Land restoration, which may include renaturalisation or rewilding, is the process of restoring land to a different or previous state with an intended purpose. That purpose can be a variety of things such as what follows: being safe for humans, plants, and animals; stabilizing ecological communities; cleaning up pollution; creating novel ecosystems;[1] or restoring the land to a historical condition, for example how indigenous people managed the land.[2] Ecological destruction or degradation, to which land restoration serves as an antidote, is usually the consequence of human influence's intended or unintended consequences. This can include pollution, deforestation, salination, or species endangerment, among many more. Land restoration is not the same as land reclamation, where existing ecosystems are altered or destroyed to give way for cultivation or construction. Land restoration can enhance the supply of valuable ecosystem services that benefit people.
Initial steps
editIn order to increase the chances for successful landscape restoration, several key parameters need to be determined. A shared understanding of the definition of restoration should be defined for the project. As there can be many different motivations for landscape restoration – influenced by personal or environmental ethics, opinions, priorities, available data, economics, etc. – the definition of the term can mean different things to different people and has changed over time.[3] Additionally, in order to monitor the success of a restoration project, a reference model or reference ecosystem should be selected in order to make comparisons. Along with this, proper surveys of existing conditions should take place. Furthermore, design considerations like restoration methods, contingency plans, monitoring, maintenance, permits, resources, budget, and timeline need to be known and will influence landscape restoration capabilities.[3]
Adaptive management
editAdaptive management is "an approach for simultaneously managing and learning about natural resources."[4] It is the primary method used for managing land restoration projects because natural resources can respond to management techniques but the longevity and desirability of those responses are uncertain and dependent on controllable and uncontrollable factors.[4] Therefore, adapting how a project is managed based on responses from the ecosystem is a more informed approach to landscape restoration.
Traditional ecological knowledge
editTraditional ecological knowledge has had increase significance and usage in landscape restoration spheres.[5] Using traditional ecological knowledge alongside Western ecological knowledge is becoming the more mainstream approach to landscape restoration, as many landscapes have evolved alongside humans over thousands of years, and because often times the ideal landscape used as the reference ecosystem is the pre-colonial ecological landscape.[6]
Case study: countering desertification
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Land reclamation in deserts involves
- setting up reliable water provisioning (e.g. by digging wells or placing long-distance water pipes)
- stabilizing and fixating the soil
Stabilizing and fixating the soil is usually done in several phases.
The first phase is fixating the soil to such extent that dune movement is ceased. This is done by grasses, and plants providing wind protection such as shelterbelts, windbreaks and woodlots. Shelterbelts are wind protections composed of rows of trees, arranged perpendicular to the prevailing wind, while woodlots are more extensive areas of woodland.[7]
The second phase involves improving/enriching the soil by planting nitrogen-fixating plants and using the soil immediately to grow crops. Nitrogen fixating plants used include clover, yellow mustard, beans, etc., and food crops include wheat, barley, beans, peas, sweet potatoes, date, olives, limes, figs, apricot, guava, tomato, certain herbs, etc. Regardless of the cover crop used, the crops (not including any trees) are each year harvested and/or plowed into the soil (e.g. with clover). In addition, each year the plots are used for another type of crop (known as crop rotation) to prevent depleting the soil on specific trace elements.
A recent development is the Seawater Greenhouse and Seawater Forest. This proposal is to construct these devices on coastal deserts in order to create fresh water and grow food.[8] A similar approach is the Desert Rose concept.[9] These approaches are of widespread applicability, since the relative costs of pumping large quantities of seawater inland are low.[10]
Another related concept is ADRECS[clarification needed] – a proposed system for rapidly delivering soil stabilisation and re-forestation techniques coupled with renewable energy generation.[11]
See also
edit- Land rehabilitation
- Environmental restoration
- Reforestation, Forest restoration, Forest landscape restoration
- Restoration ecology
- Farmer-managed natural regeneration
- Floodplain restoration
- Riparian-zone restoration
- Stream restoration
- Daylighting (streams)
- Mine reclamation
- Soil salinity control, restoration of saline land
- Bonn Challenge
- Rewilding (conservation biology)
References
edit- ^ Hobbs, Richard J.; Higgs, Eric; Harris, James A. (2009-11-01). "Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and restoration". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (11): 599–605. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24..599H. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.05.012. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 19683830.
- ^ "How Tribes Are Reclaiming and Protecting Their Ancestral Lands From Coast to Coast | Audubon". www.audubon.org. December 14, 2022. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
- ^ a b Holl, Karen (2020). Primer of Ecological Restoration. IslandPress. pp. 7–11. ISBN 978-1-61091-972-2.
- ^ a b Williams, Byron K. (2011-05-01). "Adaptive management of natural resources—framework and issues". Journal of Environmental Management. Adaptive management for Natural Resources. 92 (5): 1346–1353. Bibcode:2011JEnvM..92.1346W. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.10.041. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 21075505.
- ^ Lake, Frank K.; Parrotta, John; Giardina, Christian P.; Davidson-Hunt, Iain; Uprety, Yadav (2018-09-03), "Integration of Traditional and Western knowledge in forest landscape restoration", Forest Landscape Restoration, The Earthscan forest library, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 198–226, doi:10.4324/9781315111872-12, ISBN 978-1-315-11187-2, retrieved 2024-05-13
- ^ Gordon (Iñupiaq), Heather Sauyaq Jean; Ross, J. Ashleigh; Cheryl Bauer-Armstrong; Moreno, Maria; Byington (Choctaw), Rachel; Bowman (Lunaape/Mohican), Nicole (2023-02-01). "Integrating Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge of land into land management through Indigenous-academic partnerships". Land Use Policy. 125: 106469. Bibcode:2023LUPol.12506469G. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106469. ISSN 0264-8377.
- ^ Desert reclamation
- ^ The Sahara Project a new source of freshwater food and energy
- ^ Desert Rose - Claverton Group Energy Conference, Bath October 2008
- ^ "what power is needed to pump seawater to the middle of the Gobi Desert for desalination in the SeaWater Greenhouse?".
- ^ http://www.claverton-energy.com/download/320/[permanent dead link]
External links
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- "Degraded Land Restoration". Regeneration.org. 2021.
- "Global Restoration Initiative". World Resources Institute. 16 May 2024.
- "The Bonn Challenge".
The Bonn Challenge is a global aspiration to restore 150 million hectares of the world's deforested and degraded lands by 2020