The Aimoré, Botocudoan or Borum languages, now sometimes known as Krenakan after the last one remaining, are a branch of the Macro-Jê languages – spoken mainly in Brazil – including moribund Krenak and extinct languages such as Guerén and Nakrehé. Loukotka (1968)[1] considered them dialects of a single language, but more recent treatments (Campbell 1997, Campbell 2012)[2] describe at least some of them as separate languages.

Krenak
Aimoré
Botocudo
Borum
Geographic
distribution
Brazil
EthnicityAimoré
Linguistic classificationMacro-Jê
  • Krenak
Subdivisions
Language codes

Languages

edit

A fair amount of lexical data was collected before the majority of languages became extinct.

Loukotka (1968)

edit

Loukotka (1968) illustrates the following:

Krekmun/Kraik-mús, Krenak (Crenaque), Pejaurún (Cajaurun), Naknanuk (Nacnhanuc, Nakyananiuk), Xiporoc (Shiporoc, Yiporok, Djiporoca), Nak-Ñapma, Bakuen (Bacuen, Bocué), Nakrehé (Nacrehé), Aranãa, Miñan-yirugn, Pojichá (Pozyichá), Gueren

and mentions sources of data for:

Uti Krag (Guti Krag, Ngùd-Kràg),

reported in 1913 to still be spoken. Miñan-yirugn and some of the other might still have been spoken in Loukotka's time.

Other varieties sometimes reported in the literature, but of which nothing is known, include Ankwet (Anquet) and Xónvúgn (Chonvugn).

Mason (1950)

edit

Mason (1950) lists:[3]

Botocudo (Aimboee, Borun)
  • Araná (Aranya)
  • Crecmun
  • Chonvugn (Crenak)
  • Gueren
  • Gutucrac: Minya-yirugn (Minhagirun)
  • Nachehe (Nakrehe)
  • (Yiporok [Giporok]: Poicá [Poyishá, Požitxá])
  • (Anket ?)
  • (Nacnyanuk ?)

Varieties

edit

Below is a full list of Botocudo (Aimoré; Batachoa) varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[1]

Vocabulary

edit

Several lexical loans from one of the Língua Geral varieties have been found identified. Examples include tuŋ ‘flea’ and krai ‘non-Indigenous person, foreigner’.[4]

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Botocudo languages.[1]

gloss Krekmun Krenak Pejaurún Naknanuk Shiporok Nak-ñapma Bakuen Nakrehé Aranaa Miñan-Yirugn Pojichá Gueren
head kerän kren krén kren krén krén krend kren kren kren kren
tooth kiyun kizyun kiyún kiyun zyun kzyunʔ kizyuʔun dzyon kiyúdn kuzyun
water mañan muñan muñám miñam muñan mʔna miñaʔan miñanga mãyán miñan
fire shompek zyonpek shompeik chonpek chonpök chompék shampek shompek chonpek chompék zyanpek ghompek
sun tarú tarú tarú tarú tarú tarú tepó tépó tepó tepó manué
earth nak nák nák nak nak nak nak nak nak nak
bird bakán bokoun bakan bakan bakan bakan boken bakan
jaguar kuparak kuparag kuparák kuparak kuparák kuparaki kupara kuparak kuparak kepó
bow uazyík auzyik uásik uaishik uazyik uazyik uazyik

Footnotes

edit
  1. ^ a b c Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  2. ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
  3. ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  4. ^ Nikulin, Andrey; Silva, Mário André Coelho da (2020). "As línguas Maxakalí e Krenák dentro do tronco Macro-Jê". Cadernos de Etnolingüística. 8 (1): 1–64.

References

edit
  • Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: BOTOCUDO[1]