This article lists the principal rivers of Europe with their main tributaries.
Scope
editThe border of Europe and Asia is here defined as from the Kara Sea, along the Ural Mountains and Ural River to the Caspian Sea. While the crest of the Caucasus Mountains is the geographical border with Asia in the south, Georgia, and to a lesser extent Armenia and Azerbaijan, are politically and culturally often associated with Europe; rivers in these countries are therefore included.
The list is at the outset limited to those rivers that are at least 250 km long from the most distant source, have a drainage basin (catchment area, watershed) of at least 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi), or have a mean discharge (volume, flow) of at least 150 m3/s (5,300 cu ft/s). Also included are a number of rivers (currently 47) that do not meet these criteria, but are very well known and/or nearly make the mark. Examples of these are the Arno, Ruhr, Saar, and Clyde. See the lists of rivers for individual countries linked to at the bottom of the page for smaller rivers.
The rivers are ordered from those flowing to the extreme northeast into the Arctic Ocean, following the coastline anticlockwise all the way to the southeastern coast of the Black Sea. Iceland and the British Islands are included via virtual connections with northern Norway and across the Strait of Dover and the North Channel, respectively. Finally, rivers draining into the Caspian Sea are listed from Azerbaijan to the Ural River.
The table can be sorted by each column. The first three columns give a ranking for (maximum) length, area and volume of those rivers flowing into the sea or an endorheic lake down to the cut-off values. No ranking of tributaries is attempted, as the concept is too contentious; for example, hydrologically the middle and upper Volga could be considered a tributary of the Kama, in which case it would be the fifth or sixth longest river in Europe. Instead it does not appear in the table at all.
The commercial and geopolitical importance of rivers is not ranked here. As a transportation artery, a river may unite a region commercially and economically, but major rivers, as barriers to travel, may also form political boundaries between states. The Danube, the second longest river in Europe, is notable for flowing through or past ten countries; the Rhine through or past six. The Volga, the longest river in Europe, unites a huge region of European Russia; eleven of the twenty largest cities in Russia lie on its banks. The Loire and the Po unite important regions within France and Italy respectively. The most important rivers in Europe include Rhone, Elbe, Oder, Tagus, Thames, Don and Dnieper, among others.[further explanation needed]
Caveats
editThe measurements shown are drawn from sources deemed most reliable, but still are often uncertain, especially when other sources disagree wildly. For example, the Siret in Romania and Ukraine is 726 km long with a basin of 44,000 km2 according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 647 km (44,811 km2) according to a Romanian management plan for the Siret basin [1] and 559 km (47,610 km2) according to the extensive transboundary rivers study by the Economic Commission for Europe.[2]
Length estimates for rivers depend on a number of variables:
- River Source - The choice of the source obviously has an impact. Here we attempt to list the most distant source. When that involves a tributary nearer the mouth of the river, the length of the nominal river is listed as well, if it meets the above criteria.
- River End - Rivers flowing into estuaries have an arbitrary lower end. The channel of such a river through an estuary is usually included in the length when it is exposed at low tide.
- Path Granularity - The estimate will be larger when the curves of the river are traced at a smaller scale.
- Intermediate Bodies of Water - The length of a watercourse through a reservoir or lake is open to interpretation. For this table, when a source for the total length of a river system involving lakes is lacking, the shortest possible course through the lakes is used
- Path Changes - Over time, a river's length can change through canalization, the creation of reservoirs, and natural changes in the water course.
The catchment areas are more consistent between sources. However, in low relief the watershed is less obvious, while underground connections (especially in karst systems) further complicate area measurements. Unless excellent sources are available, the areas below 70°N latitude are taken from the HydroBASINS project.[3] The River Networks and Ramsar Sites Information Service websites provide convenient interfaces to assess the accuracy of many of the basins. Areas for rivers above 70°N are warned[clarification needed] and found to be less reliable.
The listed multiyear mean discharges are even less reliable than the lengths. Underestimates are most common, as the gauging stations are often far above the mouth, so that only a fraction of the drainage basin is represented. On the other hand, the highest volume of a river may not be at the mouth due to water loss by human usage, diversion (e.g. through distributaries), evaporation, or underground drainage.
Rivers of Europe
editArctic Ocean | Atlantic Ocean | North Sea | White Sea | Baltic Sea | Mediterranean Sea | Black Sea | Caspian Sea |
º | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank (of fleuves) | River or river system | Length (km) |
Basin (km2) |
Flow (m³/s) |
Mouth |
Countries [note 1] |
Notes | Refs | ||||||
Length | Area | Flow | ||||||||||||
94 | 82 | - | Kara ← Bolshoy Kara | 289 | 13400 | ? | Kara Sea near Ust-Kara | RUS | [note 2] | [4] | ||||
86 | 86 | - | Korotaikha ← Syadej-Yu | 310 | 12700 | ? | Pechora Sea | RUS | [note 3] | [5] | ||||
6 | 6 | 3 | Pechora | 1809 | 322000 | 4380 | Pechora Sea near Naryan-Mar | RUS | [6][7] | |||||
- | - | - | Sula | 353 | 10400 | 92 | Pechora | RUS | [8] | |||||
- | - | - | Shapkina ← Lekeyyu | 506 | 6570 | 582 | Pechora | RUS | [9] | |||||
- | - | - | Tsilma | 374 | 21500 | 228 | Pechora | RUS | [10] | |||||
- | - | - | Pizhma | 389 | 5470 | 55 | Pechora | RUS | [11] | |||||
- | - | - | Izhma | 531 | 31000 | 317 | Pechora near Ust-Izhma | RUS | [12][13] | |||||
- | - | - | Laya | 332 | 9530 | 50 | Pechora | RUS | [14] | |||||
- | - | - | Usa | 565 | 93600 | 1310 | Pechora near Usinsk | RUS | [15] | |||||
- | - | - | Kolva | 546 | 18100 | 165 | Usa near Usinsk | RUS | [16] | |||||
- | - | - | Adzva | 334 | 10600 | 110 | Usa | RUS | [17] | |||||
- | - | - | Kosyu | 259 | 14800 | 122 | Usa | RUS | [18] | |||||
- | - | - | Bolshaya Rogovaya | 311 | 7290 | ? | Usa | RUS | [19] | |||||
- | - | - | Shchugor | 300 | 9660 | 252 | Pechora | RUS | [20] | |||||
- | - | - | Ilych | 411 | 16000 | 177 | Pechora | RUS | [21] | |||||
105 | 98 | - | Voronya ← Lake Lovozero ← Kurga | 251 | 9940 | 114 | Barents Sea | RUS | [note 4] | [22] | ||||
84 | 58 | 61 | Tuloma ← Lake Notozero ← Lutto | 320 | 21140 | 241 | Barents Sea near Murmansk | RUS FIN | [note 5] | [23][2] | ||||
73 | 62 | 86 | Paatsjoki ← Lake Inari ← Ivalo | 360 | 18403 | 157 | Barents Sea near Kirkenes | NOR RUS FIN | [24][25] | |||||
70 | 72 | 73 | Tana/Deatnu ← Karasjohka | 366 | 16386 | 197 | Barents Sea near Tana Bru | NOR FIN | [note 6] | [2] | ||||
- | - | 74 | Jökulsá á Fjöllum | 206 | 7750 | 183 | Arctic Ocean | ISL | [26] | |||||
- | - | 32 | Ölfusá ← Hvítá | 185 | 6100 | 423 | Atlantic Ocean near Selfoss | ISL | [26][25] | |||||
- | - | 39 | Þjórsá | 230 | 7530 | 370 | Atlantic Ocean | ISL | [26][25] | |||||
- | - | 65 | Kúðafljót | 115 | 2400 | 250 | Atlantic Ocean | ISL | [26] | |||||
- | - | 71 | Jökulsá á Dal | 150 | 3700 | 205 | Atlantic Ocean | ISL | [note 7] | [26] | ||||
- | - | - | Altaelva | 240 | 8693 | 101 | Norwegian Sea in Alta Municipality | NOR | ||||||
- | - | 78 | Målselva ← Rostaelva | 145 | 6144 | 171 | Norwegian Sea in Målselv Municipality | NOR | ||||||
- | - | 70 | Vefsna | 161 | 4122 | 207 | Norwegian Sea in Vefsn Municipality | NOR | ||||||
- | - | 53 | Namsen | 229 | 6298 | 285 | Norwegian Sea in Namsos Municipality | NOR | ||||||
- | - | 90 | Otra | 245 | 3740 | 150 | North Sea in Kristiansand Municipality | NOR | ||||||
99 | 93 | 59 | Skien ← Norsjø ← Saua ← Heddalsvatnet ← Tinne - etc. system | 273 | 10815 | 263 | Skagerrak in Porsgrunn Municipality | NOR | ||||||
76 | - | - | Numedalslågen | 356 | 5554 | 111 | Skagerrak in Larvik Municipality | NOR | ||||||
89 | 66 | 49 | Drammenselva ← Tyrifjorden ← Storelva-Ådalselva-Sperillen ← Begna ← Otrøelva | 310 | 17113 | 314 | Skagerrak in Drammen Municipality | NOR | ||||||
38 | 37 | 15 | Glomma/Glåma | 619 | 42441 | 709 | Skagerrak in Fredrikstad Municipality | NOR | [2][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Vorma ← Mjøsa ← Gudbrandsdalslågen | 358 | 17412 | 330 | Glomma at Årnes in Nes Municipality | NOR | ||||||
29 | 34 | 24 | Göta älv ← Vänern ← Klarälven system | 756 | 50229 | 554 | Kattegat in Gothenburg | SWE NOR | [27][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Klarälven ← Trysilelva ← Femundelva ← Rogen | 460 | 11820 | 165 | Vänern near Karlstad | SWE NOR | [note 8] | |||||
- | - | - | Ätran | 243 | 3342 | 53 | Kattegat in Falkenberg | SWE | ||||||
- | - | - | Lagan | 232 | 6452 | 82 | Kattegat near Laholm | SWE | ||||||
10 | 12 | 14 | Elbe ← Vltava ← Teplá Vltava | 1329 | 148268 | 860 | Wadden Sea near Cuxhaven | GER CZE | [note 9] | [28][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Elbe | 1094 | 148268 | 860 | Wadden Sea near Cuxhaven | GER CZE | [note 10] | [29][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Havel ← Spree | 560 | 24096 | 103 | Elbe near Havelberg | GER | [note 11] | [29] | ||||
- | - | - | Havel | 334 | 24096 | 103 | Elbe near Havelberg | GER | [29] | |||||
- | - | - | Spree | 382 | 10110 | 35 | Havel in Berlin-Spandau | GER | [29] | |||||
- | - | - | Saale | 413 | 24167 | 117 | Elbe in Barby | GER | [29] | |||||
- | - | - | White Elster | 257 | 5154 | 26 | Saale near Halle (Saale) | GER CZE | [29] | |||||
- | - | - | Mulde ← Zwickauer Mulde | 290 | 7400 | 75 | Elbe in Dessau | GER | [note 12] | [29] | ||||
- | - | - | Ohře / Eger | 316 | 5588 | 38 | Elbe in Litoměřice | CZE GER | [29] | |||||
- | - | - | Vltava - Teplá Vltava | 431 | 28101 | 154 | Elbe in Mělník | CZE | [note 13] | [29] | ||||
30 | 35 | 44 | Weser ← Werra | 751 | 46259 | 365 | Wadden Sea near Bremerhaven | GER | [note 14] | [30][31] | ||||
- | - | - | Aller ← Leine | 346 | 15721 | 120 | Weser near Verden | GER | [note 15] | [30] | ||||
- | - | - | Aller | 260 | 15721 | 120 | Weser near Verden | GER | 211? | [30] | ||||
- | - | - | Leine | 278 | 6517 | 62 | Aller near Schwarmstedt | GER | [30] | |||||
- | - | - | Fulda | 220 | 6947 | 67 | Weser in Hannoversch Münden | GER | [30] | |||||
- | - | - | Werra | 300 | 5497 | 50 | Weser in Hannoversch Münden | GER | [30] | |||||
69 | 64 | - | Ems | 371 | 17802 | 89 | Wadden Sea near Delfzijl | GER NED | [note 16] | [31][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Zwarte Water ← Vecht/Vechte | 201 | 5741 | 50 | IJsselmeer near Genemuiden | NED GER | [note 17] | [32] | ||||
- | - | 41 | IJssel ← Oude IJssel | 188 | 4533 | 380 | IJsselmeer near Kampen | NED GER | [note 18] | [33][34] | ||||
11 | 11 | 6 | Rhine | 1233 | 185263 | 2315 | North Sea at Hook of Holland | NED GER FRA AUT LIE SWI |
[note 19] | |||||
- | - | - | Waal | 82 | ? | 1500 | Rhine delta in Gorinchem | NED | [note 20] | |||||
- | - | - | Lek | 62 | ? | 429 | Rhine delta at Kinderdijk | NED | [note 20] | |||||
- | - | - | Lippe ← Alme | 268 | 4882 | 46 | Rhine in Wesel | GER | [note 21] | [32] | ||||
- | - | - | Ruhr ← Neger ← Renau | 227 | 4485 | 82 | Rhine in Duisburg | GER | [note 22] | [32] | ||||
- | - | - | Moselle ← Moselotte | 549 | 28153 | 320 | Rhine in Koblenz | GER LUX FRA | [note 23] | [35][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Saar | 235 | 7431 | 78 | Moselle near Konz | GER FRA | [35] | |||||
- | - | - | Sauer | 173 | 4259 | 41 | Moselle in Wasserbillig | LUX GER BEL | [35] | |||||
- | - | - | Lahn ← Ohm ← Felda | 251 | 5925 | 51 | Rhine in Lahnstein | GER | [note 24] | [32] | ||||
- | - | - | Main ← Regnitz system | 583 | 27208 | 211 | Rhine in Mainz | GER | [note 25] | [36] | ||||
- | - | - | Main | 525 | 27208 | 211 | Rhine in Mainz | GER | [note 26] | [36] | ||||
- | - | - | Regnitz ← Pegnitz ← Fichtenohe | 191 | 7521 | 57 | Main in Bamberg | GER | [note 27] | [36] | ||||
- | - | - | Neckar ← Eschach | 380 | 13934 | 136 | Rhine in Mannheim | GER | [37] | |||||
- | - | - | Ill | 217 | 4760 | 54 | Rhine near Strasbourg | FRA | [38] | |||||
- | - | - | Aare | 288 | 17684 | 559 | Rhine in Koblenz | SWI | [39] | |||||
- | - | - | Limmat ← Lake Zürich ← Linth | 140 | 2417 | 101 | Aare in Brugg | SWI | [39] | |||||
- | - | - | Reuss | 164 | 3443 | 140 | Aare in Brugg | SWI | [39] | |||||
20 | 40 | 46 | Meuse/Maas | 950 | 34364 | 357 | North Sea near Hellevoetsluis | NED BEL FRA | [note 28] | [40][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Ourthe | 181 | 3624 | 55 | Meuse in Liège | BEL | ||||||
- | - | - | Sambre | 193 | 2856 | 29 | Meuse in Namur | BEL FRA | ||||||
73 | 56 | - | Scheldt | 360 | 21683 | 129 | North Sea near Flushing | NED BEL FRA | [note 29] | [41][42][31] | ||||
- | - | - | Leie/Lys | 202 | 4305 | 28 | Scheldt in Ghent | BEL FRA | [41] | |||||
73 | 77 | - | Thames ← Churn | 360 | 14292 | 66 | North Sea near Southend-on-Sea | UK | [note 30] | [43] | ||||
- | - | - | Great Ouse | 230 | 8172 | 39 | North Sea in King's Lynn | UK | [44] | |||||
