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Leonard Feeney

Leonard Edward Feeney (February 18, 1897 – January 30, 1978) was an American Jesuit Catholic priest, poet, lyricist, and essayist.

The Reverend
Leonard Edward Feeney
SJ
Born(1897-02-18)February 18, 1897
Lynn, Massachusetts, U.S.
DiedJanuary 30, 1978(1978-01-30) (aged 80)
Ayer, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation(s)Priest, poet, lyricist, editor, chaplain
Known forFeeneyism
OrdainedJune 20, 1928

He articulated an interpretation of the Catholic doctrine extra Ecclesiam nulla salus ("outside the Church there is no salvation"). He took the position that baptism of blood and baptism of desire are unavailing and that therefore no non-Catholics will be saved.[1] Those positions are called, after him, Feeneyism.

Fighting against what he perceived to be the liberalization of Catholic doctrine, he was excommunicated by the Holy See. He was described as Boston's homegrown version of Father Charles Coughlin for his antisemitism.[2]

Biography

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America

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In the 1930s, as a Jesuit, Feeney was a literary editor at the Jesuit magazine America.[3]

Professor and polemics

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He was a professor in Boston College's graduate school, and then professor of spiritual eloquence at the Jesuit seminary in Weston, Massachusetts. Thereafter, he became the priest chaplain at the Catholic Saint Benedict Center, a religious center at Harvard Square founded by Catherine Goddard Clarke, in 1945; Feeney had first visited in 1941. He gave incendiary speeches on the Boston Common on Sundays, leading Robert F. Kennedy, then a Harvard undergraduate, to write Archbishop Richard Cushing of Boston requesting his removal.[4][5][6]

After April 1949 the affair became a public scandal when Feeney undertook in the press the defence of dismissed laymen[7] who were teaching in the Jesuit College (founded in Boston by the Society of Jesus in 1863) that those who were not members of the Catholic Church were damned.[8]

Feeney criticized Cushing for, among other things, accepting the church's definition of "baptism of desire". Finally, in 1949, Cushing declared Feeney's St. Benedict's Center off-limits to Catholics.[9] That same year Boston College and Boston College High School dismissed four of the center's members from the theology faculty for spreading Feeney's views in the classroom.[10][11] In light of his controversial behavior, his Jesuit superiors ordered him to leave the center for a post at College of the Holy Cross, but he repeatedly refused, which led to his expulsion from the order. Cushing suspended Feeney's priestly faculties in April 1949; Feeney continued to celebrate the sacraments although he was no longer authorized to do so.[12]

Around this time, Fr. Feeney began speaking on Boston Common, gathering large crowds of up to 2,000 people to his public meetings, both supporters and hecklers. According to The Harvard Crimson, Feeney declared that in Catholic majority Boston, he wanted to "rid our city of every coward liberal Catholic, Jew dog, Protestant brute, and 33rd degree Mason who is trying to suck the soul from good Catholics and sell the true faith for greenbacks".[10] Feeney would frequently throw visceral barbs back at his hecklers, describing them as "sexually degenerate, fairy, lewd, obscene, dirty, filthy, rotten, pawns, pimps, and frauds".[10]

Excommunication

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On 8 August 1949, Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani of the Holy Office sent a protocol letter to Archbishop Richard Cushing on the meaning of the dogma extra Ecclesiam nulla salus ("outside the Church there is no salvation"). This protocol had been approved by Pope Pius XII on 28 July 1949. The document states: "[T]his dogma [extra Ecclesiam nulla salus] must be understood in that sense in which the Church herself understands it. For, it was not to private judgments that Our Saviour gave for explanation those things that are contained in the deposit of faith, but to the teaching authority of the Church".[13][14][15]

After Feeney refused twice to oblige to the Holy See's summons to Rome to explain himself, he was excommunicated on 13 February 1953 by the Holy See for persistent disobedience to legitimate church authority due to his refusal to comply. According to Cardinal John Wright, Pope Pius XII personally translated the edict into English.[9]

The decree of excommunication was later published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis.[16] His followers claimed that his excommunication was invalid.[12]

Following his excommunication, Feeney co-founded a community called the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary with Catherine Goddard Clarke.[1][17] This group later split in two, one of which became the Still River Branch, in good standing with the Catholic Church; the other is a schismatic group that holds to Feeney's views on Salvation.

