Johann Schwarzer (30 August 1880 – 10 October 1914) was an Austrian photographer and pioneer producer of adult films through his Saturn-Film (de) company.[1]
Schwarzer was born in Javornik, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and now located in the Czech Republic.
Career
edit
In the early 1900s, Schwarzer resettled in Vienna and became a portrait and family photographer and chemist. To supplement his income, Schwarzer began making erotic photos which were used on naughty postcards common to the era.
In 1906, he became interested in the men's-only theatre nights organized in Austrian cinemas that showed adult films, so-called Herrenabende ("night shows for men"). Seeing that money could be made from these types of films, Schwarzer organized the Saturn-Film company in 1906 to produce such films, in his Viennese roof-top studio,[2] in competition to the French product then being exclusively shown. Before Schwarzer's productions, erotic films in Austria were supplied by the French Pathé brothers. Saturn-Film was the first native film production company based in Austria.[3] Schwarzer produced and directed these erotic feature films, with basic plots (artist and model, bath scene) which allowed for voyeurism and female nudity but not, he insisted, pornography. Each film contained young local women fully nude.[4]
Unlike his predecessors, Schwarzer conducted his business as a public company, advertising in local newspapers, motion picture trade journals and adding a logo to his films like any other European producer. Saturn-Film also published a regular film catalog within its first couple years of existence. Despite this effort, Saturn-Films often appeared shorn of their logos and rendered anonymous, like other, similar subjects once they got further afield of Vienna,[citation needed] possibly due to piracy, as the Saturn-Film logo appears as part of the film set, in all frames of some extent films.[5]
In 1911, Saturn-Film was raided and closed down by the police as a part of a crackdown on erotic materials in Vienna.[3] The authorities destroyed the main film vault which at that time consisted of 52 productions.[6]
Censorship prevented Saturn from rising again. Johann Schwarzer tried to get a fresh start in film distribution, but without the ‘spicy’ films he had become famous for. After three months, he abandoned the effort and left Vienna for Africa. He resurfaced in April 1914, when he married the young Olga Emilie Jarosh-Stehlik.[7] Schwarzer was an army reservist who was called up with the outbreak of World War I on 28 July 1914. He was made a second lieutenant by the time he perished in battle at Wirballen, Poland on 10 October of that year.[8][9][2]
Legacy
editSaturn-Film consciously chose to advertise its films as being erotic, rather than pornographic. A quote from its 1907 catalog, probably written by Schwarzer, states "our films are of a purely artistic tendency, and we avoid tasteless subjects in favor of beauty." Schwarzer's adult films were more professional in quality then their French and Argentine counterparts and were the most widely distributed and popular adult films made in the first decade of the 20th century.[citation needed]
Despite the destruction of the main film vault in 1911 about a half of the 52 films produced by the company still exist in archives throughout Europe. Filmarchiv Austria has included four of Schwarzer's works in the Europa Film Treasures site; Das Sandbad (1906),[10] Baden Verboten (1906),[11] Das Eitle Stubenmädchen (1908),[12] and Beim Fotografen (1908).[13][14] Internet Archive has included over twenty of Schwarzer's works on their site.[15]
Works
editThis list is incomplete[16]
- Aufregende Lektüre[17]
- Baden verboten[11]
- Beim Fotografen[13]
- Das eitle Stubenmädchen[12][18][19]
- Das Sandbad[10]
- Der Angler[20]
- Der Hausarzt[21]
- Der Traum der Bildhauers[22]
- Diana im Bade[23]
- Die Macht der Hypnose[24]
- Die Zaubereien des Mandarins[25]
- Eine aufregende Jagd[26]
- Eine lustige Geschichte am Fenster[27]
- Eine modern Ehe[28]
- Im Bade[29]
- Jugendspiele[30]
- Lebender Marmor[31]
- Schleiertanz[32]
- Sklavenmarkt[33]
- Sklavenraub[34]
- Vorbreitung auf das Rendez-vous[35]
- Weibliche Assentierung[5]
References
edit- ^ Michael Achenbach, Paolo Caneppele, Ernst Kieninger: Projektionen der Sehnsucht: Saturn, die erotischen Anfänge der österreichischen Kinematografie. Filmarchiv Austria, Wien 2000, ISBN 3-901932-04-6.
- ^ a b Filmarchiv Austria (8 January 2010). Tresor 1: Saturn-Filme 1906-1910. Hoanzl.
(DVD) In his Viennese roof-top studio, he produced erotic films for the world market. via amazon
- ^ a b "A brief History: Das Sandbad". Europa Film Treasures. Archived from the original on 2011-11-26. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
- ^
- "Frühe Interventionen: Suffragetten – Extremistinnen der Sichtbarkeit" [Early Interventions: Suffragettes - Extremists of Visibility]. Deutsches Historisches Museum. 2010-09-23. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
Die österreichische Firma Saturn stellte etwa vier Jahre lang „pikante Szenen" für Herrenabende her. In der Produktion Beim Photographen geht es um die Anstrengungen, ein williges Modell zu finden; um eine große Dame, die durchaus Gefallen findet, nackt fotografiert zu werden; ihre Inszenierungsvorschläge und um die begierigen Klienten des Fotografen. Das eitle Stubenmädchen genießt es im gleichnamigen Film, allein im Raum und selbstvergessen wie eine nackte Statue zu posieren.
