Estonia Eesti 4
E   Slovakia Slovensko 3
F   Malta Malta 2
G   Cyprus Κύπρος [Kypros]/Kıbrıs 1
H   Slovenia Slovenija 9
I Unassigned
J(2)   United Kingdom United Kingdom 7
K(2)   Sweden Sverige 6
L   Finland Suomi/Finland 5
M   Portugal Portugal 4
N   Austria Österreich 3
O Unassigned
P   Netherlands Nederland 1
Q Unassigned
R   Luxembourg Luxembourg/Luxemburg/Lëtzebuerg 8
S   Italy Italia 7
T   Ireland Ireland 6
U   France France 5
V   Spain España 4
W(2)   Denmark Danmark 3
X   Germany Deutschland 2
Y   Greece Ελλάδα [Ellada] 1
Z   Belgium België/Belgique/Belgien 9


(1) checksum of the 11 digits without the letter
(2) Denmark, the United Kingdom and Sweden presently do not use the Euro, but had these serial number prefixes reserved for the first series of notes.[17]

Although the Slovenian letter had been reserved since the eurozone enlargement in January 2007, the country initially used previously issued banknotes issued from other member states. The first banknotes bearing the "H" letter, produced in France specifically on behalf of Slovenia, were witnessed no sooner than April 2008.[120] The 'Cypriot banknotes' (G) appeared in circulation in November 2009, whereas, those from Malta (F) appeared 3 months later (February 2010).[121] Slovak notes (E) first appeared in October 2010 [citation needed].

2nd series

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The serial number on a 5 euro note. This banknote was printed in Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre in Spain.

In the new series, there are two codes, like in the first series. They are the printer code in the top right hand corner and the serial number.[122] Part of the serial number is horizontal and part of it is vertical.[123] The serial number begins with a letter indicating the printer, which is broadly similar to the first series (Z for Belgium, Y for Greece, etc.).[124] The second letter of the new serial numbers is part of the serial number itself, and has no further significance.[124]

However, as the code indicates the printer, rather than the issuing national central bank, certain letters have been reassigned from NCBs which do not maintain their own printing facilities. In the first series, H denoted Slovenia. As there is no Slovene printer of euro banknotes, H represents De La Rue (Loughton) in the second series.[124] Several of the printers which replaced what were NCB codes maintain their printing code from the first series (De La Rue, mentioned, and Bundesdruckerei, which replaced Luxembourg as R, its previous printing code).[124]

Identification codes[124]
Code Printer Country
A Unassigned
B Unassigned
C Unassigned
D Polska Wytwórnia Papierów Wartościowych   Poland
E Oberthur   France
F Oberthur Fiduciaire AD Bulgaria   Bulgaria
G Unassigned
H De La Rue (Loughton)   UK
I Omitted[124]
J De La Rue (Gateshead)   UK
K Unassigned
L Unassigned
M Valora   Portugal
N Oesterreichische Banknoten‐ und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH   Austria
O Omitted[124]
P Joh. Enschedé   Netherlands
Q Omitted[124]
R Bundesdruckerei   Germany
S Banca d'Italia   Italy
T Central Bank of Ireland   Ireland
U Banque de France   France
V IMBISA (owned by Banco de España)   Spain
W Giesecke+Devrient (Leipzig)   Germany
X Giesecke+Devrient (Munich)   Germany
Y Bank of Greece   Greece
Z Nationale Bank van België/Banque Nationale de Belgique   Belgium

Production statistics

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The European Central Bank publishes details about euro notes produced every year.[114]