92 | 96 | - | Trent | 298 | 10435 | 100 | Humber Estuary near Scunthorpe | UK | [note 31] | [45] | ||||
- | 94 | - | Ouse ← Ure | 208 | 10704 | 145 | Humber Estuary near Scunthorpe | UK | [note 32] | [46] | ||||
- | - | - | Tyne ← North Tyne | 118 | 2936 | 45 | North Sea at South Shields | UK | ||||||
- | - | - | Tweed | 156 | 4988 | 90 | North Sea in Berwick-upon-Tweed | UK | [47][48] | |||||
- | - | 67 | Tay | 193 | 6019 | 220 | North Sea near Dundee | UK | [note 33] | [49] | ||||
- | - | - | Spey | 173 | 2944 | 66 | North Sea near Elgin | UK | [50] | |||||
18 | 20 | 12 | Mezen | 966 | 78000 | 890 | White Sea (Mezen Bay) near Mezen | RUS | [51][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Pyoza | 363 | 15100 | 123 | Mezen | RUS | [52][53] | |||||
- | - | - | Vashka | 605 | 20500 | 184 | Mezen | RUS | [54] | |||||
78 | 60 | - | Kuloy ← Sotka | 350 | 19000 | 17 | White Sea near Dolgoshchelye | RUS | [note 8] | [55] | ||||
7 | 5 | 4 | Northern Dvina ← Vychegda | 1803 | 357052 | 3330 | Dvina Bay in Severodvinsk | RUS | [note 34] | [56][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Northern Dvina ← Sukhona ← Lake Kubenskoye ← Kubena | 1685 | 357052 | 3330 | Dvina Bay in Severodvinsk | RUS | [note 35] | [56][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Pinega | 779 | 42600 | 430 | Northern Dvina in Ust-Pinega | RUS | [57] | |||||
- | - | - | - | Yula | 250 | 5290 | 49 | Pinega | RUS | [58] | ||||
- | - | - | Yemtsa ← Mekhrenga | 299 | 14100 | 70 | Northern Dvina near Bolshaya Gora | RUS | [note 36] | [59] | ||||
- | - | - | Vaga ← Ustya | 736 | 44800 | 384 | Northern Dvina near Bereznik | RUS | [note 37] | [60] | ||||
- | - | - | Vaga | 575 | 44800 | 384 | Northern Dvina near Bereznik | RUS | [61] | |||||
- | - | - | Ustya | 477 | 17500 | 92 | Vaga | RUS | [62] | |||||
- | - | - | Kokshenga | 251 | 5670 | 36 | Ustya | RUS | [63] | |||||
- | - | - | Vychegda | 1130 | 121000 | 1160 | Northern Dvina in Kotlas | RUS | [64] | |||||
- | - | - | Viled | 321 | 5610 | 43 | Vychegda near Koryazhma | RUS | [65] | |||||
- | - | - | Yarenga | 281 | 5140 | 49 | Vychegda | RUS | [66] | |||||
- | - | - | Vym | 499 | 25600 | 260 | Vychegda near Ust-Vym | RUS | [67] | |||||
- | - | - | Yolva | 255 | 3440 | 31 | Vym | RUS | [68][69] | |||||
- | - | - | Sysola | 487 | 17200 | 105 | Vychegda in Syktyvkar | RUS | [70][71] | |||||
- | - | - | Lokchim | 272 | 6600 | 52 | Vychegda | RUS | [72] | |||||
- | - | - | Vishera | 247 | 8780 | 79 | Vychegda | RUS | [73] | |||||
- | - | - | Nem | 260 | 4230 | 37 | Vychegda | RUS | [74] | |||||
- | - | - | Lower Yug ← Luza | 609 | 35600 | 290 | Northern Dvina in Veliky Ustyug | RUS | [note 38] | [75] | ||||
- | - | - | Yug | 574 | 35600 | 290 | Northern Dvina in Veliky Ustyug | RUS | [76][77] | |||||
- | - | - | Luza | 574 | 18300 | 132 | Yug | RUS | [78] | |||||
- | - | - | Sukhona ← Lake Kubenskoye ← Kubena | 941 | 50300 | 438 | Northern Dvina in Veliki Ustyug | RUS | [note 39] | [79] | ||||
33 | 28 | 28 | Onega ← Lake Lacha ← Svid ← Lake Vozhe ← Vozhega | 680 | 56900 | 492 | Onega Bay at Onega town | RUS | [note 40] | [80][81] | ||||
- | - | - | Onega | 416 | 56900 | 492 | Onega Bay at Onega town | RUS | [82] | |||||
- | - | - | Voloshka | 260 | 7100 | 72 | Onega | RUS | [83] | |||||
55 | 45 | 58 | Lower Vyg ← Lake Vygozero ← Segezha -system | 436 | 27100 | 267 | White Sea near Belomorsk | RUS | [note 41] | [84][85] | ||||
- | - | - | Vyg ← Umba | 315 | 27100 | 267 | White Sea near Belomorsk | RUS | [note 42] | [86] | ||||
- | - | - | Segezha ← Lake Segozero ← Vuoloma ← Talviesdegi | 329 | 9140 | 74 | Lake Vygozero near Segezha | RUS | [note 43] | [87] | ||||
59 | 44 | 55 | Kem ← Čirka-Kem | 422 | 27700 | 279 | White Sea near Kem | RUS | [note 44] | [88] | ||||
- | - | - | Kem ← Kuyto Lakes ← Pista/Pistojoki | 399 | 27700 | 279 | White Sea near Kem | RUS FIN | [note 45] | [89] | ||||
82 | 49 | 56 | Kovda ← Lake Topozero ← Karango | 325 | 26100 | 276 | Kandalaksha Gulf | RUS FIN | [note 46] | [90][91] | ||||
- | 85 | 83 | Niva | 36 | 12830 | 164 | Kandalaksha Gulf near Kandalaksha | RUS | [note 47] | [92] | ||||
104 | - | - | Varzuga | 254 | 9840 | 79 | White Sea | RUS | [93] | |||||
58 | 74 | 81 | Ponoy | 426 | 15500 | 167 | White Sea | RUS | [94][95] | |||||
96 | 75 | - | Motala ström ← Vättern ← Huskvarnaån system | 285 | 15481 | 100 | Baltic Sea in Norrköping | SWE | [27] | |||||
91 | 54 | 82 | Norrström ← Mälaren ← Kolbäcksån system | 307 | 22650 | 166 | Baltic Sea in Stockholm | SWE | [27] | |||||
43 | 43 | 47 | Dalälven ← Österdalälven | 542 | 28954 | 353 | Bothnian Sea near Gävle | SWE NOR | [96][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Västerdalälven ← Fulan | 315 | 8642 | 124 | Dalälven in Djurås | SWE | [96] | |||||
52 | 59 | 66 | Ljusnan | 443 | 19828 | 226 | Bothnian Sea in Söderhamn | SWE | [96] | |||||
64 | 84 | - | Ljungan | 399 | 12851 | 135 | Bothnian Sea near Sundsvall | SWE | [96] | |||||
57 | 48 | 30 | Indalsälven | 430 | 26726 | 448 | Bothnian Sea near Sundsvall | SWE | [96][25] | |||||
48 | 42 | 29 | Ångerman | 463 | 31864 | 481 | Bothnian Sea near Kramfors | SWE | [96][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Faxälven | 399 | 9037 | 152 | Ångerman near Sollefteå | SWE | [96] | |||||
- | - | - | Fjällsjöälven | 263 | 8432 | 139 | Ångerman near Näsåker | SWE | [96] | |||||
47 | 47 | 33 | Umeälven | 467 | 26815 | 435 | Bothnian Sea in Umeå | SWE | [96][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Vindelälven | 453 | 12654 | 188 | Umeälven near Umeå | SWE | [96] | |||||
53 | 89 | 86 | Skellefteälven | 440 | 11731 | 157 | Bothnian Bay in Skellefteå | SWE | [96] | |||||
63 | 92 | 89 | Piteälven | 402 | 11285 | 156 | Bothnian Bay in Piteå | SWE | [96] | |||||
49 | 50 | 26 | Luleälven | 461 | 25240 | 500 | Bothnian Bay in Luleå | SWE | [96][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Lesser Lule | 238 | 9678 | 180 | Luleälven near Vuollerim | SWE | [96] | |||||
49 | 63 | 52 | Kalixälven | 461 | 18130 | 289 | Bothnian Bay in Kalix | SWE | [96] | |||||
40 | 38 | 34 | Torne ← Torneträsk ← Abiskojokk ← Válfojohka | 565 | 40157 | 430 | Bothnian Bay in Tornio | SWE FIN NOR | [note 48] | [96][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Muonio ← Könkämäeno ← Kilpisjärvi | 350 | 14430 | 162 | Torne near Pajala | SWE FIN NOR | [note 49] | [96] | ||||
- | - | - | Lainioälven ← Rostoeatnu ← Rostojávri ← Ohmátjohka | 290 | 6002 | 70 | Torne near Junosuando | SWE NOR | [note 50] | [96] | ||||
42 | 33 | 25 | Kemijoki | 552 | 51127 | 553 | Bothnian Bay in Kemi | FIN | [2][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Ounasjoki | 300 | 13968 | 140 | Kemijoki in Rovaniemi | FIN | [97] | |||||
- | - | - | Kitinen | 278 | 11214 | ? | Kemijoki near Pelkosenniemi | FIN | ||||||
86 | 78 | 76 | Iijoki | 310 | 14191 | 174 | Bothnian Bay in Ii | FIN | [note 51] | |||||
60 | 53 | 60 | Oulujoki ← Oulujärvi ← Hyrynsalmi system | 420 | 22841 | 262 | Bothnian Bay in Oulu | FIN | [note 52] | [2] | ||||
- | 46 | 63 | Kokemäenjoki | 150 | 27046 | 238 | Bothnian Sea in Pori | FIN | [note 53] | |||||
41 | 39 | 54 | Kymi ← Lake Päijänne ←←← Koivujärvi sources | 554 | 37159 | 282 | Gulf of Finland in Kotka | FIN | [note 54] | |||||
15 | 7 | 5 | Neva ← Lake Ladoga ← Volkhov-system | 1010 | 281000 | 2490 | Gulf of Finland in Saint Petersburg | RUS | [note 55] | [98][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Neva | 74 | 281000 | 2490 | Gulf of Finland in Saint Petersburg | RUS | [98][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Vuoksi ← Saimaa ← Pielisjoki-system | 806 | 68501 | 584 | Lake Ladoga at Solovyovo and at Priozersk | RUS FIN | [note 56] | [99][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Pielisjoki ← Pielinen ← Lieksanjoki ←← Murdoyoki | 390 | 20000 | 240 | Lake Saimaa in Joensuu | FIN RUS | [note 57] | |||||
- | - | - | Svir ← Lake Onega ← Vodla-system | 678 | 88200 | 790 | Lake Ladoga near Lodeynoye Pole | RUS | [note 58] | [100] | ||||
- | - | - | Oyat | 266 | 5220 | 52 | Svir near Lodeynoye Pole | RUS | [101] | |||||
- | - | - | Shuya | 194 | 10100 | 130 | Lake Onega near Petrozavodsk | RUS | [102] | |||||
- | - | - | Suna | 280 | 7670 | 66 | Lake Onega near Kondopoga | RUS | [103] | |||||
- | - | - | Vodla ← Lake Vodlozero ← Ileksa ← Olova | 358 | 13700 | 130 | Lake Onega near Pudozh | RUS | [note 59] | [104] | ||||
- | - | - | Syas | 260 | 7330 | 53 | Lake Ladoga in Syasstroy | RUS | [105] | |||||
- | - | - | Volkhov ← Lake Ilmen ← Msta-system | 844 | 80200 | 580 | Lake Ladoga near Volkhov | RUS | [note 60] | [106] | ||||
- | - | - | Msta ← Lake Mstino ← Tsna | 620 | 23300 | 202 | Lake Ilmen near Velikiy Novgorod | RUS | [note 61] | [107] | ||||
- | - | - | Pola | 267 | 7420 | 63 | Lake Ilmen near Staraya Russa | RUS | [108] | |||||
- | - | - | Lovat | 530 | 21900 | 105 | Lake Ilmen near Staraya Russa | RUS BLR | [109] | |||||
- | - | - | Shelon | 248 | 9710 | 44 | Lake Ilmen near Shimsk | RUS | [110] | |||||
67 | 83 | - | Luga ← Oredezh | 383 | 13364 | 93 | Gulf of Finland in Ust-Luga | RUS | [note 62] | [111] | ||||
- | - | - | Luga | 353 | 13364 | 93 | Gulf of Finland in Ust-Luga | RUS | [112] | |||||
35 | 29 | 37 | Narva ← Lake Peipus ← Velikaya | 647 | 56229 | 400 | Gulf of Finland near Narva | EST RUS | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Narva | 77 | 56229 | 400 | Gulf of Finland near Narva | EST RUS | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Plyussa | 281 | 6963 | 50 | Narva near Narva | RUS | [113] | |||||
- | - | - | Velikaya | 430 | 25153 | 134 | Lake Peipus near Pskov | RUS | [114] | |||||
- | - | - | Emajõgi ← Võrtsjärv ← Väike Emajõgi | 218 | 10039 | 70 | Lake Peipus | EST | [note 63] | [115] | ||||
- | - | - | Pärnu | 144 | 6887 | 64 | Gulf of Riga in Pärnu | EST | [116] | |||||
51 | - | - | Gauja | 452 | 9161 | 71 | Gulf of Riga near Riga | LAT EST | [2] | |||||
14 | 18 | 19 | Daugava/Western Dvina | 1020 | 85613 | 640 | Gulf of Riga near Riga | LAT BLR RUS | [25] | |||||
- | - | - | Aiviekste ← Pededze | 254 | 9135 | 57 | Daugava near Pļaviņas | LAT EST | [note 64] | [117] | ||||
- | - | - | Mezha | 259 | 9525 | 61 | Daugava near Doroshkino | RUS | ||||||
86 | 65 | - | Lielupe ← Mēmele/Nemunėlis | 310 | 17504 | 106 | Gulf of Riga near Jūrmala | LAT LIT | [2] | |||||
79 | 87 | - | Venta | 346 | 11843 | 98 | Baltic Sea in Ventspils | LAT LIT | [2] | |||||
22 | 17 | 20 | Neman | 914 | 92523 | 634 | Baltic Sea near Šilutė | LIT RUS BLR | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Šešupė | 298 | 6194 | 34 | Neman near Neman | LIT RUS POL | ||||||
- | - | - | Nevėžis | 209 | 5947 | 33 | Neman near Raudondvaris | LIT | ||||||
- | - | - | Neris/Viliya | 510 | 25254 | 182 | Neman in Kaunas | LIT BLR | ||||||
- | - | - | Šventoji | 246 | 6804 | 56 | Neris in Jonava | LIT | ||||||
- | - | - | Shchara | 325 | 6724 | 31 | Neman | BLR | ||||||
80 | 79 | - | Pregolya ← Lava/Łyna | 336 | 14117 | 90 | Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad | RUS POL | [note 65] | [118] | ||||
- | - | - | Pregolya ← Angrapa ← Gołdapa | 310 | 14117 | 90 | Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad | RUS POL | [note 66] | [119] | ||||
- | - | - | Łyna/Alna/Lava | 264 | 7020 | 40 | Pregolya in Znamensk | RUS POL | [note 67] | [120][121] | ||||
12 | 9 | 10 | Vistula ← Bugonarew ← Western Bug | 1211 | 192632 | 1080 | Baltic Sea near Gdańsk | POL BLR UKR | [note 68] | [122][2][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Vistula | 1047 | 192632 | 1080 | Baltic Sea near Gdańsk | POL | [note 69] | [122][2][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Bugonarew ← Western Bug | 810 | 74714 | 328 | Vistula in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki | POL BLR UKR | [note 70] | |||||
- | - | - | Wkra | 249 | 5322 | 20 | Bugonarew near Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki | POL | [123] | |||||
- | - | - | Narew | 446 | 28645 | 146 | Bugonarew near Serock | POL | [note 71] | [124] | ||||
- | - | - | Western Bug | 772 | 38676 | 158 | Bugonarew near Serock | POL BLR UKR | [125] | |||||
- | - | - | Pilica | 319 | 9138 | 46 | Vistula near Warka | POL | [126] | |||||
- | - | - | Wieprz | 303 | 10256 | 43 | Vistula in Dęblin | POL | [127] | |||||
- | - | - | San | 443 | 16769 | 126 | Vistula near Sandomierz | POL UKR | [128] | |||||
- | - | - | Dunajec | 247 | 6802 | 85 | Vistula in Opatowiec | POL SVK | [129][2] | |||||
13 | 13 | 22 | Oder ← Warta | 1045 | 118791 | 574 | Baltic Sea in Świnoujście | GER POL | [note 72] | [130][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Oder | 854 | 118791 | 574 | Baltic Sea in Świnoujście | GER POL CZE | [note 73] | [2][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Warta | 808 | 55538 | 195 | Oder in Kostrzyn nad Odrą | POL | [130] | |||||
- | - | - | Noteć | 388 | 17159 | 76 | Warta in Santok | POL | [131] | |||||
- | - | - | Lusatian Neisse | 255 | 4403 | 31 | Oder in Neißemünde | GER POL CZE | [132] | |||||
- | - | - | Bóbr | 272 | 5943 | 39 | Oder in Krosno Odrzańskie | POL CZE | [133] | |||||
- | - | - | Clyde | 176 | 3045 | 83 | North Channel near Glasgow | UK | [134] | |||||
- | - | - | Lower Bann ← Lough Neagh ← Ulster Blackwater | 186 | 5775 | 92 | North Channel in Coleraine | UK IRL | [31] | |||||
101 | 88 | 69 | Shannon | 258 | 11773 | 208 | Shannon Estuary near Limerick | IRL | [note 74] | [31] | ||||
- | - | 86 | The Three Sisters | 192 | 9207 | 157 | Celtic Sea near Waterford | IRL | [note 75] | [135][31] | ||||
- | - | - | Mersey ← Tame | 160 | 4312 | 66 | Irish Sea near Liverpool | UK | [note 76] | [136] | ||||
- | - | - | Wye | 215 | 4136 | 80 | Severn Estuary near Chepstow | UK | [137] | |||||
77 | 91 | - | Severn | 354 | 11420 | 120 | Bristol Channel near Weston-super-Mare | UK | [138] | |||||
