Ma Liang (187–222), courtesy name Jichang, was an official serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Since he was young, Ma Liang was famous for his exceptional talent, with Chen Shou describing him as one of Shu's best officials. However, he was killed in battle at the age of 35 years during the Battle of Xiaoting. He served in the state of Shu Han as one of the founding emperor Liu Bei's Palace Attendants during the early Three Kingdoms period and was the elder brother of Ma Su.[2]
Ma Liang | |
|---|---|
| 馬良 | |
 | |
| Palace Attendant (侍中) | |
| In office 221–222 | |
| Monarch | Liu Bei |
| Senior Clerk (掾) (under Liu Bei) | |
| In office 214–221 | |
| Monarchs | Emperor Xian of Han/ Liu Bei (from 219) |
| Assistant Officer (從事) (under Liu Bei) | |
| In office 209–214 | |
| Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 187[a] Yicheng, Hubei |
| Died | 222 (aged 35) Yidu County or Changyang County, Hubei |
| Relations |
|
| Children | Ma Bing |
| Occupation | Official |
| Courtesy name | Jichang (季常) |
| Nickname | "White Eyebrows" (白眉) |
Life
editMa Liang was born in Yicheng County (宜城縣), Xiangyang, which is present-day Yicheng, Hubei. He had four brothers, all of them well known as gifted individual. Ma Su was one of them. However, Ma Liang was esteemed as the most talented. He had white strands of hair in his eyebrows. There was a saying in Ma Liang's hometown to describe him and his brothers: "Of the Five Changs (五常) in the Ma family, White Eyebrows (白眉) is the most liang."[b][3]
Around 209, when the warlord Liu Bei took charge of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) after the death of its Inspector (刺史), Liu Qi, he recruited Ma Liang to serve as an Assistant Officer (從事) under him. Later in 211, when Liu Bei left Jing Province for an expedition in Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing), Ma Liang remained behind in Jing Province. Ma Liang was a close friend of Liu Bei's strategist Zhuge Liang and they were sworn brothers.[4][5]
He once wrote a letter to Zhuge Liang, who was in Yi Province at the time, to praise and encourage him. The letter was written as such:
"I have heard that Luo Castle (雒城) has fallen and this is Heaven's blessing. Honored elder brother, you are responding to the time by helping the wise and joining him in his great enterprise. And now bringing glory to the state. Favorable omens are appearing. Today, those matters will require your careful examination and your wise deliberation so you can bring them to clarity. You should sought the help of men of talent while helping those below. When it comes to "softening the glare", and bringing comfort to those afar, sacrificing oneself so he can lead virtue through the great realm, allowing for those of our age to be free of worries, respectful of others and behaving in the rightful way, arranging beautiful tunes and rectifying the airs of Zheng (鄭) and Wei (衛), so they became instruments to the affairs of the state, without sowing disharmony among the people. These are the epitome of orchestration, the harmonies of Bo Ya (伯牙) and Shi Kuang (師矌). Though I may not be Zhong Qi (鍾期), dare I not strike the staves!"[c][6]
Zhuge Liang was happy to receive those words from Ma Liang and cherished them as they shared a close bond.[7]
Following Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province, Ma Liang was promoted to the position of a Senior Clerk (掾) in the office of the General of the Left (左將軍).[d][8]
Ma Liang was later appointed as an emissary to meet the warlord Sun Quan, Liu Bei's ally. Before his mission to Wu, Ma Liang spoke to Zhuge Liang: "Now that I'm sent by the state with the mission to bring harmony and friendship between our two nations. May I have the chance to be introduced by you to General Sun Quan?" Zhuge Liang answered: "You ought to try writing something yourself." And so Ma Liang wrote a draft that said: "Our wise lord send his advisor Ma Liang to convey respects, bring gifts and extend prosperity to our friendship thereby continue on the praiseworthy legacy of Kunwu (昆吾) and Shiwei (豕韋). I'm a fortunate man of some talent from Jing and Chu region. Rarely, I'm rash in action and yet I have the virtue of seeing matters through to the end. With a calm heart, I turn my head toward you hoping you deign to accept me and give me assistance so I can accomplish my mission." Sun Quan received and treated Ma Liang very respectfully.[9]
