José María Queipo de Llano, 7th Count of Toreno

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Queipo de Llano and the second or maternal family name is Ruiz de Saravia.

José María Queipo de Llano y Ruiz de Saravia, 7th Count of Toreno, GE (25 November 1786 – 16 September 1843), was a nineteenth-century Spanish politician and historian, who was Prime Minister of Spain. In Spain, he is simply known as Conde de Toreno.

The Most Excellent The Count of Toreno GE
Prime Minister of Spain
In office 7 June 1835 – 14 September 1835
Monarch	Isabella II
Preceded by	Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa
Succeeded by	Juan Álvarez Mendizábal
Minister of State
In office 7 June – 14 September 1835
Prime Minister	(Himself)
Preceded by	Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa
Succeeded by	Miguel Ricardo de Álava y Esquivel
Minister of the Treasury
In office 18 June 1834-13 June 1835
Prime Minister	Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa
Preceding	José Imaz Baquedano
Succeeded by	Juan Álvarez Mendizábal
Personal details
Born	25 November 1786 Oviedo, Spain
Died	16 September 1843 (aged 56) Paris, France
Political party	Realista Moderado

Life

Toreno was born at Oviedo on the November 25, 1786. His family was wealthy and belonged to the most ancient nobility of Asturias. His mother, Dorninga Ruiz de Saravia, owned property in the province of Cuenca. The son received a better education in classics, mathematics and modern languages than was usual at that time. The young viscount of Matarrosa, the title he bore in his fathers' lifetime, was introduced to the writings of Voltaire and Rousseau by the abbot of the Benedictine house of Montserrat in Madrid. He was present at Madrid when the city rose against the French occupation led by Marshal Murat on 2 May 1808, and took part in the struggle which was the beginning of the Peninsular War.

From Madrid, he escaped to Asturias, and on May 30 he embarked in a Jersey privateer at Gijon, with other delegates, in order to ask for the help of England against the French. The deputation was enthusiastically received in London. By December 30 he was back in Asturias, his father having died in the interval. During the Peninsular War, he saw some service in the first occupation of Asturias by the French, but he was mainly occupied by his duties as a member of the Cortes. In 1809, he was at Seville, where one of his uncles was a member of the central Junta. In the following year he was a leader of the party which compelled the Regency to summon the Cortes to which he was elected by Asturias early in 1811 though he was short several months of the legal age of twenty-five. His election was opposed by some of his own relatives who did not share his opinions, but it was ratified by the Cortes.

Toreno was conspicuous among the well-meaning men who framed the liberal and republican constitution of 1812. When the authoritarian King Ferdinand VII returned from prison in France in 1814 Toreno foresaw a reaction, and put himself out of reach of the king. He was the more an object of suspicion because his brother-in-law, Juan Díaz Porlier, perished in a wild attempt to support the constitution by force. Toreno remained in exile until the outbreak of the revolution of 1820. Between that year and 1823 he was in Spain serving in the restored Cortes, and experience had abated his radical ardour. When the French intervened in 1823 Toreno had again to go into exile, and remained abroad until the king published the amnesty of October 15, 1832.

He returned home in July 1833, but remained on his estates until the king's death on September 29. As hereditary standard-bearer of Asturias (Alferez Mayor) it fell to him to proclaim the young queen, Isabella II. In 1834 his now moderate opinions pointed him out to the queen regent, Maria Christina, as a useful man for office. In June 1834 he was minister of finance, and became the 2nd Prime Minister of Spain on June 7. His tenure of the premiership lasted only until September 14 of the same year, when the regent's attempt to retain a practically despotic government under a thin constitutional veil broke down. The greater part of the remainder of his life was spent in voluntary exile, and he died in Paris on September 16, 1843. Toreno is chiefly remembered as the author of the History of the Rising, War and Revolution of Spain, which he began between 1823 and 1832 and published in 1836–1838 in Paris. It was one of the earliest and more comprehensive studies of the Peninsular War written by a Spaniard who held a prominent role in those events.

Further reading

• Raymond Carr, Spain 1808-1975 (Oxford, 1982)
• José Luis Comellas, 'Las Cortes de Cádiz y la constitución de 1812', Revista de Estudios Politicos 126 (1962), 69-112
• W. Fehrenbach, 'Moderados and Exaltados: the liberal opposition to Ferdinand VII, 1814-1823', Hispanic American Historical Review 50 (1970), 52-69
• Miguel Artola Gallego, La España de Fernando VII (Madrid, 1968)
• Jonathan Harris, 'Los escritos de codificación de Jeremy Bentham y su recepción en el primer liberalismo español', Télos. Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios Utilitaristas 8 (1999), 9-29
• Gabriel H. Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modern Spain, 2 vols (New York, 1965)
• Sebastian Miñano, Histoire de la révolution d'Espagne de 1820 à 1823, 2 vols. (Paris, 1824)

References

• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Toreno, José Maria Quiepo de Llano Ruiz de Saravia, Count of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–52.