- | - | - | Somme | 245 | 6548 | 37 | English Channel near Abbeville | FRA | [31][41] | |||||
26 | 21 | 23 | Seine ← Marne | 875 | 75374 | 560 | English Channel in Le Havre | FRA | [note 77] | [139] | ||||
- | - | - | Seine | 777 | 75374 | 560 | English Channel in Le Havre | FRA | [note 78]} | [139] | ||||
- | - | - | Eure | 229 | 6017 | 26 | Seine in Pont-de-l'Arche | FRA | [140] | |||||
- | - | - | Oise ← Aisne ← Aire | 454 | 16783 | 110 | Seine in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine | FRA | [note 79] | |||||
- | - | - | Oise | 341 | 16783 | 110 | Seine in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine | FRA BEL | [141] | |||||
- | - | - | Aisne | 356 | 7939 | 65 | Oise in Compiègne | FRA | [142] | |||||
- | - | - | Marne | 514 | 12783 | 110 | Seine in Ivry-sur-Seine | FRA | [143] | |||||
- | - | - | Yonne | 292 | 10836 | 93 | Seine in Montereau-Fault-Yonne | FRA | [144] | |||||
- | - | - | Aube | 249 | 4595 | 41 | Seine near Romilly-sur-Seine | FRA | [145] | |||||
- | 95 | - | Vilaine | 218 | 10459 | 72 | Bay of Biscay in Pénestin | FRA | [146] | |||||
17 | 14 | 13 | Loire | 1006 | 117356 | 889 | Bay of Biscay in Saint-Nazaire | FRA | [147][148] | |||||
- | - | - | Maine ← Sarthe ← Loir | 338 | 22240 | 127 | Loire near Angers | FRA | [note 80] | [149] | ||||
- | - | - | Mayenne | 202 | 5844 | 50 | Maine near Angers | FRA | [150] | |||||
- | - | - | Sarthe | 314 | 16250 | 82 | Maine near Angers | FRA | [151] | |||||
- | - | - | Loir | 317 | 8294 | 32 | Sarthe near Angers | FRA | [152] | |||||
- | - | - | Vienne | 363 | 21161 | 210 | Loire in Candes-Saint-Martin | FRA | [153] | |||||
- | - | - | Creuse | 264 | 10279 | 85 | Vienne near Châtellerault | FRA | [154] | |||||
- | - | - | Indre | 279 | 3428 | 19 | Loire near Candes-Saint-Martin | FRA | [155] | |||||
- | - | - | Cher | 368 | 13718 | 96 | Loire in Villandry | FRA | [156] | |||||
- | - | - | Allier | 421 | 14350 | 144 | Loire near Nevers | FRA | [157] | |||||
68 | 99 | - | Charente | 381 | 9855 | 49 | Bay of Biscay near Rochefort | FRA | [158] | |||||
46 | 52 | 41 | Dordogne | 483 | 23957 | 380 | Gironde estuary near Bordeaux | FRA | [159] | |||||
- | - | - | Isle | 255 | 7558 | 63 | Dordogne in Libourne | FRA | [160] | |||||
- | - | - | Vézère | 211 | 3715 | 58 | Dordogne near Le Bugue | FRA | [161] | |||||
39 | 30 | 17 | Garonne ← Tarn | 610 | 55846 | 650 | Gironde estuary near Bordeaux | FRA | [note 81] | [162] | ||||
- | - | - | Garonne | 575 | 55846 | 650 | Gironde estuary near Bordeaux | FRA ESP | [note 82] | [162] | ||||
- | - | - | Lot | 485 | 11538 | 155 | Garonne near Aiguillon | FRA | [163] | |||||
- | - | - | Tarn | 380 | 15586 | 233 | Garonne near Castelsarrasin | FRA | [164] | |||||
- | - | - | Aveyron | 291 | 5176 | 57 | Tarn near Montauban | FRA | [165] | |||||
- | - | - | Ariège | 163 | 4135 | 76 | Garonne in Toulouse | FRA | [166] | |||||
89 | 67 | 45 | Adour | 308 | 16912 | 360 | Bay of Biscay in Bayonne | FRA | [167][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Gaves réunis ← Gave de Pau | 193 | 5464 | 82 | Adour near Peyrehorade | FRA | [168] | |||||
71 | 70 | 48 | Minho ← Sil | 361 | 16651 | 340 | Atlantic Ocean near Caminha | POR ESP | [note 83] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | Minho | 309 | 16651 | 340 | Atlantic Ocean near Caminha | POR ESP | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Sil | 226 | 7969 | 100 | Minho near Ourense | ESP | ||||||
25 | 16 | 17 | Douro | 897 | 97290 | 650 | Atlantic Ocean in Porto | POR ESP | [2][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Tormes | 247 | 7054 | 42 | Douro near Bemposta / Villarino | ESP | ||||||
- | - | - | Esla | 275 | 16018 | 182 | Douro near Muelas del Pan | ESP | ||||||
- | - | - | Pisuerga | 276 | 15665 | 82 | Douro near Valladolid | ESP | ||||||
- | - | - | Mondego | 234 | 6656 | 108 | Atlantic Ocean in Figueira da Foz | POR | ||||||
16 | 24 | 26 | Tagus | 1007 | 70756 | 500 | Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon | POR ESP | [note 84] | [169][2][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Jarama | 194 | 11532 | 32 | Tagus in Aranjuez | ESP | ||||||
- | - | - | Sado | 180 | 6186 | 40 | Atlantic Ocean in Setúbal | POR | ||||||
21 | 25 | - | Guadiana (← Cigüela) ← Záncara | 922 | 67027 | 79 | Gulf of Cadiz near Ayamonte | POR ESP | [note 85] | [170][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Guadiana ← Guadiana Alto . | 852 | 67027 | 79 | Gulf of Cadiz near Ayamonte | POR ESP | [note 86] | [170][2] | ||||
31 | 27 | 83 | Guadalquivir ← Guadiana Menor ← Guardal | 722 | 57053 | 164 | Gulf of Cadiz in Sanlúcar de Barrameda | ESP | [note 87] | [171] | ||||
- | - | - | Genil | 358 | 8257 | 9.3 | Guadalquivir in Palma del Río | ESP | ||||||
82 | 71 | - | Segura | 325 | 16599 | 26 | Mediterranean Sea in Guardamar del Segura | ESP | ||||||
45 | 57 | - | Júcar | 498 | 21430 | 49 | Balearic Sea in Cullera | ESP | ||||||
98 | - | - | Turia | 280 | 6674 | 14 | Balearic Sea in Valencia | ESP | ||||||
23 | 19 | 21 | Ebro | 910 | 84763 | 577 | Balearic Sea near Tortosa | ESP | [25] | |||||
- | - | - | Segre | 265 | 22719 | 100 | Ebro in Mequinenza | ESP | ||||||
- | - | - | Cinca | 170 | 9720 | 82 | Segre near Mequinenza | ESP | ||||||
- | - | - | Jalón ← Jiloca | 224 | 9658 | 21 | Ebro near Torres de Berrellén | ESP | ||||||
- | - | - | Aragón | 195 | 8529 | 41 | Ebro near Tudela | ESP | ||||||
- | - | - | Llobregat | 170 | 4948 | 21 | Balearic Sea near Barcelona | ESP | ||||||
- | - | - | Aude | 224 | 5327 | 44 | Gulf of Lion near Narbonne | FRA | [172] | |||||
19 | 15 | 7 | Rhône ← Saône ← Doubs | 957 | 98131 | 1900 | Gulf of Lion in Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône | FRA SWI | [note 88] | [173][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Rhône | 812 | 98131 | 1900 | Gulf of Lion in Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône | FRA SWI | [174][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Durance | 323 | 14342 | 180 | Rhône in Avignon | FRA | [175] | |||||
- | - | - | Isère | 286 | 11890 | 333 | Rhône near Valence | FRA | [176] | |||||
- | - | - | Saône | 480 | 29321 | 473 | Rhône in Lyon | FRA | [177] | |||||
- | - | - | Doubs | 453 | 7874 | 176 | Saône in Verdun-sur-le-Doubs | FRA SWI | [178] | |||||
- | - | - | Ain | 190 | 3765 | 123 | Rhône near Pont-de-Chéruy | FRA | [179] | |||||
- | - | - | Arno | 241 | 8852 | 110 | Ligurian Sea near Pisa | ITA | [note 89] | |||||
62 | 69 | 62 | Tiber | 405 | 16668 | 239 | Tyrrhenian Sea in Ostia | ITA | ||||||
- | - | - | Nera | 116 | 4163 | 168 | Tiber near Orte | ITA | ||||||
- | - | - | Garigliano ← Liri | 158 | 4059 | 120 | Tyrrhenian Sea near Minturno | ITA | ||||||
- | - | - | Volturno | 175 | 5784 | 82 | Tyrrhenian Sea in Castel Volturno | ITA | ||||||
- | - | - | Reno | 212 | 5615 | 95 | Adriatic Sea near Comacchio | ITA | ||||||
32 | 22 | 9 | Po ← Tanaro | 702 | 73746 | 1460 | Adriatic Sea near Porto Tolle | ITA | [note 90] | [25] | ||||
- | - | - | Po | 652 | 73746 | 1460 | Adriatic Sea near Porto Tolle | ITA | [180][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Mincio ← Lake Garda ← Sarca | 203 | 2977 | 60 | Po near Mantua | ITA | ||||||
- | - | - | Oglio ← Lake Iseo ← Oglio | 280 | 6598 | 130 | Po near Mantua | ITA | ||||||
- | - | - | Adda ← Lake Como ← Adda | 313 | 7842 | 187 | Po in Cremona | ITA | ||||||
- | - | - | Ticino ← Lake Maggiore ← Ticino | 248 | 8061 | 348 | Po in Pavia | ITA SWI | ||||||
- | - | - | Tanaro ← Negrone | 285 | 8182 | 116 | Po near Alessandria | ITA | [note 91] | |||||
- | - | - | Dora Baltea | 168 | 3921 | 96 | Po in Crescentino | ITA | ||||||
- | - | 68 | Tartaro-Canalbianco-Po di Levante | 147 | 2885 | 218 | Adriatic Sea near Porto Viro | ITA | ||||||
55 | 76 | 64 | Adige ← Eisack ← Rienz ← Ahr | 436 | 14543 | 235 | Adriatic Sea near Chioggia | ITA | [note 92] | [181] | ||||
- | - | - | Adige ← Etsch ← Karlinbach | 421 | 14543 | 235 | Adriatic Sea near Chioggia | ITA | [note 93] | [181] | ||||
- | - | - | Brenta | 174 | 4811 | 93 | Adriatic Sea near Chioggia | ITA | ||||||
- | - | - | Piave | 231 | 4420 | 137 | Adriatic Sea near Venice | ITA | ||||||
- | - | - | Tagliamento | 170 | 2939 | 92 | Adriatic Sea near Lignano | ITA | ||||||
- | - | 77 | Isonzo/Soča | 138 | 3327 | 173 | Adriatic Sea near Monfalcone | ITA SVN | [2] | |||||
- | 97 | 43 | Neretva | 240 | 10380 | 378 | Adriatic Sea near Ploče | CRO BIH | [2][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Trebišnjica | 187 | 4926 | 114 | Neretva in Neum | BIH | [note 94] | |||||
66 | 61 | 16 | Bojana/Buna ← Drin | 384 | 18620 | 672 | Adriatic Sea near Ulcinj | ALB MNE KOS MKD |
[note 95] | [182] | ||||
- | - | - | Drin ← Black Drin ← Sateska | 343 | 14351 | 352 | Buna near Lezhë | ALB MKD | [note 96] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | White Drin | 136 | 5005 | 66 | Drin in Kukës | ALB KOS | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Morača | 100 | 2820 | 156 | Lake Skadar (Bojana) near Žabljak Crnojevića | MNE | [183] | |||||
- | - | - | Shkumbin | 181 | 2922 | 62 | Adriatic Sea near Lushnjë | ALB | [182] | |||||
97 | - | - | Seman ← Devoll | 281 | 6124 | 96 | Adriatic Sea near Fier | ALB | [182] | |||||
100 | - | 72 | Aoös/Vjosë | 272 | 6777 | 204 | Adriatic Sea near Vlorë | ALB GRE | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Achelous | 220 | 5662 | 137 | Ionian Sea near Astakos | GRE | ||||||
- | - | - | Pineios (Thessaly) | 216 | 9301 | 81 | Aegean Sea near Larissa | GRE | ||||||
93 | - | - | Haliacmon | 297 | 8664 | 80 | Aegean Sea near Thessaloniki | GRE | ||||||
65 | 51 | 79 | Vardar/Axios ← Treska | 393 | 24503 | 170 | Aegean Sea near Thessaloniki | GRE MKD | [note 97] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | Vardar/Axios | 388 | 24503 | 170 | Aegean Sea near Thessaloniki | GRE MKD | [2] | |||||
61 | 68 | - | Struma/Strymon | 415 | 16801 | 76 | Thracian Sea in Amphipolis | GRE BUL | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Nestos/Mesta | 243 | 5864 | 45 | Thracian Sea near Thasos | GRE BUL | [2] | |||||
44 | 31 | 40 | Maritsa/Meriç/Evros | 515 | 53475 | 383 | Thracian Sea near Alexandroupoli | GRE TUR BUL | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Ergene | 281 | 11016 | 28 | Maritsa near İpsala | TUR | [note 98] | [2][184][185] | ||||
- | - | - | Tundzha | 380 | 8583 | 32 | Maritsa in Edirne | TUR BUL | ||||||
- | - | - | Arda | 290 | 5623 | 77 | Maritsa near Edirne | GRE BUL | ||||||
- | - | - | Veleka | 147 | 995 | 9.4 | Black Sea near Sinemorets | BUL TUR | ||||||
104 | - | - | Kamchiya ← Luda Kamchiya | 254 | 5373 | 26 | Black Sea near Varna | BUL | [186] | |||||
2 | 2 | 2 | Danube | 2857 | 801463 | 6450 | Black Sea near Sulina | ROM UKR MDA BUL SRB CRO HUN SVK AUT GER |
[note 99] | [2][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Prut | 953 | 27820 | 105 | Danube at Giurgiulești | MDA ROM UKR | [note 100] | [187][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Jijia | 275 | 5757 | 14 | Prut near Huși | ROM UKR | ||||||
- | - | - | Siret | 559 | 45857 | 240 | Danube in Galați | ROM UKR | [note 101] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | Buzău | 325 | 5537 | 29 | Siret near Galați | ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Bistrița | 283 | 7018 | 66 | Siret near Bacău | ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Ialomița | 417 | 11116 | 40 | Danube near Hârșova | ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Argeș | 350 | 12652 | 73 | Danube in Oltenița | ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Dâmbovița | 245 | 2837 | 26 | Argeș near Budești | ROM | [note 102] | [188] | ||||
- | - | - | Yantra | 285 | 7897 | 47 | Danube near Svishtov | BUL | ||||||
- | - | - | Osam | 314 | 2866 | 16 | Danube near Nikopol | BUL | ||||||
- | - | - | Olt | 615 | 24130 | 174 | Danube near Turnu Măgurele | ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Iskar | 368 | 8511 | 54 | Danube near Gigen | BUL | ||||||
- | - | - | Jiu | 339 | 10157 | 86 | Danube near Bechet | ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Great Morava ← West Morava ← Ibar | 550 | 37709 | 232 | Danube near Smederevo | SRB | [note 103] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | South Morava | 295 | 15550 | 100 | Great Morava near Kruševac | SRB KOS | ||||||
- | - | - | West Morava | 308 | 15710 | 120 | Great Morava near Kruševac | SRB | ||||||
- | - | - | Ibar | 276 | 7914 | 60 | West Morava in Kraljevo | SRB KOS MNE | ||||||
- | - | - | Timiš/Tamis | 359 | 10495 | 47 | Danube in Pančevo | SRB ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Sava ← Sava Dolinka | 945 | 94613 | 1609 | Danube in Belgrade | SRB BIH CRO SVN |
[note 104] | [2][189][190] | ||||
- | - | - | Drina ← Tara | 486 | 19650 | 370 | Sava near Bijeljina | BIH SRB MNE | [note 105] | [191][190] | ||||
- | - | - | Lim | 220 | 6797 | 96 | Drina near Višegrad | BIH SRB MNE | [192] | |||||
- | - | - | Bosna | 271 | 10490 | 174 | Sava in Bosanski Šamac | BIH | [2][191] | |||||
- | - | - | Vrbas | 235 | 6501 | 132 | Sava in Srbac | BIH | [191] | |||||
- | - | - | Una | 214 | 9657 | 220 | Sava in Jasenovac | BIH CRO | [note 106] | [2][190] | ||||
- | - | - | Kupa/Kolpa | 297 | 10194 | 201 | Sava in Sisak | CRO SVN | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Tisza ← Someș | 1111 | 154073 | 863 | Danube near Titel | SRB HUN ROM | [note 107] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | Tisza | 966 | 154073 | 863 | Danube near Titel | SRB HUN ROM UKR |