Banknotes produced in 2023[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 131.7 658.5   Greece
€10 - - -
€20 985.0 19,700.0   Belgium,   Germany,   Italy,   Latvia,   Lithuania,   Austria,   Portugal
€50 1,645.0 82,250.0   Estonia,   Ireland,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Cyprus,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland
€100 220.0 22,000.0   Germany
€200 160.0 32,000.0   Germany
€500 — — —
TOTAL 3,141.7 156,608.5 .
Banknotes produced in 2022[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 316.0 1,580.0   France
€10 918.0 9,180.0   Belgium,   Germany,   Greece,   Austria
€20 1,215.0 24,300.0   Belgium,   France,   Italy,   Portugal
€50 2,767.0 138,350.0   Germany,   Estonia,   Ireland,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Cyprus,   Latvia,   Lithuania,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland
€100 420.0 42,000.0   Germany
€200 452.0 90,400.0   Germany
€500 — — —
TOTAL 6,088.0 305,810.0 .
Banknotes produced in 2021[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 973.8 4,869.1   Belgium,   Spain,   Austria,   Portugal
€10 1,176.1 11,761.2   Germany,   Greece
€20 1,403.6 28,071.2   Germany,   Estonia,   Ireland,   France,   Italy,   Cyprus,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland
€50 1,951.4 97,572.0   Germany,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Latvia,   Lithuania
€100 - - -
€200 335.0 67,000.0   Germany,   Austria
€500 — — —
TOTAL 5,839.9 209,273.5 .
Banknotes produced in 2020[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 751.6 3,757.8   Belgium,   Ireland,   Austria,   Portugal
€10 1,185.8 11,858.1   Germany,   Spain
€20 1,271.0 25,419.8   Estonia,   France,   Cyprus,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland
€50 1,751.9 87,596.5   Greece,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria
€100 763.8 76,380   Germany,   Latvia,   Lithuania
€200 — — —
€500 — — —
TOTAL 5,724.1 205,012.2 .
Banknotes produced in 2019[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 613.3 3,066   Belgium,   Spain,   Austria,   Portugal.
€10 424.6 4,245   Germany.
€20 970.9 19,417   Estonia,   Ireland,   France,   Cyprus,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€50 1729.2 86,457   Germany,   Greece,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Latvia,   Lithuania.
€100 — — —
€200 — — —
€500 — — —
TOTAL 3,738 113,187.50   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Germany,   Greece,   Ireland,   Portugal,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Malta,   Latvia,   Lithuania,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2018[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 448.4 2,241   Estonia,   Greece,   Cyprus,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€10 — — —
€20 526.5 10,530   Belgium,   Ireland,   Spain,   Portugal.
€50 — — —
€100 2,300 230,000   Germany,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Latvia,   Lithuania,   Austria.
€200 715 143,000   France,   Italy,   Austria.
€500 — — —
TOTAL 3,989.90 385,771.90   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Germany,   Greece,   Ireland,   Portugal,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Malta,   Latvia,   Lithuania,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2017[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 390 1,948   Ireland,   Greece.
€10 — — —
€20 900 18,000   France,   Italy,   Portugal.
€50 3,300 164,998   Belgium,   Germany,   Estonia,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Cyprus,   Latvia,   Lithuania,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   the Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€100 850 85,002   Germany,   Spain,   Austria.
€200 284 56,752   Belgium,   Germany.
€500 — — —
TOTAL 5,723 326,700   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Germany,   Greece,   Ireland,   Portugal,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Malta,   Latvia,   Lithuania,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2016[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 — — —
€10 1,000 10,000   Ireland,   Greece,   Spain,   France.
€20 500 10,000   France.
€50 4,541 227,050   Belgium,   Germany,   Estonia,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Cyprus,   Latvia,   Lithuania,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   the Netherlands,   Portugal,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€100 176 17,640   Austria.
€200 — — —
€500 — — —
TOTAL 6,217 264,690   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Germany,   Greece,   Ireland,   Portugal,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Malta,   Latvia,   Lithuania,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2015[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 600 3,000   Belgium,   Spain,   Portugal.
€10 1,200 12,000   Estonia,   Ireland,   Greece,   France,   Cyprus,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   the Netherlands,   Austria,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€20 1,700 34,000   Germany,   France,   Italy.
€50 2,500 125,000   Belgium,   Germany,   Estonia,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Cyprus,   Luxembourg,   Malta,   the Netherlands,   Latvia,   Portugal,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€100 — — —
€200 — — —
€500 — — —
TOTAL 6,000 171,300   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Germany,   Greece,   Ireland,   Portugal,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Malta,   Latvia,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2014[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 825 4,125   Belgium,   Greece,   Spain,   Ireland.
€10 94 940   Greece.
€20 3,994 79,880   Germany,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Portugal.
€50 2,800 140,000   Belgium,   Germany,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Spain,   Italy,   Malta,   Luxembourg,   the Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€100 500 50,000   Germany.
€200 47 9,400   Germany.
€500 85 42,500   Austria.
TOTAL 8,345 326,845   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Germany,   Greece,   Ireland,   Portugal,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Malta,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2013[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 — — —
€10 4,500 45,000   Germany,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Greece,   Spain,   France,   Ireland,   Italy,   Malta,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Austria,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€20 2,500 50,000   Germany,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Greece,   France,   Italy,   Malta,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Portugal,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€50 1,000 50,000   Belgium,   Germany,   Spain.
€100 — — —
€200 — — —
€500 — — —
TOTAL 8,000 145,000   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Germany,   Greece,   Ireland,   Portugal,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Malta,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2012[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 2,915.30 14,576.52   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria.
€10 1,959.04 19,590.45   Germany,   Greece,   France,   Ireland,   Portugal.
€20 1,703.95 34,079.03   Cyprus,   Estonia,   France,   Italy,   Malta,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€50 1,530.43 76,521.70   Belgium,   Germany,   Spain,   Italy.
€100 298.13 29,813.20   Germany.
€200 50.00 10,000.04   Germany.
€500 — — —
TOTAL 8,456.87 184,580.95   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Germany,   Greece,   Ireland,   Portugal,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Malta,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
Banknotes produced in 2011[114]
Denomination Quantity (millions) Value (€ millions) NCBs commissioning production
€5 1,714.80 8,574.00   Germany,   Cyprus,   Spain,   France,   Ireland,   Malta   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€10 1,541.20 15,412.00   Germany,   Greece,   France,   Austria,   Portugal.
€20 536.60 10,732.00   Cyprus,   France,   Malta,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.
€50 2,169.10 108,455.00   Belgium,   Germany,   Spain,   Italy.
€100 — — —
€200 — — —
€500 56.20 28,100.00   Austria.
TOTAL 6,017.90 171,273.00   Belgium,   Spain,   France,   Italy,   Austria,   Germany,   Greece,   Ireland,   Portugal,   Cyprus,   Estonia,   Malta,   Luxembourg,   Netherlands,   Slovenia,   Slovakia,   Finland.