Reconciliation with the Catholic Church and death

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Feeney reconciled with the Catholic Church in 1972 without any recantation from his part.[18][19][20] This reconciliation without Feeney's recantation, reports the National Catholic News Service, "came about at least in part through the intervention of Cardinal Humberto Medeiros of Boston who had attended lectures at St. Benedict's during his days as a seminarian. Cardinal John Wright, head of the Vatican's Congregation for the Clergy, reportedly personally brought the matter to the attention of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith".[20]

Feeney made few public appearances in his final years, because he was suffering from Parkinson's disease and a chronic heart ailment.[19] He died in Ayer, Massachusetts, on January 30, 1978.[20]

For Feeney's death, Cardinal Avery Dulles, who had previously been a pupil in Feeney's lectures, shared his reflection on and personal experience with Feeney.[21]

The Point

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Feeney was editor of The Point, which ran a mixture of theological and political articles, some of them branded anti-semitic by Feeney's critics. The newsletter frequently contained sentiments such as:

the Church has never abandoned her absolute principle that it is possible for an individual Jew to scrap his hateful heritage, sincerely break with the synagogue, and cleanse his cursed blood with the Precious Blood of Jesus. (October 1957)[22][23]

Those two powers, the chief two in the world today, are Communism and Zionism. That both movements are avowedly anti-Christian, and that both are in origin and direction Jewish, is a matter of record. (September 1958)[24]

As surely and securely as the Jews have been behind Freemasonry, or Secularism, or Communism, they are behind the "anti-hate" drive. The Jews are advocating tolerance only for its destructive value — destructive, that is, of the Catholic Church. On their part, they still keep alive their racial rancors and antipathies. (July 1955)[25]

The Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith monitored The Point magazine for at least 14 editions. In 1955, the League exchanged correspondence with the Federal Bureau of Investigation regarding possible criminal investigation of Feeney and his followers, but no investigation was started.[26]

Reactions

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As a Harvard undergraduate, Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy attended a meeting of students at which he stood up and challenged Feeney, later storming out following the priest's assertion that there was no salvation outside the Catholic faith.[27] A similarly negative reaction to Feeney's teaching was recorded by British novelist and Catholic convert Evelyn Waugh, who wrote of visiting the priest while in the United States:[28]

I went one morning by appointment & found him surrounded by a court of bemused youths of both sexes & he stark, raving mad. All his converts have chucked their Harvard careers & go to him only for all instruction. He fell into a rambling denunciation of all secular learning which gradually became more & more violent. He shouted that Newman had done irreparable damage to the Church then started on Ronnie Knox's Mass in Slow Motion saying 'To think that any innocent girl of 12 could have this blasphemous & obscene book put into her hands' as though it were Lady Chatterley's Lover. I asked if he had read it. 'I don't have to eat a rotten egg to know it stinks.' Then I got rather angry and rebuked him in strong words. His court sat absolutely aghast at hearing their holy man addressed like this. And in unbroken silence I walked out of the house. I talked to some Jesuits later & they said that he is disobeying the plain orders of his provincial by staying there. It seemed to me he needed an exorcist more than an alienist. A case of demoniac possession & jolly frightening.

A few years later Feeney wrote critically of Knox and Newman in his collection of essays London is a Place, with an unsympathetic passing reference to Waugh's biography of St. Helena:[29]

on the list of [Knox's] recurrent callers, was Mr. Evelyn (pronounced Evil-in) Waugh, whose father, a London publisher, supplied his sons with early printing privileges in pornography, before one of them (Evelyn) turned to hagiography, and whitened his sepulchre with the life of a saint.

In 2003, in an article for The Jewish Week newspaper, editor Gary Rosenblatt wrote:[30]

In a lesser-known case, Richard Cardinal Cushing excommunicated a priest, Leonard Feeney, in 1953, for preaching that all non-Catholics would go to Hell. Even though Father Feeney's words were based on the Gospel, Cardinal Cushing found them offensive, in large part because his sister had married a Jew, said Carroll, and the Cardinal had grown close to the family, sensitizing him to the Jewish perspective toward proselytization.