[note 108] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | Bega | 256 | 6250 | 13 | Tisza near Titel | SRB ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Mureș/Maros | 789 | 30190 | 190 | Tisza in Szeged | HUN ROM | [note 109] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | Târnava ← Târnava Mare | 249 | 6236 | 15 | Mureș near Teiuș | ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Körös ← Crișul Alb | 365 | 27123 | 100 | Tisza near Csongrád | HUN ROM | ||||||
- | - | - | Sajó / Slaná ← Hornád | 314 | 12870 | 70 | Tisza in Tiszaújváros | HUN SVK | [note 110] | |||||
- | - | - | Hernád / Hornád | 286 | 5414 | 31 | Sajó near Miskolc | HUN SVK | ||||||
- | - | - | Bodrog ← Latorica | 255 | 13579 | 115 | Tisza in Tokaj | HUN SVK UKR | [note 111] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | Szamos / Someș | 415 | 16046 | 132 | Tisza near Vásárosnamény | HUN ROM | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Drava/Drau ← Isel ← Schwarzach | 728 | 40154 | 577 | Danube near Osijek | CRO HUN SVN AUT |
[note 112] | [193] | ||||
- | - | - | Mur | 453 | 14108 | 166 | Drava near Legrad | CRO HUN SVN AUT |
[193][194][190] | |||||
- | - | - | Sió ← Lake Balaton ← Zala system | 330 | 14890 | 39 | Danube near Szekszárd | HUN | [note 113] | |||||
- | - | - | Hron | 298 | 5441 | 54 | Danube near Esztergom | SVK | ||||||
- | - | - | Váh | 398 | 19484 | 194 | Danube in Komárno | SVK | [2] | |||||
- | - | - | Rába/Raab | 311 | 10401 | 80 | Danube near Győr | HUN AUT | [194][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Leitha ← Schwarza | 258 | 2138 | 8.2 | Danube near Mosonmagyaróvár | HUN AUT | [note 114] | [194] | ||||
- | - | - | Morava ← Thaya ← Austrian Thaya | 402 | 26734 | 110 | Danube in Bratislava-Devin | AUT SVK CZE | [note 115] | [194][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Morava | 352 | 26734 | 110 | Danube in Bratislava-Devin | AUT SVK CZE | [194][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Thaya ← Austrian Thaya | 311 | 13419 | 44 | Morava near Hohenau | AUT CZE | [note 116] | [194] | ||||
- | - | - | Enns | 254 | 6084 | 200 | Danube in Enns | AUT | [194] | |||||
- | - | - | Traun | 153 | 4277 | 150 | Danube in Linz | AUT | [194] | |||||
- | - | - | Inn ← Aua da Fedoz | 522 | 26053 | 735 | Danube in Passau | GER AUT SWI | [195][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Salzach ← Krimmler Ache | 232 | 6829 | 252 | Inn in Haiming | GER AUT | [36] | |||||
- | - | - | Isar ← Leutascher Ache | 295 | 8962 | 175 | Danube near Deggendorf | GER AUT | [note 117] | [36] | ||||
- | - | - | Lech | 264 | 4125 | 115 | Danube near Donauwörth | GER AUT | [36][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Iller ← Breitach ← Turabach | 170 | 2147 | 70 | Danube in Ulm | GER AUT | [note 118] | [36] | ||||
- | - | - | Cogâlnic | 243 | 5388 | 6.5 | Black Sea near Tatarbunary | UKR MDA | [2] | |||||
9 | 23 | 50 | Dniester/Nistru | 1362 | 73158 | 313 | Black Sea near Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi | MDA UKR | [196][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Răut | 286 | 7761 | 5.7 | Dniester near Dubăsari | MDA | ||||||
- | - | - | Zbruch | 247 | 3365 | 7 | Dniester near Khotyn | UKR | ||||||
27 | 26 | 85 | Southern Bug | 806 | 63569 | 160 | Dnieper-Bug Estuary near Mykolaiv | UKR | [note 119] | [197] | ||||
- | - | - | Inhul | 354 | 9773 | 8.8 | Southern Bug in Mykolayiv | UKR | [198] | |||||
- | - | - | Syniukha ← Hnylyi Tikych ← Hirskyi Tikych | 283 | 16640 | 29 | Southern Bug in Pervomaisk | UKR | [199][200] | |||||
4 | 3 | 8 | Dnieper | 2201 | 509824 | 1700 | Dnieper-Bug Estuary near Kherson | UKR BLR RUS | [2][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Inhulets | 549 | 14487 | 0.3? | Dnieper near Kropyvnytskyi | UKR | [201] | |||||
- | - | - | Samara ← Vovcha | 421 | 22734 | 20 | Dnieper near Dnipro | UKR | [note 120] | |||||
- | - | - | Samara | 320 | 22734 | 20 | Dnieper near Dnipro | UKR | [202] | |||||
- | - | - | - | Vovcha | 323 | 13035 | 5.3 | Samara near Pavlohrad | UKR | [203] | ||||
- | - | - | Oril | 346 | 10093 | 13 | Dnieper near Dnipro | UKR | ||||||
- | - | - | Vorskla | 452 | 14511 | 36 | Dnieper near Verkhn'odniprovs'k | UKR RUS | [204] | |||||
- | - | - | Psel | 717 | 22782 | 55 | Dnieper in Kremenchuk | UKR RUS | [205] | |||||
- | - | - | Khorol | 308 | 4039 | 3.6 | Psel | UKR | [206] | |||||
- | - | - | Sula ← Uday | 447 | 19218 | 29 | Dnieper near Kremenchuk | UKR | [note 121] | [207][208] | ||||
- | - | - | Sula | 363 | 19218 | 29 | Dnieper near Kremenchuk | UKR | [207] | |||||
- | - | - | Uday | 327 | 6995 | 9.4 | Sula near Lubny | UKR | [208] | |||||
- | - | - | Ros | 346 | 12581 | 27 | Dnieper near Kaniv | UKR | [209] | |||||
- | - | - | Desna | 1130 | 88490 | 360 | Dnieper in Kyiv | UKR RUS | [210] | |||||
- | - | - | Snov | 253 | 8265 | 24 | Desna | UKR RUS | [211] | |||||
- | - | - | Seym | 748 | 27895 | 100 | Desna in Sosnytsia | UKR RUS | [212] | |||||
- | - | - | Teteriv | 385 | 15213 | 18 | Dnieper near Chernobyl | UKR | [213] | |||||
- | - | - | Pripyat ← Horyn | 1052 | 119911 | 460 | Dnieper near Chernobyl | UKR BLR | [note 122] | [2] | ||||
- | - | - | Pripyat | 761 | 119911 | 460 | Dnieper near Chernobyl | UKR BLR | [214][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Uzh | 256 | 8129 | 25 | Pripyat near Chernobyl | UKR | [215] | |||||
- | - | - | Ptsich | 421 | 9516 | 48 | Pripyat near Mazyr | BLR | [216] | |||||
- | - | - | Ubort | 292 | 5504 | 23 | Pripyat near Pyetrykaw | BLR UKR | [217] | |||||
- | - | - | Horyn | 659 | 27065 | 90 | Pripyat near Davyd-Haradok | BLR UKR | [218] | |||||
- | - | - | Southern Sluch | 451 | 13675 | 45 | Horyn near Zviahel | UKR | [219] | |||||
- | - | - | Styr | 494 | 12999 | 45 | Pripyat near Pinsk | BLR UKR | [220] | |||||
- | - | - | Sozh | 648 | 42199 | 207 | Dnieper in Loyew | BLR UKR RUS | [221] | |||||
- | - | - | Iput | 437 | 10789 | 83 | Sozh near Gomel | BLR RUS | [222] | |||||
- | - | - | Besed | 261 | 5537 | 28 | Sozh | BLR RUS | [223] | |||||
- | - | - | Ostyor | 274 | 3382 | 21 | Sozh near Krychaw | BLR RUS | [224] | |||||
- | - | - | Berezina | 613 | 24895 | 145 | Dnieper near Rechytsa | BLR | [225] | |||||
- | - | - | Svislach | 327 | 5190 | 30 | Berezina near Asipovichy | BLR | ||||||
- | - | - | Drut | 295 | 4952 | 30 | Dnieper in Rahachow | BLR | [226] | |||||
101 | - | - | Mius | 258 | 7059 | 12 | Sea of Azov near Taganrog | RUS UKR | [2] | |||||
5 | 4 | 11 | Don ← Voronezh ← Polnoy Voronezh | 1923 | 437308 | 890 | Sea of Azov near Azov | RUS | [note 123] | [227][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Don | 1870 | 437308 | 890 | Sea of Azov near Azov | RUS | [227][25] | |||||
- | - | - | Manych ← Kalaus ← Bolshoy Yankul | 863 | 49977 | 16 | Don near Rostov-on-Don | RUS | [note 124] | [228] | ||||
- | - | - | Yegorlyk | 448 | 14972 | 38 | Manych near Salsk | RUS | [229] | |||||
- | - | - | Sal | 798 | 20932 | 15 | Don in Semikarakorsk | RUS | [230] | |||||
- | - | - | Donets | 1053 | 98720 | 159 | Don near Semikarakorsk | UKR RUS | [231][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Kalitva | 308 | 10543 | ? | Donets in Belaya Kalitva | RUS | [232] | |||||
- | - | - | Aidar | 264 | 7390 | 15 | Donets near Shchastia | UKR RUS | [233] | |||||
- | - | - | Oskil/Oskol | 472 | 14818 | 44 | Donets near Izium | UKR RUS | [234][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Chir | 317 | 10580 | 13 | Don | RUS | [235] | |||||
- | - | - | Ilovlya | 358 | 9377 | 9.8 | Don | RUS | [236] | |||||
- | - | - | Medveditsa ← Malaya Medveditsa | 748 | 34914 | 69 | Don near Serafimovitch | RUS | [237] | |||||
- | - | - | Tersa ← Yelan | 326 | 8807 | 5.6 | Medveditsa | RUS | [note 125] | [238] | ||||
- | - | - | Khopyor ← Serdoba | 1011 | 61052 | 150 | Don near Bukanovskaya | RUS | [note 126] | [239] | ||||
- | - | - | Buzuluk | 314 | 9465 | 13 | Khopyor | RUS | [240] | |||||
- | - | - | Savala | 285 | 7585 | 20 | Khopyor near Novokhopyorsk | RUS | [241] | |||||
- | - | - | Vorona ← Chembar | 511 | 13229 | 42 | Khopyor near Borisoglebsk | RUS | [note 127] | [242] | ||||
- | - | - | Bityug | 379 | 8818 | 18 | Don near Pavlovsk | RUS | [243] | |||||
- | - | - | Voronezh ← Polnoy Voronezh | 520 | 21286 | 71 | Don near Voronezh | RUS | [note 128] | [244] | ||||
- | - | - | Bystraya Sosna | 296 | 13012 | 74 | Don near Yelets | RUS | [245] | |||||
85 | - | - | Yeya | 313 | 9191 | 2.5 | Sea of Azov near Yeysk | RUS | ||||||
95 | - | - | Chelbas | 288 | 4911 | 2.4 | Sea of Azov near Primorsko-Akhtarsk | RUS | ||||||
24 | 32 | 34 | Kuban | 906 | 52399 | 430 | Sea of Azov near Temryuk | RUS | [note 129] | [246][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Pshish ← Bolshoy Pshish | 270 | 1927 | 25 | Kuban near Ryazanskaya | RUS | [note 130] | [247] | ||||
- | - | - | Belaya | 265 | 6054 | ? | Kuban | RUS | [248] | |||||
- | - | - | Laba ← Bolshaya Laba | 347 | 12664 | 96 | Kuban in Ust-Labinsk | RUS | ||||||
- | - | - | Kodori | 105 | 2087 | 144 | Black Sea near Adzyubzha | GEO | ||||||
- | - | 79 | Enguri | 213 | 4052 | 170 | Black Sea in Anaklia | GEO | [note 131] | [246] | ||||
81 | 81 | 36 | Rioni | 327 | 13511 | 424 | Black Sea near Poti | GEO | [note 132] | [246][25] | ||||
54 | 55 | 56 | Chorokhi/Çoruh | 438 | 22011 | 278 | Black Sea near Batumi | GEO TUR | [246][2] | |||||
8 | 10 | 30 | Kur/Kura/Mtkvari | 1364 | 188378 | 448 | Caspian Sea near Neftçala | AZE GEO TUR | [note 133] | [249][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Aras/Araks | 1072 | 102000 | 141 | Kura near Sabirabad | AZE IRN ARM TUR |
[note 134] | [249][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Alazani | 391 | 11717 | 110 | Mingachevir reservoir | AZE GEO | [250][251][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Iori | 320 | 4897 | 15 | Mingachevir reservoir near Burunqovaq | AZE GEO | [note 135] | [251][2] | ||||
- | - | - | Samur | 213 | 6777 | 75 | Caspian Sea near Derbent | AZE RUS | ||||||
71 | 80 | 75 | Sulak ← Andi Koysu ← Tushetis Alazani | 361 | 14085 | 176 | Caspian Sea near Makhachkala | RUS GEO | [note 136] | [252][2] | ||||
37 | 36 | 51 | Terek | 623 | 42927 | 305 | Caspian Sea near Kizlyar | RUS GEO | [253][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Sunzha | 278 | 12153 | 85 | Terek near Gudermes | RUS | [254] | |||||
- | - | - | Malka | 210 | 10163 | 98 | Terek near Prokhladny | RUS | [255] | |||||
28 | 41 | - | Kuma | 802 | 33500 | 11 | Caspian Sea near Lagan | RUS | [256] | |||||
1 | 1 | 1 | Volga ← Oka ← Upa ← Uperta | 3790 | 1432506 | 8087 | Caspian Sea near Astrakhan | RUS | [note 137] | [257][258][25] | ||||
- | - | - | Volga ← Kuybyshev Reservoir ← Kama | 3771 | 1432506 | 8087 | Caspian Sea near Astrakhan | RUS | [note 138] | [257][260] | ||||
- | - | - | Volga | 3530 | 1432506 | 8087 | Caspian Sea near Astrakhan | RUS | [257] | |||||
- | - | - | Akhtuba | 537 | ? | 153 | Volga Delta near Astrakhan | RUS | [note 139] | [261] | ||||
- | - | - | Yeruslan | 278 | 6196 | ? | Volgograd Reservoir near Kamyshin | RUS | [note 140] | [262] | ||||
- | - | - | Tereshka | 273 | 9864 | 18 | Volga near Saratov | RUS | [263] | |||||
- | - | - | Bolshoy Irgiz ← Bolshaya Glushitsa | 679 | 24010 | 23 | Volga near Volsk | RUS | [note 141] | [264] | ||||
- | - | - | Maly Irgiz ← Chernava | 262 | 3916 | 6.4 | Volga | RUS | [note 142] | [265] | ||||
- | - | - | Chapayevka/Mocha | 298 | 5126 | 2.5 | Volga near Novokuybyshevsk | RUS | [266] | |||||
- | - | - | Samara | 594 | 46454 | 46 | Volga in Samara | RUS | [267] | |||||
- | - | - | Bolshoy Kinel | 436 | 14929 | 34 | Samara in Kinel | RUS | [note 143] | [268] | ||||
- | - | - | Tok - Bitkul | 312 | 5897 | 13 | Samara near Buzuluk | RUS | [note 144] | [269] | ||||
- | - | - | Sok | 363 | 11455 | 33 | Volga near Samara | RUS | [270] | |||||
- | - | - | Kondurcha | 294 | 4327 | 9.4 | Sok | RUS | [271] | |||||
- | - | - | Bolshoy Cheremshan | 336 | 11806 | 35 | Kuybyshev Reservoir near Dimitrovgrad | RUS | [note 145] | [272] | ||||
- | - | - | Kama | 1967 | 523324 | 3800 | Kuybyshev Reservoir south of Kazan | RUS | [note 146] | [260] | ||||
- | - | - | Sheshma ← Lesnaya Sheshma | 268 | 6196 | 11 | Kama near Starosheshminsk | RUS | [note 147] | [273] | ||||
- | - | - | Vyatka ← Belaya | 1318 | 128713 | 890 | Kama near Nizhnekamsk | RUS | [note 148] | [274] | ||||
- | - | - | Kilmez ← Ut | 295 | 17160 | 85 | Vyatka near Ust-Kilmez | RUS | [note 149] | [275] | ||||
- | - | - | Pizhma | 305 | 14981 | 90 | Vyatka near Sovetsk | RUS | [276] | |||||
- | - | - | Moloma ← Palomka | 435 | 12399 | 48 | Vyatka near Kotelnich | RUS | [note 150] | [277] | ||||
- | - | - | Cheptsa ← Loza | 526 | 20230 | 130 | Vyatka in Kirovo-Chepetsk | RUS | [note 151] | [278] | ||||
- | - | - | Letka | 260 | 3633 | 21 | Vyatka | RUS | [279] | |||||
- | - | - | Kobra | 324 | 7824 | 55 | Vyatka near Nagorsk | RUS | [280] | |||||
- | - | - | Ik | 571 | 17934 | 46 | Kama near Menzelinsk | RUS | [281] | |||||
- | - | - | Izh | 259 | 8469 | 34 | Kama | RUS | [282] | |||||
- | - | - | Belaya | 1430 | 141609 | 858 | Kama near Neftekamsk | RUS | [283] | |||||
- | - | - | Bystry Tanyp | 345 | 7700 | 45 | Belaya | RUS | [284] | |||||
- | - | - | Dyoma ← Tyatep | 556 | 13022 | 35 | Belaya in Ufa | RUS | [note 152] | [285] | ||||
- | - | - | Ufa ← Ay | 931 | 52747 | 388 | Belaya in Ufa | RUS | [note 153] | [286] | ||||
- | - | - | Ufa | 918 | 52747 | 388 | Belaya in Ufa | RUS | [287] | |||||
- | - | - | Yuryuzan | 404 | 7850 | 55 | Ufa near Karaidel | RUS | [288] | |||||
- | - | - | Ay | 549 | 14825 | 84 | Ufa near Krasnoufimsk | RUS | [289] | |||||
- | - | - | Sim ← Inzer | 313 | 11629 | 110 | Belaya | RUS | [note 154] | [290] | ||||
- | - | - | Chusovaya | 592 | 46812 | 222 | Kama Reservoir near Perm | RUS | [note 155] | [291] | ||||
