The 'Hiera Orgas' (Ancient Greek: ἱερὰ ὀργάς), meaning ‘sacred meadow’, was a site which featured in at least two conflicts between Athens and Megara.[1]
Identification
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The Hiera Orgas was a circular, fertile area of land sacred to the Eleusinian goddesses, Demeter and Persephone. It was probably situated on the Megarian side of the Northern reaches of the Iapis River in the borderland between Athens and Megara.[2]
As no boundary markers (ὅρος|ὅροι) have survived, it is not possible to be more specific. Its location between the two states meant that control of the site was always going to be controversial. Megara and Athens had a history of territorial conflict dating back to the sixth century BC, including armed conflict over the island of Salamis.[3]
Restrictions on the use of sacred land
editProhibitions on the use of sacred land outside the cities, similar to the Orgas, were common in Greek states (poleis) throughout the Classical period. A range of laws and customs protected the integrity of many country sites from deliberate or accidental contamination by people and livestock.[4] The Athenians seem to have considered it to be a sacred precinct (temenos), which deserved to be kept inviolate and protected under religious law. This view does not seem to have been shared by the Megarians. The Athenians, at least, deemed the cultivation of the Hiera Orgas as a distinct religious pollution (miasma), which, if left unresolved, would anger the gods and, therefore, compromise the ongoing fertility and wellbeing of the state itself. The geographer and antiquarian, Pausanias (3.4.5-6), reported a late tradition in which the Spartan king, Cleomenes, was said to have defiled the Orgas. According to the tradition, for his act of impiety, Cleomenes was punished by the gods with madness.[5]
Significance in the Peloponnesian War
editThucydides (1.139.2) and Plutarch (Pericles, 30.2) record that the cultivation of the Hiera Orgas by a number of Megarians was one of the complaints cited by the Athenians to justify the implementation of the Megarian exclusion decree, which, in turn, became one of the main causes of the Peloponnesian War. There has been considerable debate over the etiology of the war and the genuineness, or otherwise, of the Athenian response to protect the integrity of the Hiera Orgas by excluding Megarians from all ports and markets under Athenian control in 432 BC.[6] The Megarians, themselves, are not recorded as having denied the accusation, but their ambassadors did complain of the severity of the Athenian response.
It is possible that Pericles used the dispute for his own political purposes, but the success of his public stance in protecting the Hiera Orgas, serves to demonstrate the significance of the religious considerations at play in the dispute.
Fourth-century dispute
editAthens and Megara came into conflict over the Hiera Orgas again in 350/49 BC. This time, there appeared to be no clear political context to bring into question Athenian motives.
The orator, Demosthenes (13.32) provided the earliest record of the recurrence of the dispute. He describes the Megarians as ‘accursed’ (karatoi) for their impious encroachment upon the Orgas. Shortly afterwards, the Athenian Assembly voted to settle the matter by seeking independent arbitration from Apollo’s oracle at Delphi.[7] The Athenians stipulated complex and expensive arrangements for determining the will of Apollo concerning the site.[8] According to the inscription (pictured), which recorded the process, Apollo was given the choice between two inscribed tin sheets concerning the question of the cultivation of the Hiera Orgas.[9] These sheets were rolled and wrapped in wool before being placed into a bronze ballot-urn. The two identical sealed packages were then placed into separate pitchers; one gold, one silver. The Pythia was then asked to choose between them on behalf of the god. Apollo’s decision would then be inscribed on a stele. As it turned out, Delphi decided that no cultivation be permitted.
The Megarians seem to have been unimpressed and persisted with their encroachments. The Athenians sent a force under the general, Ephialtes, to delimit the site and its hinterland and to enforce the god’s decision.[10]
References
edit- ^ H.G. Liddell, R. Scott and H.S. Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon, (sixth ed.) Oxford, 1869, p. 1245.
- ^ J. McDonald, ‘Athens and the Hiera Orgas’ in M. Dillon (ed.), Religion in the Ancient World: New Approaches and Themes, Amsterdam, 1996, pp. 321-323. Cf. J. Ober, Fortress Attica: Defense of the Athenian Land Frontier, 404-322 BC, Mnemosyne, supplement 84, p. 108 (with the map on p. 208).
- ^ A. French, ‘Solon and the Megarian Question’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 77 (1957), pp. 238–246; G.L. Cawkwell, "Anthemocritus and the Megarians and the Decree of Charinus", REG, vol. 82 (1969), pp. 331–332.
- ^ J.W. Hewitt, ‘The Major Restrictions upon Access to Greek Temples’ TAPhA, vol. 40 (1909), pp. 83–91; R. Parker, Miasma: Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion, Oxford, 1983, pp. 163–164; J. McDonald, ‘Athens and the Hiera Orgas’ in M. Dillon (ed.), Religion in the Ancient World: New Approaches and Themes, Amsterdam, 1996, pp. 324–328.
- ^ J. McDonald, ‘Athens and the Hiera Orgas’ in M. Dillon (ed.), Religion in the Ancient World: New Approaches and Themes, Amsterdam, 1996, p. 328.
- ^ E.g. the competing views of G.E.M. de Ste. Croix (The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, London, 1972, pp. 285–289.), K. Völkl, (‘Das Megarische Pephisma’, RhM, vol. 94 (1951) pp. 330–336) and R.P. Legon (Megara: the Political History of a Greek City-state to 336 BC, Ithaca, 1981, pp. 224–225).
- ^ G.D. Rocchi, ‘La Hiera Orgas e la Frontiera Attico-Megarica’ in Instituto di Storia Antica, Cisalpino, 1987, pp. 98-99.
- ^ P. Amandry, La Mantique Apollinenne à Delphes, New York, 1975, pp. 151-153; J. McDonald, ‘Athens and the Hiera Orgas’ in M. Dillon (ed.), Religion in the Ancient World: New Approaches and Themes, Amsterdam, 1996, pp. 328-332.
- ^ The inscription is Inscriptiones Graecae II3 1, no. 292.
- ^ G.L. Cawkwell, ‘Anthemocritus and the Megarians and the Decree of Charinus’, REG, vol. 82 (1969), p. 331.
Bibliography
edit- Engen, D. (1999). "IG II2 204 and On Organization (Dem. ? 13): The Dispute over the Sacred Orgas of Eleusis and the Chronology of Philip of Macedon." In". In Mellor, R.; Tritle, L. (eds.). Text and Tradition. Studies in Greek History and Historiography in honor of Mortimer Chambers. Claremont. pp. 135–52.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Scafuro, A. (2003). "IG II2 204: Boundary Setting and Legal Process in Classical Athens". In Thür, G.; Nieto, F.J.F. (eds.). Symposion 1999 : Vorträge zur griechischen und hellenistischen Rechtsgeschichte (Pazo de Mariñán, La Coruña, 6.–9. September 1999). Cologne. pp. 123–43.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Matthaiou, Angelos P. (2021). Mackil, E. M.; Papazarkadas, N. (eds.). Greek epigraphy and religion : papers in memory of Sara B. Aleshire from the Second North American Congress of Greek and Latin Epigraphy. Leiden: Brill. pp. 71–89. ISBN 978-90-04-44254-2.
External links
edit- "IG II3 1, 292: On the boundaries of the sacred tract, translation and notes". Attic Inscriptions Online. Retrieved 24 January 2023.