Bibliography

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  • Chanler, Theodore (1940s), The children : nine songs for children's chorus and piano, words by Leonard Feeney, LCCN 88753009 Printed Music
  • Chanler, Theodore (c. 1945), The children : song, words by Leonard Feeney ; music by Theodore Chanler, LCCN 88753008 Printed Music
  • Chanler, Theodore (1945), The children, words by Leonard Feeney ; music by Theodore Chanler, LCCN 88752469 Manuscript Music
  • Chanler, Theodore (1944), The flight, Theodore Chanler ; words by Leonard Feeney, LCCN 88753128 Manuscript Music
  • Chanler, Theodore (1940s), Love is now : song, words by Leonard Feeney ; music by Theodore Chanler, LCCN 91759111 Manuscript Music
  • Chanler, Theodore (1940s), Meet Doctor Livermore, Chanler ; words by Feeney, LCCN 91760334 Printed Music
  • Chanler, Theodore (1940s), Meet Doctor Livermore, Chanler ; words by Feeney, LCCN 91760333 Manuscript Music
  • Chanler, Theodore (1940s), Once upon a time, music by Chanler ; words by Feeney, LCCN 88753011 Manuscript Music
  • Chanler, Theodore (1940s), One and one are two, music by Chanler ; words by Feeney, LCCN 88752470 Manuscript Music
  • Chanler, Theodore, Sequence : five songs sung without pause, Chanler ; words by Feeney, pp. 1940s, LCCN 88753130 Manuscript Music
  • Crane, Nathalia; Feeney, Leonard (1939). The ark and the alphabet, an animal collection. New York: The Macmillan Company. LCCN 39031692.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1935). Boundaries. New York: The Macmillan company. LCCN 35016455.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1952). Bread of life. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Saint Benedict Center. LCCN 53015579.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1938). Elizabeth Seton, an American woman. New York: America press. LCCN 38025911.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1942). Fish on Friday. London: Sheed & Ward. LCCN 42025544.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1934). Fish on Friday. New York: Sheed & Ward. LCCN 34009643.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1989). The gold we have gathered : selections from the writings of Father Leonard Feeney. compiled by the Sisters of Saint Benedict Center, the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Inc. Still River, Mass.: The Center. LCCN 89194125.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1943). In towns and little towns. New York: The America Press. LCCN 44003675.
  • Feeney, Leonard (2004). In towns and little towns : a book of poems. Fitzwilliam, N.H.: Loreto Publications. ISBN 193027842X. LCCN 2004108326.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1927). In towns and little towns; a book of poems. New York: The American press. LCCN 27012847.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1943). The Leonard Feeney omnibus: a collection of prose and verse, old and new. New York: Sheed & Ward. LCCN 43018459. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1951). London is a place. Boston: Ravengate Press. LCCN 51005861.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1947). Mother Seton, an American woman. New York: Dodd, Mead. LCCN 47011485.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1975). Mother Seton : Saint Elizabeth of New York (1774–1821) (Rev. ed.). Cambridge [Mass.]: Ravengate Press. ISBN 0911218068. LCCN 75023224.
  • Feeney, Leonard, ed. (1925). Poems for memory, an anthology for high school students. Chicago, Ill.: Loyola university press. LCCN 40023514.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1933). Riddle and reverie. New York: The Macmillan company. LCCN 33036935.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1936). Song for a listener. New York: The Macmillan company. LCCN 36021490.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1980). Survival till seventeen. with an introd. by S. M. Clare (Memorial ed.). Still River, Mass.: St. Bede's Publications. ISBN 0932506089. LCCN 79025067.
  • Feeney, Leonard, S.J. (1941). Survival till seventeen; some portraits of early ideas. New York: Sheed & Ward. LCCN 41002380.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Feeney, Leonard (1970). You'd better come quietly; three sketches, some outlines and additional notes. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 0836915690. LCCN 79105011.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1939). You'd better come quietly; three sketches, some outlines and additional notes [by] Leonard Feeney, S. J. New York and London: Sheed & Ward. LCCN 39031329.
  • Feeney, Leonard (1945). Your second childhood; verses. Pictures by Michael Cunningham. Milwaukee: Bruce Pub. Co. LCCN 48003760.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Feeney Forgiven". Time Magazine. 14 October 1974. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2014. (subscription required)
  2. ^ Blakeslee, Spencer (2000). "4. The Anti-Defamation League". The Death of American Antisemitism. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 93. ISBN 0-275-96508-2. LCCN 99029576. Retrieved 25 March 2014. After World War II, Boston was to acquire a homegrown version of Coughlin in the form of Father Leonard Feeney, a charismatic but openly antisemitic Jesuit priest, whose highly vocal insistence that Catholicism was the only path to salvation gained him a youthful following, but also roused intense anger among Jews and Protestants [...]. Feeney's Sunday speeches on the Boston Common required a police presence to avert violence. His fiery rhetoric also divided a great many Catholics, who feared his oratory would stir a backlash that would block their entrance into the American mainstream. Although Feeney was excommunicated in the 1950s for violating Catholic doctrine, it came too slowly to satisfy many Jews who held strong memories of the Holocaust.