In 221, after the collapse of the Eastern Han dynasty, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established the state of Shu Han. Ma Liang was appointed as a Palace Attendant (侍中) in Shu. Later that year, Liu Bei launched a campaign against Sun Quan,[e] leading to the Battle of Xiaoting. Ma Liang was tasked with persuading the tribal peoples in Wuling (武陵; around present-day Wuling District, Changde, Hunan) to join Liu Bei and he succeeded in his mission.[10] The army's advance until they arrived at Xiaoting in Yidao, from there Liu Bei extended his camps closely linked to each other. While Ma Liang following the road to Wuling was further sent to oversee and manage the affairs of the Yi and Man tribes that previously joined Liu Bei.[11] Liu Bei was eventually defeated by Sun Quan's general Lu Xun at the Battle of Xiaoting in 222 and Ma Liang was killed in action. Later, after he managed to retreat to Baidicheng (in present-day Fengjie County, Chongqing) safely, Liu Bei appointed Ma Liang's son, Ma Bing (馬秉), as a Cavalry Commandant (騎都尉).[12]
Appraisal
edit
Chen Shou, who wrote Ma Liang's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), appraised Ma Liang as follows: "Ma Liang was incorruptible, honest and was praised as an outstanding elite. He was worthy to be called a lingshi (令士; a virtuous scholarly gentleman)... Along with Dong He, Liu Ba, Chen Zhen and Dong Yun, he was one of the best officials in Shu."[13]
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
editMa Liang is a minor character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, He joined Liu Bei under Yi Ji's recommendation along with his younger brother Ma Su. Then, he advised Liu Bei to have Liu Qi appointed as Governor of Jing Province to satisfy the people while he would conquer the southern Commanderies. During the conquest of Yi, he stayed behind and acted as Guan Yu's main civil advisor mostly as a voice of reason during the negotiation with Wu and playing weiqi against Guan Yu during Hua Tuo's famous operation.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The Sanguozhi recorded that Ma Liang died at the age of 36 (by East Asian age reckoning) at the Battle of Xiaoting in 222.[1] By calculation, Ma Liang's birth year should be around 187.
- ^ Ma Liang and his four brothers all had the Chinese character chang (常) in their courtesy names. Ma Liang's given name, liang (良), literally means "good". Therefore, the saying can be interpreted as "White Eyebrows" is the best among the five Ma brothers."
- ^ Bo Ya, Shi Kuang and Zhong Qi were famous musicians during the Spring and Autumn period, famed for being able to discern the mood and thoughts of a person from their music.
- ^ Liu Bei nominally held the appointment of General of the Left (左將軍) under the Han central government.
- ^ The alliance between Liu Bei and Sun Quan was broken in late 219 when Sun launched a stealth invasion on Liu's territories in Jing Province, seizing all the lands and executing Guan Yu.
References
edit- ^ (良死時年三十六， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 645.
- ^ (馬良字季常，襄陽宜城人也。兄弟五人，並有才名，鄉里為之諺曰：「馬氏五常，白眉最良。」良眉中有白毛，故以稱之。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- ^ (先主領荊州，闢為從事。及先主入蜀，諸葛亮亦從後往，良留荊州，) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- ^ (臣松之以為良蓋與亮結為兄弟，或相與有親；亮年長，良故呼亮為尊兄耳。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- ^ (與亮書曰：「聞雒城已拔，此天祚也。尊兄應期贊世，配業光國，魄兆見矣。夫變用雅慮，審貴垂明，於以簡才，宜適其時。若乃和光悅遠，邁德天壤，使時閒於聽，世服於道，齊高妙之音，正鄭、衛之聲，並利於事，無相奪倫，此乃管弦之至，牙、曠之調也。雖非鍾期，敢不擊節！」) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- ^ (亮聞之，以為知音，深器重之……) Xiangyang Ji vol. 02.
- ^ (先主闢良為左將軍掾。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- ^ (後遣使吳，良謂亮曰：「今銜國命，協穆二家，幸為良介於孫將軍。」亮曰：「君試自為文。」良即為草曰：「寡君遣掾馬良通聘繼好，以紹昆吾、豕韋之勳。其人吉士，荊楚之令，鮮于造次之華，而有克終之美，原降心存納，以慰將命。」權敬待之。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- ^ (先主稱尊號，以良為侍中。及東征吳，遣良入武陵招納五溪蠻夷，蠻夷渠帥皆受印號，咸如意指。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- ^ (先主連營稍前，軍於夷道猇亭，遣侍中馬良經佷山，安慰五溪蠻夷。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6.
- ^ (會先主敗績於夷陵，良亦遇害。先主拜良子秉為騎都尉。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- ^ (評曰： ... 馬良貞實，稱為令士， ... 皆蜀臣之良矣。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Chang Qu (4th century). Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).