- | - | - | Sylva | 493 | 22188 | 139 | Chusovaya near Perm | RUS | [292] | |||||
- | - | - | Usva | 266 | 6125 | 31 | Chusovaya in Chusovoy | RUS | [293] | |||||
- | - | - | Kosva ← Typyl | 298 | 7322 | 90 | Kama Reservoir near Perermskoye | RUS | [note 156] | [294] | ||||
- | - | - | Inva | 257 | 6304 | 29 | Kama Reservoir near Maykor | RUS | [note 157] | [295] | ||||
- | - | - | Yayva | 304 | 6530 | 88 | Kama Reservoir near Berezniki | RUS | [note 157] | [296] | ||||
- | - | - | Vishera ← Kolva | 494 | 31286 | 457 | Kama near Solikamsk | RUS | [note 158] | [297][298] | ||||
- | - | - | Vishera | 415 | 31286 | 457 | Kama near Solikamsk | RUS | [297] | |||||
- | - | - | Kolva | 460 | 13311 | 200 | Vishera at Cherdyn, Perm Krai | RUS | [note 159] | [299] | ||||
- | - | - | Yazva ← Glukhaya Vilva | 272 | 5855 | 70 | Vishera near Cherdyn | RUS | [note 160] | [300] | ||||
- | - | - | Kosa | 267 | 9851 | 40 | Kama near Ust-Kosa | RUS | [301] | |||||
- | - | - | Veslyana | 266 | 7253 | 68 | Kama near Ust-Veslyana | RUS | [302] | |||||
- | - | - | Sviyaga ← Malaya Sviyaga | 379 | 16944 | 57 | Kuybyshev Reservoir west of Kazan | RUS | [note 161] | [303] | ||||
- | - | - | Bolshaya Kokshaga | 297 | 6481 | 40 | Volga near Kokshaysk | RUS | [304] | |||||
- | - | - | Vetluga ← Vokhma | 901 | 39438 | 255 | Volga near Kozmodemyansk | RUS | [note 162] | [305] | ||||
- | - | - | Usta | 253 | 6019 | 28 | Vetluga near Voskresenskoye | RUS | [306] | |||||
- | - | - | Sura ← Kadada | 867 | 67240 | 260 | Volga in Vasilsursk | RUS | [note 163] | [307] | ||||
- | - | - | Pyana ← Cheka | 453 | 7991 | 25 | Sura near Sergach | RUS | [note 164] | [308] | ||||
- | - | - | Alatyr | 304 | 11171 | 43 | Sura at Alatyr | RUS | [note 165] | [309] | ||||
- | - | - | Kerzhenets | 290 | 6207 | 20 | Volga near Lyskovo | RUS | [310] | |||||
- | - | - | Oka ← Upa ← Uperta | 1559 | 244308 | 1258 | Volga in Nizhny Novgorod | RUS | [note 166] | [258][311] | ||||
- | - | - | Oka | 1504 | 244308 | 1258 | Volga in Nizhny Novgorod | RUS | [258] | |||||
- | - | - | Klyazma | 686 | 42421 | 147 | Oka in Gorbatov | RUS | [312] | |||||
- | - | - | Nerl | 284 | 6766 | 26 | Klyazma near Bogolyubovo | RUS | [313] | |||||
- | - | - | Tyosha | 311 | 7781 | 4 | Oka near Murom | RUS | [314] | |||||
- | - | - | Moksha ← Azyas | 660 | 50379 | 95 | Oka near Yelatma | RUS | [note 167] | [315] | ||||
- | - | - | Tsna ← Osinovka | 457 | 21437 | 46 | Moksha near Sasovo | RUS | [note 168] | [316] | ||||
- | - | - | Pronya | 336 | 10180 | 50 | Oka near Spassk-Ryazansky | RUS | [317] | |||||
- | - | - | Moskva ← Ruza | 487 | 17618 | 150 | Oka in Kolomna | RUS | [note 169] | [318] | ||||
- | - | - | Protva | 282 | 4602 | 25 | Oka near Serpukhov | RUS | [319] | |||||
- | - | - | Ugra ← Demina | 436 | 15699 | 90 | Oka near Kaluga | RUS | [note 170] | [320] | ||||
- | - | - | Upa ← Uperta | 356 | 9529 | 40 | Oka near Suvorov | RUS | [note 171] | [311] | ||||
- | - | - | Unzha ← Kema | 531 | 29156 | 158 | Volga near Yuryevets | RUS | [note 172] | [321] | ||||
- | - | - | Neya | 253 | 6286 | 46 | Unzha near Makaryev | RUS | [322] | |||||
- | - | - | Kostroma | 354 | 19838 | 85 | Gorky Reservoir in Kostroma | RUS | [note 157] | [323] | ||||
- | - | - | Sheksna ← Lake Beloye ← Kema | 441 | 21419 | 172 | Rybinsk Reservoir near Rybinsk | RUS | [note 173] | [324] | ||||
- | - | - | Suda ← Nozhema | 261 | 13469 | 134 | Rybinsk Reservoir near Cherepovets | RUS | [note 174] | [325] | ||||
- | - | - | Mologa | 456 | 30074 | 172 | Rybinsk Reservoir near Rybinsk | RUS | [note 175] | [326] | ||||
- | - | - | Chagodoshcha ← Lid | 286 | 9333 | 58 | Mologa near Ustyuzhna | RUS | [note 176] | [327] | ||||
- | - | - | Medveditsa | 259 | 6384 | 41 | Volga near Sknyatino | RUS | [328] | |||||
36 | 90 | - | Maly Uzen | 638 | 11600 | 8 | Kamysh-Samarskiye Lakes | KAZ RUS | [note 177] | [2] | ||||
34 | 73 | - | Bolshoy Uzen | 650 | 15795 | 11 | Kamysh-Samarskiye Lakes | KAZ RUS | [2] | |||||
3 | 8 | 37 | Ural | 2428 | 210581 | 400 | Caspian Sea in Atyrau | KAZ RUS | [329][2] | |||||
- | - | - | Chagan | 264 | 7530 | 7.7 | Ural in Oral | KAZ RUS | [330] | |||||
- | - | - | Utva | 290 | 6952 | 3.8 | Ural | KAZ | ||||||
- | - | - | Ilek | 623 | 41875 | 40 | Ural near Ilek | RUS KAZ | [331] | |||||
- | - | - | Bolshaya Khobda - Karakhobda | 363 | 14666 | 14 | Ilek | RUS KAZ | [note 178] | [332] | ||||
- | - | - | Sakmara | 798 | 31040 | 144 | Ural in Orenburg | RUS | [333] | |||||
- | - | - | Bolshoy Ik | 341 | 7651 | 61 | Sakmara near Saraktash | RUS | [334] | |||||
- | - | - | Or | 332 | 18533 | 21 | Ural near Orsk | RUS KAZ | [335] |
Rivers of Europe by length
editThe longest rivers in Europe with their approximate lengths (incomplete list):[336][337]
- Volga - 3,690 km (2,290 mi)
- Danube - 2,860 km (1,780 mi)
- Ural - 2,428 km (1,509 mi)
- Dnieper - 2,290 km (1,420 mi)
- Don - 1,950 km (1,210 mi)
- Pechora - 1,809 km (1,124 mi)
- - Kama - 1,805 km (1,122 mi) (the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge)
- - Oka - 1,500 km (930 mi) (the longest right tributary of Volga)
- - Belaya - 1,430 km (890 mi) (tributary of Kama)
- Dniester - 1,352 km (840 mi)
- Rhine - 1,236 km (768 mi)
- - Desna - 1,130 km (700 mi) (major left tributary of Dnieper)
- Elbe - 1,091 km (678 mi)
- - Donets - 1,053 km (654 mi) (major right tributary of Don River)
- Vistula - 1,047 km (651 mi)
- Tagus - 1,038 km (645 mi)
- Daugava - 1,020 km (630 mi)
- Loire - 1,012 km (629 mi)
- - Tisza - 966 km (600 mi) (1,358 km (844 mi) before 1880)[338] (tributary of the Danube)
- Ebro - 960 km (600 mi)
- - Prut - 953 km (592 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- Neman - 937 km (582 mi)
- - Sava - 933 km (580 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- Meuse - 925 km (575 mi)
- Kuban - 906 km (563 mi)
- Douro - 897 km (557 mi)
- Mezen - 857 km (533 mi)[339]
- Oder - 854 km (531 mi)
- Guadiana - 829 km (515 mi)
- Rhône - 815 km (506 mi)
- Southern Bug - 806 km (501 mi)
- Kuma - 802 km (498 mi)
- - Warta - 795 km (494 mi) (major tributary of Oder)
- Seine - 776 km (482 mi)
- Mureș - 761 km (473 mi)
- Northern Dvina - 744 km (462 mi)
- - Vychegda - 744 km (462 mi) (major left tributary of Northern Dvina)
- - Drava - 710[193] km (440 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- Po - 682 km (424 mi)
- Guadalquivir - 657 km (408 mi)
- Bolshoy Uzen - 650 km (400 mi)
- - Siret - 647 km (402 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- - Maly Uzen - 638 km (396 mi) (tributary of Bolshoy Uzen)
- Terek - 623 km (387 mi)
- - Olt - 615 km (382 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- - Vashka - 605 km (376 mi) (major tributary of Mezen)
- Glomma - 604 km (375 mi)(Norway's longest and most voluminous river)
- Garonne - 602 km (374 mi)
- - Usa - 565 km (351 mi) (major tributary of Pechora)
- Kemijoki - 550 km (340 mi)
- - Great Morava - 550 km (340 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- - Moselle 546 km (339 mi)(longest left tributary of Rhine)
- - Main 525 km (326 mi) (longest right tributary of Rhine)
- Torne - 522 km (324 mi)
- Dalälven - 520 km (320 mi)
- - Inn 518 km (322 mi)(tributary of the Danube)
- Maritsa - 515 km (320 mi)
- Marne - 514 km (319 mi) (major tributary of Seine)
- Neris - 510 km (320 mi)
- Júcar - 509 km (316 mi)
- Dordogne - 483 km (300 mi)
- - Saône - 480 km (300 mi) (major tributary of Rhône)
- Ume - 470 km (290 mi)
- -- Mur - 464 km (288 mi) (tributary of Drava)
- Ångerman - 460 km (290 mi)
- - Klarälven - 460 km (290 mi) (major tributary of the Göta älv)
- Lule - 460 km (290 mi)
- Doubs - 453 km (281 mi)
- Gauja - 452 km (281 mi)
- Weser - 452 km (281 mi)
- Kalix - 450 km (280 mi)
- - Vindel River - 445 km (277 mi) (major tributary of the Ume River)
- Ljusnan - 430 km (270 mi)
- Indalsälven - 430 km (270 mi)
- - Vltava - 430 km (270 mi) (major tributary of the Elbe)
- Ponoy - 426 km (265 mi)
- Ialomița - 417 km (259 mi)
- Onega- 416 km (258 mi)
- -- Someș - 415 km (258 mi) (tributary of Tisza)
- Struma - 415 km (258 mi)
- Adige - 410 km (250 mi)
- Skellefte - 410 km (250 mi)
- Tiber - 406 km (252 mi)
- - Vah - 406 km (252 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- Pite - 400 km (250 mi)
- - Faxälven - 399 km (248 mi) (major tributary of the Ångerman)
- Vardar - 388 km (241 mi)
- Shannon - 386 km (240 mi)
- Charente - 381 km (237 mi)
- - Iskar - 368 km (229 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- - Tundzha - 365 km (227 mi) (major tributary of Maritsa)
- Ems - 362 km (225 mi)
- Tana - 361 km (224 mi)
- Scheldt - 360 km (220 mi)
- - Timiș - 359 km (223 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- - Genil - 358 km (222 mi)
- Severn - 354 km (220 mi)
- - Morava - 353 km (219 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- Luga - 353 km (219 mi)
- - Argeș - 350 km (220 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- Ljungan - 350 km (220 mi)
- Minho - 350 km (220 mi)
- Venta - 346 km (215 mi)
- Thames - 346 km (215 mi)
- - Drina - 346 km (215 mi) (major tributary of Sava, Danube)
- - Jiu - 339 km (211 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- Drin - 335 km (208 mi)
- Segura - 325 km (202 mi)
- - Osam - 314 km (195 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- - Haliakmon - 297 km (185 mi)
- - Arda - 290 km (180 mi) (tributary of Maritsa)
- - Yantra - 285 km (177 mi) (tributary of the Danube)
- - Bosna - 271 km (168 mi) (major tributary of Sava, Danube)
- Kamchiya - 254 km (158 mi)
- Mesta - 243 km (151 mi)
Rivers of Europe by discharge
editRiver | Average discharge (m3/s) at mouth |
---|---|
01 Volga | |
02 Danube | |
03 Pechora | |
04 N. Dvina | |
05 Rhine | |
06 Neva | |
07 Rhône | |
08 Dnieper | |
09 Po | |
10 Vistula | |
11 Don | |
12 Loire | |
13 Mezen | |
14 Elbe | |
15 Glomma | |
16 Douro | |
17 Neman | |
18 Daugava | |
19 Garonne | |
20 Buna | |
21 Göta | |
22 Ebro | |
23 Odera | |
24 Seine | |
25 Kemi | |
26 Lule | |
27 Onega | |
28 Ångerman | |
29 Tagus |
This is an incomplete list of the largest rivers of Europe by discharge:
- Volga - 8,087 m3/s (285,600 cu ft/s)
- Danube - 6,450 m3/s (228,000 cu ft/s)
- Pechora - 4,380 m3/s (155,000 cu ft/s)
- - Kama - 3,800 m3/s (130,000 cu ft/s) (the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge)
- Northern Dvina - 3,330 m3/s (118,000 cu ft/s)
- Neva - 2,490 m3/s (88,000 cu ft/s)
- Rhine - 2,315 m3/s (81,800 cu ft/s) (Aare - 560 m3/s (20,000 cu ft/s) as major tributary of the Rhine, even larger than Rhine's contribution of 440 m3/s (16,000 cu ft/s) at their confluence in Koblenz; Waal - 1,500 m3/s (53,000 cu ft/s) as its main distributary)
- Rhône - 1,900 m3/s (67,000 cu ft/s)
- Dnieper - 1,700 m3/s (60,000 cu ft/s)
- - Sava - 1,609 m3/s (56,800 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
- Po - 1,460 m3/s (52,000 cu ft/s) (largest river in Italy)
- - Usa - 1,310 m3/s (46,000 cu ft/s) (major tributary of Pechora)
- - Oka - 1,258 m3/s (44,400 cu ft/s) (the longest right tributary of the Volga)
- - Vychegda - 1,160 m3/s (41,000 cu ft/s) (major left tributary of Northern Dvina)
- Vistula - 1,080 m3/s (38,000 cu ft/s)
- Don - 890 m3/s (31,000 cu ft/s)
- Mezen - 890 m3/s (31,000 cu ft/s)
- - Vyatka - 890 m3/s (31,000 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Kama, Volga)
- Loire - 889 m3/s (31,400 cu ft/s)
- - Tisza - 863 m3/s (30,500 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
- Elbe - 860 m3/s (30,000 cu ft/s)
- - Belaya - 858 m3/s (30,300 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Kama, Volga)
- - Svir - 790 m3/s (28,000 cu ft/s) (tributary of Neva, through Lake Onega)
- - Inn - 735 m3/s (26,000 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
- Douro - 720 m3/s (25,000 cu ft/s) (Most voluminous river in Iberian Peninsula)
- Glomma - 709 m3/s (25,000 cu ft/s) (Norway's longest and most voluminous river)
- Neman - 678 m3/s (23,900 cu ft/s)
- Göta älv - 575 m3/s (20,300 cu ft/s)
- Lule älv - 505 m3/s (17,800 cu ft/s)
- Ångermanälven - 500 m3/s (18,000 cu ft/s)
- Indalsälven - 445 m3/s (15,700 cu ft/s)
- Umeälven - 443 m3/s (15,600 cu ft/s)
- Kuban River - 430 m3/s (15,000 cu ft/s)
- Maritsa - 383 m3/s (13,500 cu ft/s)
- Meuse - 357 m3/s (12,600 cu ft/s)
- Dniester - 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s)
- - Neretva - 240 m3/s (8,500 cu ft/s)
- - Una - 240 m3/s (8,500 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
- - Great Morava - 232 m3/s (8,200 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
- Vardar - 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s)
- - Bosna - 163 m3/s (5,800 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
- - Vrbas - 132 m3/s (4,700 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
- - Drina - 124 m3/s (4,400 cu ft/s) (tributary of Sava, which is a tributary of the Danube)
- - Arda - 77 m3/s (2,700 cu ft/s) (tributary of Maritsa)
- Struma - 76 m3/s (2,700 cu ft/s)
- - Iskar - 54 m3/s (1,900 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
- - Yantra - 47 m3/s (1,700 cu ft/s) (tributary of the Danube)
- Mesta - 45 m3/s (1,600 cu ft/s)
- - Tundzha - 32 m3/s (1,100 cu ft/s) (tributary of Maritsa)
- Kamchiya - 26 m3/s (920 cu ft/s)
See also
edit- List of rivers of Asia
- List of rivers of Africa
- List of rivers of the Americas
- List of rivers of Oceania
- List of drainage basins by area
- List of rivers by discharge
- List of rivers by length
- List of European rivers with alternative names
- European river zonation
- Geography of Europe
- Latin names of European rivers
- Sionne (river)
Notes
edit- ^ Countries through which the river flows. Like the tributaries, these are ordered from mouth to source. The river's basin may cover more countries than listed here.
