The iron harvest (French: récolte de fer)[1] is the annual collection of unexploded ordnance, barbed wire, shrapnel, bullets and congruent trench supports collected by Belgian and French farmers after ploughing their fields. The harvest generally consists of material from the First World War, which is still found in large quantities across the former Western Front.
Unexploded munitions
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During World War I, an estimated one tonne of explosives was fired for every square metre of territory on the Western front. As many as one in every four shells fired did not detonate.[2] In the Ypres Salient, an estimated 300 million projectiles that the British and the German forces fired at each other during World War I were duds, and most of them have not been recovered.[citation needed] According to its website, DOVO, the demining unit of the Belgian armed forces, defused more than 200 tons of ammunition in 2019. [3]
Unexploded weapons—in the form of shells, bullets, and grenades—buried themselves on impact or were otherwise quickly swallowed in the mud. As time passes, construction work, field ploughing, and natural processes bring the rusting shells to the surface. Most of the iron harvest is found during the spring planting and autumn ploughing, as the regions of northern France and Flanders are rich agricultural areas.[4] Farmers collect the munitions and place them along the boundaries of fields or other collection points for authorities.[4]
Dangers
editDespite their age, unexploded munitions remain very dangerous. The French Département du Déminage (Department of Mine Clearance) recovers about 900 tons of unexploded munitions every year. Since 1946, approximately 630 French ordnance disposal workers have died handling unexploded munitions.[5] Two died handling munitions outside Vimy, France, as recently as 1998, and in 2014 two Belgian construction workers were killed when they encountered an unexploded shell buried for a century.[6][7] Over 20 members of Belgian Explosive Ordnance Disposal (DOVO) have died disposing of First World War munitions since the unit was formed in 1919. In just the area around Ypres, 260 people have been killed and 535 have been injured by unexploded munitions since the end of the First World War. Shells containing poisonous gas remain viable and will corrode and release their gas content.[8] Close to five percent of the shells fired during the First World War contained poisonous gas, and ordnance disposal experts continue to suffer burns from mustard gas shells that were split open.[9]
Disposal
editIn Belgium, munitions and wartime iron harvested by farmers are carefully placed around field edges or in gaps in telegraph poles, where they are regularly collected by the Belgian army for disposal by controlled explosion at a specialist center in Poelkapelle. The depot was built after ocean dumping of shells stopped in 1980. Once extracted by the army, any gas chemicals are burned and destroyed at high temperatures at specialized facilities and the explosives detonated.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Canada, Anciens Combattants (July 30, 2020). "100 ans plus tard : la construction au Mémorial de Vimy - Anciens Combattants Canada". www.veterans.gc.ca.
- ^ "Legacies of the Great War". BBC News. 3 November 1998. Retrieved 1 November 2005.
- ^ "Onze missie in Belgie: DOVO" (in Dutch). Dienst voor Opruiming en Vernietiging van Ontploffingstuigen (DOVO). Archived from the original on 2021-06-24. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
- ^ a b Ehlen, Judy; Haneberg, William; Larson, Robert (January 2005). Humans as Geologic Agents. Geological Society of America. p. 60. ISBN 9780813741161.
- ^ Russell, David O. (December 2004). "The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Humankind". The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 November 2005.
Brief overview of the book Aftermath: The Remnants of War, by Donovan Webster (1996).
- ^ "World War I In Photos: A Century Later"
- ^ "WW1 bombs still a serious danger"
- ^ Albright, Richard (2011). Cleanup of Chemical and Explosive Munitions: Location, Identification and Environmental Remediation. Oxford: William Andrew. p. 120.
- ^ "Serious injuries caused by an unexploded mustard gas projectile found in Belgium"
- ^ EOD’s & UXO
Further reading
edit- Webster, D Aftermath: The Remnants of War Vintage Books 1999. ISBN 0-679-75153-X
- Steward, Roger Reclaiming the Salient: Resurrecting the Great War Battlegrounds of Flanders Fields Helion & Company 2023. ISBN 1-915-11367-9
External links
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- Rob Ruggenberg, The Abomination of Houthulst
- Rob Ruggenberg, Death Waits Patiently on a Belgian Beach
- Photo of the iron harvest
- Another photo of the iron harvest