- "Suffragettes before the camera". The Bioscope. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- Fullerton, John (2012). "Early Cinema Today: The Art of Programming and Live Performance. KINtop. Studies in Early Cinema I (review)". Film History: An International Journal. 24 (3): 354–356. doi:10.2979/filmhistory.24.3.354. ISSN 1553-3905. S2CID 147568394. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- Bernstorff, Madeleine (22 July 2021). "Der Fanatismus der Suffragettes". vimeo. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
Trailer für das Filmprogramm 'Frühe Interventionen. Suffragetten - Extremistinnen der Sichtbarkeit'.
- "Frühe Interventionen: Suffragetten – Extremistinnen der Sichtbarkeit" [Early Interventions: Suffragettes - Extremists of Visibility]. Deutsches Historisches Museum. 2010-09-23. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Weibliche Assentierung AKA Female Conscripts". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Michael Achenbach, Paolo Caneppele, Ernst Kieninger: Projektionen der Sehnsucht: Saturn, die erotischen Anfänge der österreichischen Kinematografie. Filmarchiv Austria, Wien 2000, ISBN 3-901932-04-6.
- ^ "A brief History : Projektionen der Sehnsucht". Europa Film Treasures. Archived from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
There are a total of 52 Saturn films, most of which come from Albert Fidelius' collection in Berlin.
- ^ Withey, Beth (2016). "Reflections on the Veil: Tracing Blurred Boundaries of Politics and Desire in Vienna's Saturn-Films" (PDF). The Ozark Historical Review. 45. Department of History, J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, University of Arkansas: 31. ISSN 2325-4211. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
By 1914, Johann Schwarzer, age thirty-four was dead: a second lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian forces killed in Poland at the battle of Wirballen within three months of his arrival at the front. (Achenbach, Ballhausen, and Wostry, Saturn: Wiener Filmerotik 1906–1910, 7–31.)
- ^ Achenbach, Michael; Ballhausen, Thomas; Wostry, Nikolaus, eds. (2009). Saturn: Wiener Filmerotik 1906-1910 (in German). Wien: Verlag Filmarchiv Austria. ISBN 978-3-902531-80-3. OCLC 517261558.
- ^ a b "Das Sandbad AKA The Sand Bath". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b "Baden verboten AKA Bathing Forbidden". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b "Das eitle Stubenmädchen AKA The Vain Housemaid". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b "Beim Fotografen AKA At the Photographers". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Johann Schwarzer films". Europa Film Treasures. Archived from the original on 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2011-07-30.
- ^ "creator:"Johann Schwarzer" films". Internet Archive. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ de:Johann Schwarzer
- ^ "Aufregende Lektre AKA Stimulating Reading". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Das eitle Stubenmädchen". filmportal.de. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "The Vain Housemaid (S) (1908)". FilmAffinity. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "Der Angler AKA The Fisherman". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Der Hausarzt AKA The Family Doctor". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Der Traum der Bildhauers AKA The Sculptors Dream". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Diana im Bade AKA Diana Bathing". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Die Macht der Hypnose AKA The Power of Hypnosis". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Die Zaubereien des Mandarins AKA The Magic of the Mandarins". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Eine aufregende Jagd AKA An Exciting Hunt". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Eine lustige Geschichte am Fenster AKA A Funny Story at the Window". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Eine modern Ehe AKA A Modern Marriage". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Im Bade AKA In the Bath". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Jugendspiele AKA Games of Youth". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Lebender Marmor AKA Living Marble". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Schleiertanz AKA The Veil Dance". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Sklavenmarkt AKA The Slave Market". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Sklavenraub AKA The Abduction of the Slave Women". 1906 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Vorbreitung auf das Rendez-vous AKA Preparing to Meet". 1908 – via Internet Archive.
Further reading
edit- Bergstein, Mary (5 May 2017). "Freud, Saturn, and the Power of Hypnosis". In Smith, Shawn Michelle; Sliwinski, Sharon (eds.). Photography and the Optical Unconscious. pp. 104–133. doi:10.1215/9780822372998-007. ISBN 978-0-8223-7299-8. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- Withey, Beth (2016). "Reflections on the Veil: Tracing Blurred Boundaries of Politics and Desire in Vienna's Saturn-Films" (PDF). The Ozark Historical Review. 45. Department of History, J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, University of Arkansas: 31. ISSN 2325-4211. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- Filmarchiv Austria (8 January 2010). Tresor 1: Saturn-Filme 1906-1910. Hoanzl.
(DVD)
- Achenbach, Michael; Ballhausen, Thomas; Wostry, Nikolaus, eds. (2009). Saturn: Wiener Filmerotik 1906-1910 (in German). Wien: Verlag Filmarchiv Austria. ISBN 978-3-902531-80-3. OCLC 517261558.
- "Bologna: The Retrieved Cinema". Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film. 35 (1): 52–55. May 2008. doi:10.7227/NCTF.35.1.6. S2CID 190040835.
- Richter, Simon; Block, Richard A. (2013). Goethe's Ghosts: Reading and the Persistence of Literature. Boydell & Brewer. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-57113-567-4.