- ^ The 32 km Bolhshaya Kara is the longer of the two source rivers of the 257 km Kara proper
- ^ The 111 km Syadey-Yu is the longest source river of the 199 km Korotaikha.
- ^ Voronya (155 km) drains Lake Lovozero, which is fed by the Kurga (81 km) 15 km across. The systems starting with Maryok -Afanasiya (62 km, with a 30 km crossing) and Tsaga (45 km, with a 48 km crossing) are nearly the same length.
- ^ The Lutto (Lotta in Russian; 190 km) flows into Lake Onozero, which, after a 66 km minimal crossing, is drained by Tuloma (64 km).
- ^ Karashoka (166 km) and Inarijoki (153 km) join to form the 200 km long Tana River.
- ^ Discharge reduced to 95 m3/s since the building of a reservoir
- ^ a b A single river with different names along its stretch.
- ^ The Vltava (431 km) joins the Elbe 833 km above its mouth in the North Sea. The length and catchment area of the river include the estuary until Cuxhaven, where the estuary is 15 km wide, but the nautical channel only 400 m.
- ^ The length and catchment area of the Elbe includes the estuary until Cuxhaven, where the estuary is 15 km wide, but the nautical channel only 400 m.
- ^ The Spree (382 km) joins the Havel (334 km) 178 km before that reaches the Elbe.
- ^ The "Vereinigte Mulde" (124 km) originates from the confluence of the Zwickauer Mulde (166 km) and Freiberger Mulde (124 km).
- ^ The Vltava proper (377 km) is formed by the confluence of the Studená (Cold) Vltava (8.3 km) and the Warm Vltava (54.3 km)
- ^ The 451 km Weser originates at the confluence of the 300 km Werra and the 220 km Fulda. The Weser and Werra originally had the same name (Wesera). The length and basin area include the Innere Außenweser, a channel through the estuary that is exposed at low tide.
- ^ The Leine (281 km) joins the Aller (260 km) 52 km before that reaches the Weser.
- ^ The length and catchment area include the river channel through the Dollard and Ems estuary, both mostly dry at low tide, up to Eemshaven.
- ^ With Zwarte Meer and Ramsgeul, which lead to the Ketelmeer, the length would be 214 km and the basin 5,867 km2
- ^ The Oude IJssel (82 km, same length when starting from the larger Bocholter Aa or smaller Issel source rivers) flows into the 125-km IJssel 19 km below the IJssel's origin from the Nederrijn. The 106 km lower IJssel drains in the Ketelmeer, which is connected to the North Sea via the IJsselmeer and Wadden Sea. The upper IJssel was formed between the 600 and 900 CE as a distributary of the Rhine and provides 75% of the volume.
- ^ Basin area excludes the Meuse basin, which could be considered a tributary of the Rhine. The discharge is that for the Rhine just across the border in the Netherlands before it breaks up in its distributaries. The total discharge to the North Sea is considerably higher.
- ^ a b Distributary branch of the Rhine
- ^ The Alme (59 km) flows into the 220 km long Lippe 11 km below Lippe's source.
- ^ The Neger (20.5 km from both its Renau and Namenlose tributaries) flows into the Ruhr (219.3 km) 202.5 km before it runs into the Rhine.
- ^ 48 km Moselotte flows into the 544 km Moselle 43 km below Moselle's source.
- ^ The 63.1 km long Ohm, measured from the source of the Felda tributary, joins the 245.6 km long Lahn 58.7 km below the source of the Lahn
- ^ Regnitz (191.1 km from its most distant source) flows into the Main, 133.2 km below its most distant source, and 391.8 km before its mouth.
- ^ The White Main (51.7 km) and the longer but smaller Red Main (71.8 km) are the headwaters of the Main (473.2 km). This course has the highest volume at each following junction.
- ^ The Pegnitz, for the first 15 km known as Fichtenhohe, joins after 127.3 km with the Rednitz, itself 123.7 km long from its most distant source, to form the Regnitz. After a further 63.7 km the Regnitz flows into the Main.
- ^ Until 1904, when the Bergse Maas was created, the Meuse was a tributary of the Rhine. Because of further canalization in 1970 the Meuse could be considered a tributary of the Rhine again. The catchment area and length include the Haringvliet and Hollands Diep estuaries, which are riverine at low tide.
- ^ The length of the Scheldt traditionally includes the Westerschelde estuary, which is riverine at low tide [1]. The catchment area includes the complete delta (i.e. including the Oosterschelde), while the discharge is for that near Antwerp. Without the Westerschelde the length would be about 295 km. The source of the Leie may be a few km further upstream than the source of the Scheldt itself.
- ^ The traditional length of the Thames is 346 km measured from Thames Head to the very end of the Thames estuary at Foulness Point, past the Medway. The traditional catchment area of 12,935 km2 however is for a region above Gravesend and the Medway catchment area is not considered part of the Thames watershed. As a compromise, the given catchment area and length ends at the Medway (338 from Thames Head). The 25 km Churn joins the newborn Thames 3 km below its source to make the total length 360 km.
- ^ The catchment area and length exclude the Humber estuary and the River Don basin (1857 km2), which in 1628 was artificially diverted to Rivers Aire (and eventually Ouse) via the Dutch River, but in 1802 was reconnected to the Trent via the Stainforth and Keadby Canal. Discharge is 89.5 m3/s for 80% of the catchment area.
- ^ The catchment area and length exclude the Humber estuary, but the catchment area includes the River Don basin (1857 km2) (see River Trent).
- ^ Catchment area and discharge include that of River Earn but exclude the Firth of Tay. It's unclear if the Firth is included in the length.
- ^ The 1130 km long Vychegda joins the Northern Dvina 673 km from its mouth in the White Sea.
- ^ The Northern Dvina (744 km) originates at the confluence of the Sukhona (558 km) and the Yug (574 km). The Sukhona starts at the small lake Kubenskoye (a ≈15 km course), which is fed by the 368 km Kubena.
- ^ The 231 km long Mekhrenga joins the 188 km Yemtsa, 68 km before it reaches the Dvina.
- ^ The 477 km Ustya joins the 575 km Vaga 259 km before the Vaga flows into the Dvina.
- ^ The 574 km long Luza joins the Yug 35 km before the Yug merges with the Sukhona to form the Northern Dvina.
- ^ The name of this river changes from Kubena (368 km) to Sukhona (558 km) after the relatively small Lake Kubenskoye (a ≈15 km crossing).
- ^ Vozhega (140 km) runs into Lake Vozhe (<30 km straight crossing inflow to outflow), which is drained by the Svid (64 km), which flows into Lake Lacha (33 km long), where 416 km Onega originates.
- ^ The Segezha, 329 km from its most distant source, flows into Lake Vygozero 18 km away from where the Lower Vyg (88 km) drains it.
- ^ The 33 km long Umba flows in the 135 km Upper Vyg, 112 km before that flows into Lake Vegozero. This 80 km long lake is drained by the 88 km long Lower Vyg.
- ^ Talgiesdegi (48 km) joins Voloma (138 km) 113 km before that flows into Lake Segozero (mean flow 20 m3/s). This lake, crossed in a straight line in 35 km, is drained by the Segezha (59 km), which flows into Lake Vygozero (mean flow 74 m3/s).
- ^ Kem (18 km) and Čirka (16 km) form the headwaters of 220 km Čirka-Kem, which, confusingly, joins another much larger river named Kem 7 km below its origin from Kuyto Lake and 184 km before it streams into the White Sea.
- ^ Pistojoki (Pista in Russian; 110 km) feeds the ca. 98 km Kuyto Lakes chain, which, on the other side, is drained by the Kem (191 km).
- ^ River Kovda, flowing through many large lakes, has a given length of 233 km.[90] Kovda drains Lake Topozero from the northwest; at the very southeast of the lake, 76 and 79 km via a straight course, the small rivers Karango (16 km) and Kondoya (13 km) run in the lake and form the most distant sources of the river Kovda.
- ^ Niva drains Lake Imandra, the longest distance over the complex network of lakes and rivers above it is unclear, though it is over 200 km.
- ^ Abiskojokk (40 km) feeds lake Torneträsk, which is drained after a 55 km crossing by the Torne (470 km).
- ^ Lake Kilpisjärvi is drained, about 30 km from its headwater's most distant source, by Könkämäeno. The Gobmeatnu tributary, which joins just below the lake, perhaps has a slightly more distant source. Könkämäeno (90 km) and Lätäseno (60 km) join to form Muonio (230 km).
- ^ The southeastern end of the lake Rostojávri, some 26 km from its most distant source is drained by the 266 km long Rostoeatnu- Lainio river.
- ^ Peranganjoki → Alajoki (together well over 80 km) → Lake Kiantajärvi (50 km crossing) → Emäjoki → Iijärvi →Kiehimänjoki (these three 103 km together) → Oulujärvi (75 km course) → Oulujoki (107 km). The entire system above the lake Oulujärvi is also referred to as Hyrynsalmi.
- ^ The length of this system is a rough estimate. The Peranganjoki-Alajoki system (>> 80 km) feeds Kiantajärvi. After a 50 km course, this lake is drained by the 105 km long Emäjoki-Kiehimäjnoki watercourse, which feeds Oulujärvi. The entire system above this lake is also referred to as Hyrynsalmi. After a 75 km course through Oulujärvi, Oulujoki (107 km) takes the water to the Bothnian Bay.
- ^ Kokemäenjoki drains Kulovesi, the last of a large chain of lakes. The system starting with Keurusselkä, via Kuorevesi, Ruovesi, Palovesi, Näsijärvi, Tammerkoski, Pyhäjärvi, and Nokianvirta to Kulovesi is the central course, but its total length is tricky to define.
- ^ The 204 km Kymi river drains Lake Päijänne, which 120 km further north near Jyväskylä is fed from a network of lakes further north. The sources that feed the lake Koivujärvi are the most distant for Kymi. From there, the shortest route over the so called Rautalampi route (including lakes Pielavesi, Nilakka, Iisvesi, Kiesimä, Konnevesi, Kynsivesi, and Kuusvesi) and via Saraavesi and Leppävesi to Päijänne is 230 km.
- ^ The 844 km Volkhov system flows into Lake Ladoga ≈92 km (shortest course) from where the Neva (74 km) drains it.
- ^ The 806 km long Pielisjoki system flows into the northeastern end of lake Saimaa. A ≈260 km course through this complex lake leads to the 156 km Vuoksi exit.
- ^ Murdoyoki (41 km) → Roukkulanjärvi (27 km) → Omelianjoki (7 km) → Torosozero -Leksozero (44 km) → Sula River (21 km) → Sula lake (7 km) → Lieksanjoki (132 km) → Pielinen Lake (44 km) → Pielisjoki (67 km) → Saimaa. The watershed area is a rough guess.
- ^ The 358 km-long Vodla system feeds into Lake Onega. After a 96 km crossing, 224 km-long Svir drains this lake into Lake Ladoga.
- ^ Olova (42 km) joins Ileksa (155 km) 135 km before that flows into Lake Vodlozero. After a 32 km direct crossing, this lake is drained by the Vodla (149 km).
- ^ The Volkov river (224 km) drains Lake Ilmen from the delta of the 620-km Msta-Tsna system.
- ^ Tsna (160 km) flows into Lake Mstino, which after 15 km is drained by 445 km Msta.
- ^ The 192 km Oredezh joins the Luga 191 km upstream from the sea
- ^ Väike Emajõgi (82 km) feeds the lake Võrtsjärv. After a 35 km crossing, Võrtsjärv is drained by Suur Emajõgi (101 km)
- ^ The Pededze (159 km) flows into the Alviekste 22 km below Alviekste's source in Lake Lubāns and 95 km before it drains into the Daugava.
- ^ The 264 km long Lyna/Lava joins the Pregolya 72 km before it reaches the sea
- ^ The Angrapa (ca 170 km) is the longest source river of the Pregolya (123 km). The 89 km Gołdapa joins the Angrapa ca 100 km before the formation of Pregolya.
- ^ HydroBasins data support the 264 km estimate by the Polish source over the 289 km estimate by the Russian source.
- ^ The 772 km long Western Bug merges with the Narew and after a further 38 km flows into the Vistula 401 km above that river's discharge in the Baltic Sea. Though shorter, the Vistula has twice as high a volume at the meeting point.
- ^ The commonly quoted 194,424 km2 catchment area probably includes coastal waters.
- ^ The 772 km Bug joins the Narew 38 km before its confluence with the Vistula. The 38 km joined stretch used to be and locally still is known as Bugo-Narew.
- ^ Hydrologically and historically, the Narew is a tributary of the Bug, but by a decree of the Polish regime in 1962 the roles were reversed.
- ^ The 808 km Warta joins the 854 km Oder 237 km above the Oder's mouth.
- ^ Canalization reduced the length of the Oder from ca 1040 km to the current 854 km.
- ^ A 102 km long estuary is excluded from the length and catchment area; this estuary has a basin of 15,700-16,800 km2.