€1 and €2 notes

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The ECB has stated that "printing a €1 note is more expensive (and less durable) than minting a €1 coin"[citation needed]. On 18 November 2004 the ECB decided that there was insufficient demand across the eurozone for very low-denomination banknotes. On 25 October 2005, however, a majority of MEPs supported a motion calling on the European Commission and the European Central Bank to recognise the need for the introduction of €1 and €2 banknotes.[125] There have not been any official calls for these in recent years.

€0 notes

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In 2015, French entrepreneur Richard Faille developed the idea of souvenir euro notes made to the same standards as the currency, but without value, to commemorate places or events.[126] Such notes are not printed or sanctioned by the European Central Bank.[127]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Hanspeter K. Scheller (2004). The European Central Bank – History, Role and Functions (PDF). European Central Bank. pp. 103ff. ISBN 92-9181-506-3. The ECB issues 8% of the total value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem ... The other 92% of the euro banknotes are issued by the NCBs in proportion to their respective shares in the capital key of the ECB.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "ECB: Introduction". European Central Bank. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "ECB: Circulation". European Central Bank. 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2013. (updated monthly)
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Europa series design – ECB – Our Money". www.new-euro-banknotes.eu. 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
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  8. ^ Deinhammer, Harald; Ladi, Anna (2017). "Modelling euro banknote quality in circulation" (PDF). ECB Occasional Paper Series No 204. European Central Bank. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  9. ^ "FT.com – The history of the euro". Financial Times. 21 May 2002. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
  10. ^ "History of the Eurogroup – Eurozone". Eurozone Portal. 3 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  11. ^ "Slovenia joins the euro area – European Commission". European Commission. 16 June 2011. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  12. ^ "Cyprus and Malta adopt the euro – BBC NEWS". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 January 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  13. ^ Kubosova, Lucia (31 December 2008). "Slovakia Joins Decade-Old Euro Zone – Businessweek". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 6 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  14. ^ "Estonia to join euro zone in 2011". RTÉ News. Radió Teilifís Éireann. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  15. ^ Kaza, Juris (9 July 2013). "Latvia Gets Green Light to Join Euro Zone -WSJ.com". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  16. ^ Seputyte, Milda (1 January 2015). "Lithuania Adopts Euro as Russian Worries Rattle Baltics". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
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  22. ^ "EuroTracer – Information Notes – €10 note". EuroTracer. 2002. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
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  25. ^ "Denominations first series €50". European Central Bank. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  26. ^ "EuroTracer – Information Notes – €50 note". EuroTracer. 2002. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  27. ^ "Denominations first series €100". European Central Bank. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  28. ^ "EuroTracer – Information Notes – €100 note". EuroTracer. 2002. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  29. ^ "Denominations first series €200". European Central Bank. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  30. ^ "EuroTracer – Information Notes – €200 note". EuroTracer. 2002. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  31. ^ "Denominations first series €500". European Central Bank. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  32. ^ "EuroTracer – Information Notes – €500 note". EuroTracer. 2002. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
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