  3. ^ Keane, James T. (13 April 2009). "Oops! Now and then America got it wrong". America. Retrieved 25 March 2014. The national Catholic weekly has also occasionally featured authors whose later antics brought it some embarrassment, including the articles and poetry of a literary editor with a brilliant mind and a talent for comic verse, Leonard Feeney, S.J. Feeney published frequently in America and earned a certain amount of fame for his numerous books, including a book of essays, Fish on Friday. He grew much more famous a few years later for a different reason: his excommunication from the Catholic Church in 1953 for refusing to accept the church's definition of the dogma extra ecclesiam nulla salus ("there is no salvation outside the church"). Though Feeney was reconciled to the church in 1974 (Avery Dulles, S.J., wrote his obituary for America), his establishment of his own schismatic religious community, the Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, and his long fight with church authorities overshadowed his literary genius until his death in 1978.
  4. ^ "Faith was integral to Bobby Kennedy's life and politics". National Catholic Reporter. 17 August 2016. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  5. ^ "Augustine. Aquinas. Luther. Bobby Kennedy?!". National Review. 14 September 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  6. ^ Schlesinger, Arthur Meier (2002). Robert Kennedy and His Times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 66. ISBN 9780618219285.
  7. ^ "Library : Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus: Father Feeney Makes a Comeback". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  8. ^ Marchetti-Selvaggiani, F. Cardinal (1952). "[Letter on the Father Feeney Controversy]". The Furrow. 3 (12): 654–659. ISSN 0016-3120. JSTOR 27656123.
  9. ^ a b Feldberg, Michael (2012). "American Heretic: The Rise and Fall of Father Leonard Feeney, S.J." American Catholic Studies. 123 (2): 109–115. doi:10.1353/acs.2012.0016. ISSN 2161-8534. S2CID 163025345.
  10. ^ a b c Savadove, Laurence D. (6 December 1951). "Father Feeney, Rebel from Church, Preaches Hate, Own Brand of Dogma to All Comers – One-Time Jesuit Plans To Use Ex-Harvard Men to Spread Idea". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  11. ^ Thomas, Evan (5 February 2013). "Tough". Robert Kennedy: His Life. Simon and Schuster. p. 51. ISBN 9781476734569. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  12. ^ a b Mazza, Michael J. "Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus: Father Feeney makes a comeback". Retrieved 25 March 2014. Priginally published in Fidelity, 206 Marquette Avenue, South Bend, IN 46617
  13. ^ "Letter to the Archbishop of Boston | EWTN". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  14. ^ Letter of the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office Archived March 11, 2000, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Analecta | A Letter from the Holy Office". The American Ecclesiastical Review. CXXII [sic, should be CXXVII] (5): 307–315. October 1952.
  16. ^ The Holy See. "ACTA APOSTOLICAE SEDIS COMMENTARIUM OFFICIALE ANNUS XXXX V - SERIES II - VOL. XX" (PDF). vatican.va.
  17. ^ "Our History". Still River, Massachusetts: Sisters of Saint Benedict Center. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008. Now http://sistersofstbenedictcenter.org/history.html .
  18. ^ Madrid, Patrick; Vere, Pete (2004). More Catholic Than The Pope: An Inside Look At Extreme Traditionalism. Our Sunday Visitor. p. 72. ISBN 9781931709262.
  19. ^ a b "Leonard Feeney, Jesuit Priest, 80; Ousted in Dispute Over Salvation". The New York Times. 1 February 1978. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  20. ^ a b c "FATHER LEONARD FEENEY DIES AT 80". National Catholic News Service. 31 January 1978. p. 6 – via The Catholic News Archive.
  21. ^ Dulles, Avery (25 February 1978). "Leonard Feeney: In Memoriam". America. Vol. 138. pp. 135–137. Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. Please see also
  22. ^ "Point magazine for Oct 1957 edited by Fr Leonard Feeney". crashrecovery.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  23. ^ "Point magazine for Oct 1957 edited by Fr Leonard Feeney". archive.is. 25 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  24. ^ "Point magazine for Sep 1958 edited by Fr Leonard Feeney". crashrecovery.org. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  25. ^ "SHOULD HATE BE OUTLAWED?". July 1955. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
  26. ^ Federal Bureau of Investigation. Leonard Feeney.
  27. ^ Sorensen, Ted (1970). The Kennedy Legacy. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 27–28.
  28. ^ The Letters of Evelyn Waugh (1980), 292–3.
  29. ^ Feeney, Father Leonard, M.I.C.M. (18 May 2005). "Fog over London". London is a Place. Retrieved 24 March 2014.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ "The Jewish Week". 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 1 March 2004. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
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