- ^ The Three Sisters are the rivers Suir (184 km), Barrow (192 km) and Nore (140 km). Nore flows into Barrow, which 20 km later joins the Suir to form the estuary named Waterford Harbour
- ^ Length and catchment area include the Mersey estuary, which constricts to 1 km width before entering the Irish Sea. River Mersey originates at the confluence of the 30 mile (ca 48 km) long River Tame and River Goyt
- ^ The 516 km long Marne flows into the larger Seine 361 km before it drains in the English Channel.
- ^ Seine's catchment area (75,374 km2)[139] excludes the Crique de Rouen estuary; this would add another ≈2800 km2, including the Risle river basin
- ^ The Aire (125 km) flows into the larger Aisne (356 km) 121 km below its source. The Aisne joins the smaller Oise about 94 km before it drains in the Seine.
- ^ The Loir (317.4 km) flows in the Sarthe (314 km). 9.2 km later the Sarthe joins the Mayenne to form the short Maine river, which flows into the Loire after just 11.5 km.
- ^ The 380 km Tarn flows into the Garonne about 230 km before it meets the ocean. As both its volume and catchment area are larger, the Tarn is hydrologically the upper part of the Garonne river.
- ^ Starting from the Ruda-Garona, the longest headwater of the Garonne. Length (54 km in Spain, 521 km in France) and catchment area exclude the Gironde estuary.
- ^ The 226 km Sil flows into the Minho about 135 km above the Minho reaches the ocean.
- ^ The commonly given 80,000+ km2 for the drainage area includes the 7740 km2 basin of the Sorraia, here treated as a primary river.
- ^ The 167 km Záncara joins the 155 km Cigüela (or Gigüela) and the 76 km Guadiana Alto in a trifurcation some 755 km before the Guadiana reaches the ocean. On some maps, the following 77 km are still called Cigüela. See the Spanish Guadiana article on the confusion in this river system.
- ^ The Guadiana Alto/Viejo source river is 76 km long.
- ^ Hydrologically the Guardiana Menor and its longest source river the Guardal (a.k.a. Barbata) form the true upper course of the Guadalquivir, which has a nominal length of 657 km. Barbata/Guardal - Guardiana Menor (206 km) meets the nominal Guadalquivir 138 km below its source.
- ^ The 453 km long Doubs joins the upper Saône to form the 171 km long Grand Saône, which flows into the Rhône 333 km above its mouth in the Mediterranean.
- ^ The furthest headstream of the Arno could be considered the 19th-century, 62 km Canale Maestro della Chiana that drains part of Valdichiana into the Arno about 30 km below its source for a total length of over 270 km. 306 km2 has been subtracted from the HydroBasins area for the endorheic Lake Trasimeno.
- ^ The Tanaro (285 km including its Negrone source river) joins the Po 234 km below its source. A competing longest stretch is 691 km starting from the Maira. (see Po (river) for references and discussion)
- ^ The 9 km Negrino is the longer source stream of the 276 km Tanaro.
- ^ Hydrologically, this is one river with the upper courses of the Rienz, Eisack and Adige/Etsch as tributaries, as it forms the longest course and has the largest discharge at each junction. The ca 130 km long Ahr->Rienz->Eisack originating under the Dreiherrnspitze joins the 409 km long Adige/Etch 103 km below the latter's nominal source.
- ^ The 17 km long Karlinbach, originating under the Weißkugel, flows into the Reschensee, about 5 km below the official source under the Reschen Pass of the 409 km long Adige/Etsch.
- ^ The Trebišnjica enters the Hutovo Blato marshland in Bosnia through a complex underground karst system. From here a portion of its waters continues the 9 km long Krupa to join the Neretva. Other portions appear as outlets on the coast, e.g. in Neum in Bosnia, in Slano and most significantly near Dubrovnik in Croatia as the 30 m short Ombla river into the Rijeka Dubrovačka ria.
- ^ The Drin (343 km from its most distant source) drains partly in the Adriatic, but the main channel, called Drinasa, joins the 44 km Bojana 3 km after that emerges from Lake Skadar.
- ^ The Sateska (38 km) flows into the Black Drin (149 km) less than 4 km after Black Drin's emergence from Lake Ohrid. Black Drin meets White Drin 145 km later to form the Drin proper (160 km). The drainage area (but not the length) includes the 1394 km2 Lake Prespa basin, which drains underground through very porous karst mountains into Lake Ohrid.
- ^ The 132 km long Treska flows into the Vardar about 261 km above its mouth in the Aegean Sea.
- ^ The often-mentioned 17,323 km2 drainage area is much too large, as the total area drained by the Meriç (including Ergene) in Turkey is only 14,560 km2.
- ^ Including the 46 km Breg headstream
- ^ The most distant source for the Prut may be via the 167 km Cheremosh tributary.
- ^ Siret length estimates range from 559 km to 726 km. The shorter length is supported by HydroBasins data.
- ^ The 237 km-long Dâmbovița forms at the confluence of 8 km Valea Vladului and 6.5 km Valea Otic .
- ^ Hydrologically, this is a single river, as it follows at both junctions the river with the greatest length, drainage area and average discharge. The Great Morava (185 km) is formed by the merger of the West and South Morava. The 276 km Ibar joins the West Morava 89 km before it becomes the Great Morava.
- ^ Drainage area is hard to estimate due to the connectivity of the karst system. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (87197 km2) as it excludes local basins connected as such.
- ^ The 140 km Tara is the larger and longer of the two source rivers of the 346 km Drina. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (18820 km2) as it excludes local basins connected underground via the karst system.
- ^ Drainage area is hard to estimate due to the connectivity of the karst system. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (8076 km2) as it excludes local basins connected underground as such.
- ^ The 415 km Someș joins the Tisza 696 km before its mouth in the Danube.[2] The average discharge is that measured at Szeged, which is higher than at places downstream.
- ^ The Tisza used to be 1,419 km long, but through canalization between 1846 and 1880 was reduced to its current length of 966 km. The average discharge is for that at Szeged, where it is higher than at places downstream.
- ^ Average discharge as measured at Arad, where it is higher than at places downstream.
- ^ The 286 km Hornád river joins the 229 km Sajó 32 km before the latter streams into the Tisza.
- ^ Latorica (188 km) and Ondava (147 km) join to form the Bodrog (67 km)
- ^ At the junction 47 km from its nominal source, the upper Drau is in every hydrological aspect a tributary of the Isel. The longer Isel, 65 km from the Schwarzach source under the Rötspitze, continues straight, is on average almost 3x larger in volume, and drains twice as large a basin. Below the junction the Drau/Drava is 663 km long.
- ^ Zala (139 km) is the longest and primary inflow of Lake Balaton. 70 km across, Balaton is drained by the 121 km Sió, a water course created in the 3rd century CE.
- ^ The 78 km Schwarza is the longest source river of the 180 km Leitha.
- ^ The 311 km Thaya flows into the Morava 91 km before it joins the Danube
- ^ The Austrian a.k.a. German Thaya (76 km) joins the Moravian Thaya (68 km) to form Thaya proper (235 km). The catchment area of 12,772 km2 given in the source[194] accidentally excludes the Kyjovka tributary.
- ^ Leutascher Ache (30 km) joins the Isar (291.5 km) 26.1 km below its source.
- ^ The Breitach (24.3 km from Turabach source) joins with the Trettach (15.6 km) to form the Iller (146 km).
- ^ The Southern Bug is 857 km long when including its liman; the given drainage area does include the Inhul, which empties in this liman.
- ^ Vovcha (323 km) joins the Samara 222 km below its source and 98 km before their discharge in the Dnieper.
- ^ 327 km Uday flows into the Sula (363 km) about 120 km above Sula merges into the Dnieper.
- ^ The 659 km Horyn joins the Pripyat 395 km above its confluence with the Dnieper
- ^ The 520 km Voronezh (starting from the Polnoy Voronezh source) flows into the Don 1403 above its mouth in the Sea of Azov
- ^ Kalaus (436 km) is the upstream section of Manych (nominally 420 km); Kalaus used to split up into the (West) Manych and East Kanych, but the east branch has been dammed off. The 78 km long Yankul joins the Kalaus 365 km before it changes its name to Manych.
- ^ The 218 km long Yelan joins the 249 km Tersa 108 km before Tersa flows into the Medveditsa
- ^ The Serdoba (160 km) joins the Khopyor (979 km) 128 km after Khopyor's source
- ^ The Chembar (119 km including the upper Chembar) joins the Vorona (454 km) 392 km before the Vorona flows into the Khopyor.
- ^ The 178 km Polnoy Voronezh joins the 164 km Lesnoy Voronezh to form the 342 km Voronezh proper
- ^ Length includes the Ullukam source river, which at its confluence with Uchkulan forms the Kuban.
- ^ The 22 km Bolshoy Pshish is the longer source river of the 258 km Pshish proper
- ^ The discharge below the reservoir is reduced to 40 m3/s
- ^ Discharge is that for the north and south arm of the delta combined.
- ^ Many other sources, e.g. [2], give a 1515 km length, but this is not supported by the HydroBasins data.
- ^ Many other sources, e.g. [3], give a 1264 km length, but this is not supported by the HydroBasins data. The combined length of the Araks-lower Kura system is nearly as long as the Kura itself.
- ^ The discharge is for the middle part of the river; at the mouth it is only 9.8 m3/s due to agricultural use and divergence of water towards the Tbilisi reservoir. Before the completion of the Mingachevir reservoir it was a tributary of the Alazani.
- ^ In Georgia, the Pirikiti Alazani (44 km) and Tushetis Alazani (48 km) form the Andi Koysu, which 144 km later joins the Avar Koysu (178 km) to form the 169 km long Sulak River.
- ^ The Oka River, 1559 km starting from the Uperta source river, joins the Volga 1299 km below its source and 2231 km before its discharge in the Caspian Sea.
- ^ The 1967 km Kama (1805 km river and 162 km fairway through a full Kuybyshev Reservoir) joins the Volga 1804 km above the mouth. The Kama has a nearly identical mean discharge and length as the Volga (it may have been significantly longer before the reservoirs were created),[259] while unlike the Volga it doesn't change direction at the meeting point, so that hydrologically the Volga could be considered a tributary of the Kama.
- ^ Akhtuba is a distributary of Volga that flows parallel to it, joining at multiple places.
- ^ Before the filling of the Volgograd Reservoir in 1961, the Yeruslan was at least 400 km long and had a catchment area of more than 12,000 km2.
- ^ Bolshaya Glushitsa (65 km) joins Bolshoy Irgiz (675 km) 61 km below its source
- ^ Chernava (75 km) joins Maly Irgiz (235 km) 48km below its source.
- ^ Includes the 14 km Su-Elga source stream
- ^ Bitkul (34 km) joins Tok (306 km) 28 km below its source.
- ^ Before the filling of the Kuybyshev Reservoir in 1957, the Cheremshan was at least 440 km long and had a catchment area of more than 15,300 km2.
- ^ The catchment area and length include the Kama-derived part of the Kuybyshev Reservoir. At full capacity, the reservoir extends to the junction with the Vyatka, shortening Kama as a river to 1805 km. Before the creation of the four large reservoirs in its course, the Kama was 2030 km long up to the junction with the Volga.[259]
- ^ 56 km Lesnaya Sheshma joins 259 km Sheshma proper 47 km below Sheshma's source
- ^ The 96 km Belaya source river joins the 1314 km Vyatka 92 km below Vyatka's source.
- ^ 107 km Ut joins the 270 km Kilmez 188 km before Kilmez flows into Vyatka
- ^ Palomka (44 km) joins the Moloma (419 km) 28 km below Moloma's source
- ^ 127 km Loza joins the 501 km Cheptsa 102 km below Cheptsa's source
- ^ The 91 km Tyatep joins the 535 km Dyoma 70 km below Dyoma's source.
- ^ The 549 km long Ay joins the Ufa 382 km before that flows in to the Belaya.
- ^ The 307 km Inzer joins the 239 km Sim just 6 km before that flows into the Belaya. Before their junction, Sim's discharge is >48 m3/s and Inzer's is 51 to 67 m3/s, but the 6 km joined stretch is named Sim.
- ^ Includes the catchment area of the Sylva tributary. Since the building of the Kama Hydroelectric Station both rivers now feed into an arm of the Kama Reservoir.
- ^ Typyl (68 km) joins Kosva (238 km), 53 km below the source of the Kosva.
- ^ a b c Drainage area but not the length includes the reservoir arm derived from the river.
- ^ Kolva (460 km) joins the Vishera (415 km) just 34 km before the Vishera streams into the Kama.
- ^ Discharge unknown; calculated from the fraction of the Vishera basin comprised by the Kolva basin.
- ^ The 234 km Glukhaya Vilva joins the 176 km Yazva 38 km before that flows into the Vishera.
- ^ The 41 km Malaya Sviyaga joins the 375 km Sviyaga 37 km after the latter's source.
- ^ The 219 km Vokhma joins the 889 km Vetluga, 207 km below Veluga's source
- ^ The Kadada (153 km from its Tahtala source) joins the 841 km Sura 137 km below the source of the Sura itself.
- ^ The 70 km Cheka joins the 436 km Pyana 53 km below its source.
- ^ The 168 km Cheka joins the 296 km Alatyr 160 km below the source of the Alatyr itself.
- ^ The 63 km long Uperta joins the 345 km Upa 52 km below its source. Upa then flows into the 1504 km-long Oka 1203 km before the Oka joins the Volga.
- ^ Azyas (40 km) joins Moksha (656 km) 36 km below Moksha's source
- ^ Osinovka (37 km) joins Tsna (451 km) 31 km below Tsna's source.
- ^ The 145 km Ruza joins the 473 km long Moskva 342 km before the Moskva flows into the Oka. Before canalization, the Moskva itself was 502 km long
- ^ The 64 km Demina joins the 399 km Ugra 27 km below its source.
- ^ The 63 km Uperta joins the 345 km Upa 293 km before that joins the Oka.
- ^ The 426 km long Unzha originates at the confluence of the 105 km long Kema and 89 km long Lyndonga rivers.
- ^ The Sheksna was about 700 km long and had a catchment area of ca 39,000 km2 before the creation of the Rybinsk Reservoir in 1947.
- ^ The 184 km long Suda originates from the confluence of the Noshema (77 km) and the Koloshma (68 km)
- ^ The Mologa was about 700 km long and had a catchment area of over 37,000 km2 before the creation of the Rybinsk Reservoir in 1947.
- ^ The 146 km long Lid joins the 242 km Chagodoshcha 140 km before it flows into the Mologa.
- ^ The average discharge is measured at stations in the upper part of the river.
- ^ Discharge unknown; calculated from the fraction of the Ilek basin comprised by the Khobda basin.
References
edit- ^ Planul de management al spațiului hidrografic Siret, Administrația Națională Apele Române
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe, Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders : First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters [permanent dead link ], United Nations Publications, 2007] and "ECE Second Assessment" (PDF). Economic Commission for Europe. (note: large pdf file)
- ^ HydroBASINS at the HydroSHEDs website
- ^ "Kara". SWRR.
- ^ "Korotaikha". SWRR.
- ^ "Pechora". SWRR.
- ^ "Pechora At Oksino". R-ArcticNet.
- ^ "Sula (Pechora)". SWRR.
- ^ "Shapkina". SWRR.
- ^ "Tsilma". SWRR.
- ^ "Pizhma (Komi Republic)". SWRR.
- ^ "Izhma". SWRR.
- ^ "Izhma At Izhma". R-ArcticNet.
- ^ "Laya". SWRR.
- ^ "Usa (Komi Republic)". SWRR.
- ^ "Kolva (Usa)". SWRR.
- ^ "Adzva". SWRR.
- ^ "Kosyu". SWRR.
- ^ "Bolshaya Rogovaya". SWRR.
- ^ "Shchugor". SWRR.
- ^ "Ilych". SWRR.
- ^ "Voronya"., "Lake Lovozero". and "Kurga". SWRR.
- ^ "Tuloma". SWRR.
