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Ludwig Stumpfegger

Ludwig Stumpfegger (11 July 1910 – c. 2 May 1945) was a German doctor who served in the SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was Adolf Hitler's personal surgeon from 1944 to 1945, and was present in the Führerbunker in Berlin in late April 1945.

Ludwig Stumpfegger
Stumpfegger as a SS-Obersturmführer
Born(1910-07-11)11 July 1910
Munich, Bavaria, German Empire
Died2 May 1945(1945-05-02) (aged 34)
Lehrter Bahnhof, Berlin, Germany
AllegianceNazi Germany
Service / branchSchutzstaffel
Years of service1933–1945
RankObersturmbannführer
Battles / warsWorld War II

Early life and career

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Stumpfegger was born in Munich in Bavaria and had studied medicine from 1930 onwards. Stumpfegger joined the SS on 2 June 1933 and the Nazi Party on 1 May 1935. He initially worked as an assistant doctor under Professor Karl Gebhardt in the Hohenlychen Sanatorium, which specialised in sports accidents. As a result of this experience, he was part of the medical team, along with Gebhardt, at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin and the Winter Olympics of the same year in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. In August 1937 Stumpfegger obtained his doctor's degree.[1]

World War II

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After World War II began, the "Hohenlychen" was used by the SS. Under the supervision of Gebhardt, Dr. Fritz Fischer and Dr. Herta Oberheuser, he participated in medical experiments on women from the Ravensbrück concentration camp.[2] In November 1939 he transferred to the surgical department of the SS hospital in Berlin. He was transferred back to the "Hohenlychen" as adjutant to Gebhardt in March 1940. In April 1943 he was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannführer. On Himmler's recommendation, he was transferred to "Wolfsschanze" Führer headquarters as the resident doctor in October 1944.[1]

Berlin 1945 and death

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In 1945, Stumpfegger started working directly for Hitler in the Führerbunker in Berlin. By 29 April 1945, Stumpfegger had distributed brass-cased prussic acid capsules to any military adjutants, secretaries, and staff in the bunker who wished to kill themselves rather than be captured.[3] Some sources report that, as the Red Army advanced towards the bunker complex, Stumpfegger helped Magda Goebbels kill her children as they slept, before she and her husband Joseph Goebbels committed suicide on 1 May.[4][5]

On 30 April 1945, just before committing suicide, Hitler signed an order allowing bunker personnel to attempt to escape the approaching enemy forces. On 1 May, Stumpfegger left the bunker with a group that included Martin Bormann, Werner Naumann and Hitler Youth leader Artur Axmann.[6] At the Weidendammer Bridge, a Tiger tank spearheaded the first attempt by the Germans to cross the bridge, but the tank was hit and Bormann and Stumpfegger were "knocked over".[6] On the third attempt, made around 01:00, the group was able to cross the Spree.[6] Bormann, Stumpfegger, and Axmann walked along railroad tracks to Lehrter station, where Axmann decided to go alone in the opposite direction of the other two men,[7] but he encountered a Red Army patrol and doubled back. Axmann saw two bodies, which he later identified as Bormann and Stumpfegger, on a bridge near the railway switching yard, the moonlight clearly illuminating their faces.[7][8] He did not have time to determine what had killed them.[9]

Discovery of remains

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In 1963, a retired postal worker named Albert Krumnow told police that around 8 May 1945, the Soviets had ordered him and his colleagues to bury two bodies found near the railway bridge near Lehrter station. One was dressed in a Wehrmacht uniform and the other was clad only in his underwear.[10] Krumnow's colleague Wagenpfohl found an SS doctor's paybook on the second body identifying him as Dr. Ludwig Stumpfegger.[11] He gave the paybook to his boss, who turned it over to the Soviets. They in turn destroyed it. He wrote to Stumpfegger's wife on 14 August 1945 and told her that her husband's body was "... interred with the bodies of several other dead soldiers in the grounds of the Alpendorf in Berlin NW 40, Invalidenstrasse 63."[12]

Excavations in 1965 at the site specified by Axmann and Krumnow failed to locate the bodies,[13] but in 1972 construction uncovered human remains about 12 metres (39 feet) away from the prior excavation.[14] Fragments of glass found in the jawbones of both skeletons suggested that they had bitten cyanide capsules to avoid capture.[15][16] The size of one skeleton, and the shape of the skull, matched Bormann, as did dental records reconstructed from memory in 1945 by Dr. Hugo Blaschke.[14][15] The second skeleton was of similar height to Stumpfegger.[14] Composite photographs, where images of the skulls were overlaid on photographs of the two men's faces, were completely congruent.[15] Facial reconstruction was undertaken in early 1973 on both skulls to confirm the skeletal remains found in 1972 were Stumpfegger and Bormann.[17] Bormann's identity was further confirmed by DNA testing in 1999.[18]

Portrayals

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  • Thorsten Krohn played him in the 2004 German film Downfall.[19]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 290.
  2. ^ Helm 2015.
  3. ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 951–952.
  4. ^ Beevor 2002, pp. 380–381.
  5. ^ O'Donnell 2001, pp. 260–261.
  6. ^ a b c Beevor 2002, pp. 382–383.
  7. ^ a b Le Tissier 2010, p. 188.
  8. ^ Trevor-Roper 1992, p. 245.
  9. ^ Beevor 2002, p. 383.
  10. ^ Lang 1979, p. 417.
  11. ^ Whiting 1996, p. 200.
  12. ^ Whiting 1996, pp. 136–137.
  13. ^ Lang 1979, pp. 421–422.
  14. ^ a b c Whiting 1996, pp. 217–218.
  15. ^ a b c Lang 1979, p. 432.
  16. ^ Sweeting 2000, p. 278.
  17. ^ Lang 1979, p. 436.
  18. ^ Miller 2006, p. 154.
  19. ^ Der Untergang at IMDb  

Bibliography

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  • Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
  • Helm, Sarah (2015). If This Is A Woman: Inside Ravensbruck: Hitler's Concentration Camp for Women. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-748-11243-2.
  • Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth. Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.
  • Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
  • Lang, Jochen von (1979). The Secretary. Martin Bormann: The Man Who Manipulated Hitler. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-50321-9.
  • Le Tissier, Tony (2010) [1999]. Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-230-4.
  • Miller, Michael (2006). Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. ISBN 978-93-297-0037-2.
  • O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3.
  • Sweeting, C. G (2000). Hitler's Personal Pilot - The Life and Times of Hans Baur. Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-288-0.
  • Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-81224-3.
  • Whiting, Charles (1996) [1973]. The Hunt for Martin Bormann: The Truth. London: Pen & Sword. ISBN 0-85052-527-6.
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