Lubang Island is the largest among the seven islands in the Lubang Group of Islands, an archipelago situated to the northwest of the northern tip of the island of Mindoro in the Philippines. It is positioned approximately 40 kilometers west of Calatagan, Batangas, or 117 kilometers southwest of Manila. The Lubang Group of Islands is under the jurisdiction of the province of Occidental Mindoro and divided into two municipalities. The principal settlement is the town of Lubang, located at the northwest section and about 11 kilometers northwest of Tilik Port. The southeastern portion of the Lubang Island falls within the municipality of Looc, which also operates a port in a different area, specifically in Barangay Agkawayan. Lubang Group of Islands stands as a distinct geographical entity isolated from any landmass, rendering it biologically unique and also endangered.
 One of the beaches on Lubang island | |
  Lubang Island Location within the Philippines | |
| Geography | |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 13°46′3″N 120°11′10″E / 13.76750°N 120.18611°E |
| Archipelago | Lubang Group of Islands |
| Adjacent to | |
| Area | 125 km2 (48 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 610 m (2000 ft) |
| Highest point | Mount Ambonong |
| Administration | |
| Region | Mimaropa |
| Province | Occidental Mindoro |
| Municipalities | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 20,436 (as of 2020) |
| Additional information | |
 | |
Geography
editNorthwest to southeast the four main islands are Cabra, separated by a deep, 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) wide channel from Lubang Island, then Ambil to the northeast of Lubang and finally Golo. The three smaller islands are Talinas, Mandaui and Malavatuan.[1]
- Cabra, which is wholly under the barangay also named Cabra in the municipality of Lubang, is mostly wooded and about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long, rising to a height of about 60 metres (200 ft). It has a lighthouse at the northwest end of the island.[1][2]
- Lubang Island is about 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi), being over 25 kilometres (16 mi) in length and up to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) wide.[1] It is the 34th largest island in the Philippine archipelago.
- Ambil is an extinct volcanic island rising to over 760 metres (2,490 ft) and is about 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi) in area.[1] During the earlier part of the Spanish Colonial Era, Ambil was reported to be in eruption.[3] But when it was climbed by German scientist Carl Semper in the latter part of 19th century, he found no evidence that it has erupted in historical times.[4] It is the 93rd largest island in the Philippine archipelago. Together with the two smaller islands of Mandaui and Malavatuan, Ambil is administered under the barangay also named Ambil in the municipality of Looc.
- Golo Island is long, narrow and flat lying, and is about 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi) in area.[1] It is divided into two barangays of Looc: Bulacan and Talaotao.
History
editThe islands were originally settled by a proto-ethnic group that eventually developed into the present-day Tagalog.[1] The island people of Lubang were among the first in the Philippines to have trade contacts with Chinese traders, as the island was an entry point to what the Chinese then referred as "Ma-i" in their trade records.[5]
The Spanish built a fort on Lubang Island, the San Vicente Bastion, on the western point of the entrance to Tilik Port.[citation needed] In the late 19th century, the United States annexed the Philippines following the Spanish-American War.
After World War II, Lubang Island was where Hiroo Onoda, a Japanese army intelligence officer, and three associates hid in the jungles when the Allies reclaimed the Philippines. They engaged in continuous, and sometimes deadly, guerrilla warfare against the United States and later against Philippine Commonwealth troops and paramilitary police. One of the others surrendered, and two were killed over the decades. Although official flyers were dropped by airplanes in his hiding area, Onoda adamantly believed that the war was not over yet. In March 1974, he was officially relieved of duty by his former commanding officer, 29 years after the end of the war, making him one of the last Japanese soldiers to surrender.[6]
Two films, Onoda's War (2016), shot around Vigo, Burol, Agkawayan and Looc,[7] and Onoda: 10,000 Nights in the Jungle (2021) are about Onoda's time on Lubang. In addition, Werner Herzog wrote a novel about it, The Twilight World.[8]
Administration
editThe islands are administratively part of the province of Occidental Mindoro and are divided into two municipalities: Lubang and Looc. Lubang covers the northwestern half of Lubang Island (Cabra Island included), while Looc covers the remaining half of Lubang Island plus Ambil, Golo and the other islands. Looc Proper is divided into three major sections: BonBon, Gitna and Kanluran.[citation needed]
Economics
editMost of the population resides on Lubang Island, where Tilik Port is located. The main economic activity is fishing in the waters surrounding the islands and planting rice, garlic, peanut, and vegetables. However, with the islands fine white-sand coastlines, tourism is growing in economic importance.[citation needed]
Biodiversity
editThe Lubang forest mouse is endemic to the island.[9] The warty pigs in Lubang Island and its outlying islands may be a distinct species, making them very important to Philippine biodiversity and conservation. More research is needed to verify their species lineage. They were formerly found in most habitats (from sea level to up to 2800 m) but is now confined to remote forests due to loss of habitat and heavy hunting by noose traps or trigger set bullets.[10] The island is also home to a variety of myxomycetes or slime molds,[11][12] as well as the Philippine cobra[13] and the king cobra.[14] Some of the birds that can be found in the island include the oriental dwarf kingfisher, glossy swiftlet, mangrove blue flycatcher, white-throated kingfisher, Philippine bulbul, black-naped monarch, rufous paradise flycatcher, purple-throated sunbird, and lovely sunbird, among others.[15] The islands are also home to many insect species, some of which were recently identified.[citation needed] The waters of Lubang island and its outlying islands are also biodiverse. The islands converge with the Verde Island Passage.[16]
See also
edit- Hiroo Onoda, an imperial Japanese soldier in military campaign hiding out on Lubang Island till 1974, believing World War II had not ended.
Notes
edit- ^ a b c d e f Landor, Arnold Henry Savage (1904). The Gems of the East: Sixteen Thousand Miles of Research Travel Among Wild and Tame Tribes of Enchanting Islands, p. 10. Harper & Bros., New York. OCLC 1688191
- ^ Dow, John C. (1906). Philippine Islands Sailing Directions: Section II: Southwest and South Coasts of Luzon and Adjacent Islands from Manila to San Bernardino Straits (third edition), pp 19–20. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Manila.
- ^ Daubeny, Charles (1848). "A description of active and extinct volcanos, of earthquakes, and of thermal springs", p.399. Richard and John E. Taylor, London.
- ^ Becker, George F. (1901). "Report of the Geology of the Philippines", p.53. Government Printing Office, Wachington.
- ^ Villanueva, Zandro Vasquez (2009). Cultural Encounters and Transformation of Early Historical Polities on Lubang Island, the Philippines, Ca. A.D. 1200-1800 (PhD thesis). University of Arizona. pp. 109–110. hdl:10150/195058. OCLC 659752060, 1104354100.
- ^ Trefalt, Beatrice (October 1999). "A Straggler Returns: Onoda Hirō and Japanese Memories of the War". War & Society. 17 (2): 111–124. doi:10.1179/072924799791201470.
- ^ "Onoda's War". rhymelu.com. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- ^ "The Twilight World", Wikipedia, 2024-08-16, retrieved 2024-08-26
- ^ Heaney, Lawrence R.; Balete, Danilo S.; Veluz, Maria Josefa; Steppan, Scott J.; Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Pfeiffer, Andrew W.; Rickart, Eric A. (January 2014). "Two new species of Philippine forest mice (Apomys, Muridae, Rodentia) from Lubang and Luzon Islands, with a redescription of Apomys sacobianus Johnson, 1962". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 126 (4): 395–413. doi:10.2988/0006-324X-126.4.395. S2CID 49347286.
- ^ "Philippine Warty Pig articles - Encyclopedia of Life".
- ^ Macabago, S.A.B.; De la Cruz, T.E.E.; Stephenson, S.L. (2012). "First records of Myxomycetes from Lubang Island, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines". Sydowia. 64 (1): 109–118.
- ^ Macabago, Sab (2016). "Diversity and distribution of myxomycetes in coastal and mountain forests of Lubang Island, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines". Mycosphere. 7 (1): 18–29. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/7/1/2.
- ^ Sy, Emerson Y.; Balete, Danilo S. (September 2017). "Naja philippinensis (Northern Philippine Cobra): Philippines, Lubang Island". Herpetological Review. 48 (3): 590.
- ^ Sy, Emerson Y.; Torres, Roman (2019). "First record of King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah on Lubang Island, Philippines" (PDF). Southeast Asia Vertibrate Records: 62.
- ^ Peterson, A. Townsend (2007). "Three new records from Lubang island, Philippines". Forktail. 23: 149.
- ^ Williams, Gary C (2014). "The Three Research Components of the 2011 Hearst Biodiversity Expedition to the Philippines". In Gosliner, Terrence M.; Williams, Gary C. (eds.). The Coral Triangle: the 2011 Hearst Philippine Biodiversity Expedition. California Academy of Sciences. pp. 53–66. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.154474. ISBN 978-0-940228-75-7.
References
edit- Hiroo Onoda (1974) No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War Kodansha International, New York, ISBN 0-87011-240-6