- ^ "Patso-Yoky At GES Rayakosky". R-ArcticNet.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Nilsson, Reidy, Dynesius and Revenga (2005). "Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World's Large River Systems" (PDF). Science. 308 (5720): 405–408. Bibcode:2005Sci...308..405N. doi:10.1126/science.1107887. PMID 15831757. S2CID 34820022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Provides the "Virgin mean annual discharge[, which] refers to the most water-rich river channel section, in most cases close to the estuary, before any significant direct human manipulation" for a number of primary rivers. - ^ a b c d e "Icelandic Statistics". National Land Survey of Iceland. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ a b c "Län och huvudavrinnings- områden i Sverige" (PDF). Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-28. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ Jacobus Hofstede. "Elbe Estuary" (PDF). Eurosion.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Michael Bergemann (2015). "Gesamtliste der Fließgewässer im Elbeeinzugsgebiet" (PDF). Behörde für Umwelt und Energie. (802 kb PDF)
- ^ a b c d e f Flusssystem der Weser (German wikipedia article with many official sources)[circular reference]
- ^ a b c d e f g "Riverine Inputs and Direct Discharges to Convention Waters"., OSPAR Contracting Parties’ RID 2011 Data Report. Long-Term Average discharge (in 1000m3/day) and some catchment area data are in Annex 5, pp 68-76 (PDF file)
- ^ a b c d Basin area from Nordrhein-Westfalen Flussgebietsverzeichnis (MS Excel; 2,3 MB)
- ^ Hydrological trends IJsselmeer (in Dutch)
- ^ Beheersgebied Oude Ijssel Archived 2022-05-24 at the Wayback Machine (in Dutch)
- ^ a b c See the references in the German wikipedia article de:Flusssystem der Mosel[circular reference]
- ^ a b c d e f g "Bach- und Flussgebiete in Bayern". Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt.
- ^ See the references in the German wikipedia article de:Flusssystem des Neckar[circular reference]
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Ill (A---0030)".
- ^ a b c "Hydrological Atlas of Switzerland - Characteristics of Basins". 1992.
- ^ H.E.J. Berger, A.L. Mugie, Hydrologische systeembeschrijving Maas, Den Haag 1994
- ^ a b c "International Scheldt river basin district" (PDF).
- ^ References in nl:Stroomgebied van de Schelde[circular reference]
- ^ Bailey, David (15 May 2012). "Could the River Thames be longer than the River Severn?". BBC News.
- ^ Discharge extrapolated from Ely Ouse at Denver Complex gauging station.
- ^ Trent at North Muskham gaugin station
- ^ Discharge extrapolated from Aire at Beal Weir, Ouse at Skelton, Derwent at Stamford Bridge, and Wharfe at Tadcaster gauge stations
- ^ "Tweed Forum Catchment Facts". Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ Discharge extrapolated from Tweed at Norham and Whiteadder Water at Hutton Castle gauging stations.
- ^ Discharge extrapolated from Tay at Ballathie, Earn at Forteviot Bridge, and Almond at Almondbank gauging stations.
- ^ Spey at Boat o Brig gauging station
- ^ "Mezen". SWRR.
- ^ "Pyoza". SWRR.
- ^ "Peza At Igumnovo". R-ArcticNet. (at 80% of drainage area)
- ^ "Vashka". SWRR.
- ^ "Kuloy (White Sea)". SWRR.
- ^ a b "Northern Dvina". SWRR.
- ^ "Pinega". SWRR.
- ^ "Yula". SWRR.
- ^ "Yemtsa". SWRR.
- ^ "Vaga". and "Ustya". SWRR.
- ^ "Vaga". SWRR.
- ^ "Ustya". SWRR.
- ^ "Kokshenga". SWRR.
- ^ "Vychegda". SWRR.
- ^ "Viled". SWRR.
- ^ "Yarenga". SWRR.
- ^ "Vym". SWRR.
- ^ "Yolva". SWRR.
- ^ "Yelva At Meshura". R-ArcticNet.
- ^ "Sysola". SWRR.
- ^ "Susola At Pervomaisky". R-ArcticNet.
- ^ "Lokchim". SWRR.
- ^ "Vishera (Komi Republic)". SWRR.
- ^ "Nem". SWRR.
- ^ "Yug". and "Luza". SWRR.
- ^ "Yug". SWRR.
- ^ "Yug At Gavrino". R-ArcticNet.
- ^ "Luza". SWRR.
- ^ "Sukhona". SWRR.
- ^ "Onega"., "Svid". and "Vozhega". SWRR.
- ^ "Onega At Porog". R-ArcticNet.
- ^ "Onega". SWRR.
- ^ "Voloshka". SWRR.
- ^ "Lower Vyg".
- ^ "Nyzhny Vig (Soroka) At Vigostrov". R-ArcticNet.
- ^ "Lower Vyg". and "Upper Vyg". SWRR.
- ^ "Segezha". and "Voloma". SWRR.
- ^ "Kem". and "Čirka-Kem". SWRR.
- ^ "Kem". and "Pista". SWRR.
- ^ a b "Kovda". SWRR.
- ^ "Valasreka". SWRR.
- ^ "Niva". SWRR.
- ^ "Varzuga". SWRR.
- ^ "Ponoy". SWRR.
- ^ "Ponoy At Ponoy". R-ArcticNet.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Statistik om älvar". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11.
- ^ "Hydropower Hotspots in the Baltic Sea Catchment Area" (PDF). Coalition Clean Baltic. March 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ a b "Neva". SWRR.
- ^ "Vuoksi". SWRR.
- ^ "Svir".
- ^ "Oyat". SWRR.
- ^ "Shuya (Karelia)". SWRR.
- ^ "Suna". SWRR.
- ^ "Vodla"., "Ileksa". SWRR. and "Олова". SWRR.
- ^ "Syas". SWRR.
- ^ "Volkhov". SWRR.
- ^ "Msta". and "Tsna". SWRR.
- ^ "Pola". SWRR.
- ^ "Lovat". SWRR.
- ^ "Shelon". SWRR.
- ^ "Luga". and "Oredezh". SWRR.
- ^ "Luga". SWRR.
- ^ "Plyussa". SWRR.
- ^ "Velikaya". SWRR.
- ^ "Эмайыги". GSE.
- ^ "River Pärnu, Estonia" (PDF). Partnership for European Environmental Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ Alviekste basin (in Latvian)
- ^ "Pregolya". and "Lava". SWRR.
- ^ "Pregolya". and "Angrapa". SWRR.
- ^ "Łyna". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ "Laba". SWRR.
- ^ a b "Vistula". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ "Wkra". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ "Narew". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ "Western Bug". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ "Pilica". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ "Wieprz". Rzeki Polski. & mean flow of Wieprz
- ^ "San". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ "Dunajec". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ a b Piotr Kowalczak (2006). "Flood Risk Management in the Odra Basin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ "Noteć". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ "Transnational Pilot River Basin: Lusatian Neisse" (PDF).
- ^ "Bóbr". Rzeki Polski.
- ^ Discharge extrapolated from Clyde at Daldowie, Kelvin at Killermont, White Cart Water at Hawkhead, and Black Cart Water at Milliken Park gauge stations
- ^ South Eastern River Basin District Management System Physical Description Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Mersey Gateway Project - Hydrodynamics and Estuarine Processes" (PDF).
- ^ "Wye". UK Environmental Change Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ Discharge extrapolated from Severn at Haw Bridge, Leadon at Wedderburn Bridge, and Frome at Ebley Mill gauge stations
- ^ a b c Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Seine (----0010)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Eure (H4--0200)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Oise (H---0100)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - L'Aisne (H1--0200)". and Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - L'Aire (H11-0400)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Marne (F---0100)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Yonne (F3--0200)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Aube (F1--0200)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Vilaine (J---0060)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Loire (----0000)".
- ^ "La Loire à Saint-Nazaire". Archived from the original on 2021-12-26. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Maine (M4--0190)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Mayenne (M---0090)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Sarthe (M---0060)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Loir (M1--0160)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Vienne (L---0060)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Creuse (L---0070)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Indre (K7--0260)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Cher (K---0090)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Allier (K---0080)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Charente (R---0000)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Dordogne (P---0000)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Isle (P---0150)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Vézère (P---0100)".
- ^ a b Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Garonne (O---0000)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Lot (O---0150)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Tarn (O---0100)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Aveyron (O5--0250)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Ariège (O1--0250)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Adour (Q---0000)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Gave de Pau (Q---0100)".
- ^ "Tagus Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ a b "Ríos y Arroyos importantes". Confederacion Hidrografica del Guadiana.
- ^ Delgado, F., Raya, E. y Nania, L. (2015): Determinación del cauce principal de un río mediante herramientas SIG y análisis multicriterio: aplicación al río Guadalquivir. En Simposio del Agua en Andalucía (SIAGA). Málaga.
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Aude (Y1--0200)".
- ^ "Rhône Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Rhône (V---0000)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Durance (X---0000)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Isère (W---0000)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Saône (U---0000)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Doubs (U2--0200)".
- ^ Sandre. "Fiche cours d'eau - Ain (V2--0200)".
- ^ "Po Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ a b "Zustand der Südtiroler Fließgewässer" (PDF). Südtiroler Landesverwaltung.
- ^ a b c "The coastline of Albania : morphology, evolution and coastal management issues" (PDF). ciesm.org. p. 8.
- ^ Georgi Zhelezov, Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions: Southeastern Europe, Springer, 2015
- ^ "Maritsa Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2018-05-28. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ "Ergene river basin protection plan" (PDF). Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs.
- ^ Biogeography and Ecology of Bulgaria. Springer Science & Business Media. 2007. ISBN 9781402044175.
- ^ "Prut". IEU.
- ^ "Ecological state assessment of the Upper Dambovita River basin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
- ^ Danube Basin station Sremska Mitrovica
- ^ a b c d "Danube Watershed". Rivers Network. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ a b c "Sava River Basin Flood Study: HEC-HMS Technical Documentation Report" (PDF). 2017.
- ^ "Serbian part of the Sava river basin" (PDF).
- ^ a b c Joint Drava River Corridor Analysis Report Archived 2016-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, 27 November 2014
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Das Flächenverzeichnis - die Ordnung unserer Gewässer". Bundesministerium für Land - und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft.
- ^ "Der Inn und sein Einzugsgebiet" (PDF).
- ^ "Dniester". IEU.
- ^ "Southern Bug". IEU.
- ^ "Inhul". IEU.
- ^ "Synyukha". IEU.
- ^ "Synyukha". GSE.
- ^ "Inhulets". GSE.
- ^ "Samara". GSE.
- ^ "Vovcha". GSE.
- ^ "Vorskla". IEU.
- ^ "Psel". IEU.
- ^ "Khorol". IEU.
- ^ a b "Sula". IEU. & "Сула (река, приток Днепра)". GSE.
- ^ a b "Udai". IEU. & "Удай)". GSE.
- ^ "Ros". IEU.
- ^ "Desna". IEU.
- ^ "Snov". GSE.
- ^ "Seim". IEU.
- ^ "Teteriv". IEU.
- ^ "Pripyat". GSE.
- ^ "Uzh". IEU.
- ^ "Ptsich". GSE.
- ^ "Ubort". GSE.
- ^ "Horyn". IEU.
- ^ "Southern Sluch". IEU. Archived from the original on 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ "Styr". GSE.
- ^ "Sozh". GSE.
- ^ "Iput". GSE.
- ^ "Besed". GSE.
- ^ "Ostyor". GSE.
- ^ "Berezina". GSE.
- ^ "Drut". GSE.
- ^ a b "Don". SWRR.
- ^ "Manych". and "Kalaus". SWRR.
- ^ "Yegorlyk". SWRR.
- ^ "Sal (Russia)". SWRR.
- ^ "Donets". SWRR.
- ^ "Kalitva". SWRR.
- ^ "Aidar". SWRR.
- ^ "Oskol". SWRR.
- ^ "Chir". SWRR.
- ^ "Ilovlya". SWRR.
- ^ "Medveditsa (Don basin)". SWRR.
- ^ "Tersa (Medveditsa)". SWRR.
- ^ "Khopyor". and "Serdoba". SWRR.
- ^ "Buzuluk (Volgograd Oblast)". SWRR.
- ^ "Savala". SWRR.
- ^ "Vorona (Russia)". and "Chembar". SWRR.
- ^ "Bityug". SWRR.
- ^ "Voronezh". SWRR.
- ^ "Bystraya Sosna". SWRR.
- ^ a b c d Shalva Jaoshvili. "The rivers of the Black Sea" (PDF). European Environment Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ "Pshish". SWRR.
- ^ "Belaya (Kuban)". SWRR.
- ^ a b "Water quality in the Kura-Ara basin". UNDP. 2006. Archived from the original on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
- ^ "Alazani/Ganikh River Basin" (PDF). Swedish Royal Institute of Technology.
- ^ a b Rapid Assessment of the Rioni and Alazani-Iori River Basins of Georgia, 2011
- ^ "Sulak". SWRR.
- ^ "Terek". SWRR.
- ^ "Sunzha". SWRR.
- ^ "Malka". SWRR.
- ^ "Kuma (Russia)". SWRR.
- ^ a b c "Volga". SWRR.
Volgograd gauging station data Archived 2011-11-12 at the Wayback Machine - ^ a b c "Oka". SWRR.
- ^ a b Rivers of Europe, p. 61
- ^ a b "Kama". SWRR.
- ^ "Akhtuba (river)". SWRR.
- ^ "Yeruslan". SWRR.
- ^ "Tereshka". SWRR.
- ^ "Bolshoy Irgiz". SWRR.
- ^ "Maly Irgiz". and "ЧЕРНАВА". SWRR.
- ^ "Chapayevka". SWRR.
- ^ "Samara". SWRR.
- ^ "Bolshoy Kinel". SWRR.
- ^ "Tok". and "Bitkul". SWRR.
- ^ "Sok". SWRR.
- ^ "Kondurcha". SWRR.
- ^ "Bolshoy Cheremshan". SWRR.
- ^ "Sheshma". and "Lesnaya Sheshma". SWRR.
- ^ "Vyatka". SWRR.
- ^ "Kilmez". and "Ut River". SWRR.
- ^ "Pizhma (Vyatka basin)". SWRR.
- ^ "Moloma". SWRR.
- ^ "Чепца". and "Лоза". SWRR.
- ^ "Letka". SWRR.
- ^ "Kobra (Viatka)". SWRR.
- ^ "Ik". SWRR.
- ^ "Izh". SWRR.
- ^ "Belaya". SWRR.
- ^ "Bystry Tanyp". SWRR.
- ^ "Dyoma". SWRR.
- ^ "Ufa". and "Ay River". SWRR.
- ^ "Ufa". SWRR.
- ^ "Yuryuzan". SWRR.
- ^ "Ay". SWRR.
- ^ "Sim". and "Inzer". SWRR.
- ^ "Chusovaya". SWRR.
- ^ "Sylva". SWRR.
- ^ "Usva". SWRR.
- ^ "Kosva". and "Typyl". SWRR.
- ^ "Inva". SWRR.
- ^ "Yayva". SWRR.
- ^ a b "Vishera (Perm Krai)". SWRR.
- ^ "Kolva". SWRR.
- ^ "Kolva (Perm Krai)". SWRR.
- ^ "Yazva". and "Glukhaya Vilva". SWRR.
- ^ "Kosa". SWRR.
- ^ "Veslyana". SWRR.
- ^ "Sviyaga". SWRR.
- ^ "Bolshaya Kokshaga". SWRR.
- ^ "Vetluga". SWRR.
- ^ "Usta (Russia)". SWRR.
- ^ "Sura". and "Kadada". SWRR.
- ^ "Pyana". and "Cheka". SWRR.
- ^ "Alatyr". SWRR.
- ^ "Kerzhenets". SWRR.
- ^ a b "Upa". SWRR.
- ^ "Klyazma". SWRR.
- ^ "Nerl (Klyazma)". SWRR.
- ^ "Tyosha". SWRR.
- ^ "Moksha". and "АЗЯСЬ". SWRR.
- ^ "Tsna (Moksha basin)". and "Osinovka". SWRR.
- ^ "Pronya (Russia)". SWRR.
- ^ "Moskva". and "Ruza". SWRR.
- ^ "Protva". SWRR.
- ^ "Ugra (Oka)". and "Demina". SWRR.
- ^ "Unzha". SWRR.
- ^ "Neya". SWRR.
- ^ "Kostroma". SWRR.
- ^ "Sheksna". SWRR.
- ^ "Suda". and "Nozhema". SWRR.
- ^ "Mologa". SWRR.
- ^ "Chagodoshcha". and "Lid". SWRR.
- ^ "Medveditsa (Volga basin)". SWRR.
- ^ "Ural". SWRR.
- ^ "Chagan". SWRR.
- ^ "Ilek". SWRR.
- ^ "Bolshaya Khobda". SWRR.
- ^ "Sakmara". SWRR.
- ^ "Bolshoy Ik". SWRR.
- ^ "Or". SWRR.
- ^ "European Rivers". worldatlas.com. 29 April 2021.
- ^ "River Systems of the World". Archived from the original on 2009-09-19.
- ^ danube.panda.org/wwf/web/search/details.jsp?pid=139
- ^ Мезень (река). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012.
- SWRR = State Water Register of Russia; GSE = Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969–1978 edition; IEU = Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine.