Magnesium fluoride is an ionically bonded inorganic compound with the formula MgF2. The compound is a colorless to white crystalline salt and is transparent over a wide range of wavelengths, with commercial uses in optics that are also used in space telescopes. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral sellaite.
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| Names | |
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| Other names
Sellaite
Irtran-1 | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.029.086 |
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PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| MgF2 | |
| Molar mass | 62.3018 g/mol |
| Appearance | Colorless to white tetragonal crystals |
| Density | 3.148 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 1,263 °C (2,305 °F; 1,536 K) |
| Boiling point | 2,260 °C (4,100 °F; 2,530 K) |
| 0.013 g/(100 mL) | |
Solubility product (Ksp)
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5.16⋅10−11 |
| Solubility |
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| −22.7⋅10−6 cm3/mol | |
Refractive index (nD)
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1.37397 |
| Structure | |
| Rutile (tetragonal), tP6 | |
| P42/mnm, No. 136 | |
| Thermochemistry | |
Heat capacity (C)
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61.6 J/(mol⋅K) |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
57.2 J/(mol⋅K) |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
−1124.2 kJ/mol |
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)
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−1071 kJ/mol |
| Hazards[2][3] | |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Warning | |
| H303, H315, H319, H335 | |
| P261, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P405 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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2330[clarification needed] (rat, oral) |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | ChemicalBook |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Other cations
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Related compounds
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Production
editMagnesium fluoride is prepared from magnesium oxide with sources of hydrogen fluoride such as ammonium bifluoride, by the breakdown of it:
Related metathesis reactions are also feasible:
Structure
editThe compound crystallizes as tetragonal birefringent crystals. The structure of the magnesium fluoride is similar to that of rutile,[4][5] featuring octahedral Mg2+ cations and 3-coordinate F− anions.[6]
| Magnesium coordination | Fluorine coordination |
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In the gas phase, monomeric MgF2 molecules adopt a linear molecular geometry.[4][5]
Uses
editOptics
editMagnesium fluoride is transparent over an extremely wide range of wavelengths. Windows, lenses, and prisms made of this material can be used over the entire range of wavelengths from 0.120 μm (vacuum ultraviolet) to 8.0 μm (infrared). High-quality, synthetic magnesium fluoride is one of two materials (the other being lithium fluoride) that will transmit in the vacuum ultraviolet range at 121 nm (Lyman alpha). Lower-grade magnesium fluoride is inferior to calcium fluoride in the infrared range.[citation needed]
Magnesium fluoride is tough and polishes well but is slightly birefringent and should therefore be cut with the optic axis perpendicular to the plane of the window or lens.[6] Due to its suitable refractive index of 1.37, magnesium fluoride is commonly applied in thin layers to the surfaces of optical elements as an inexpensive anti-reflective coating.[citation needed] Its Verdet constant is 0.00810 arcmin⋅G−1⋅cm−1 at 632.8 nm.[8]
Safety
editChronic exposure to magnesium fluoride may affect the skeleton, kidneys, central nervous system, respiratory system, eyes and skin, and may cause or aggravate attacks of asthma.[9]
References
edit- ^ W.M. Haynes, ed. (2016), "Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds", Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.), CRC Press, pp. 4–71 (789), ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3
- ^ "Magnesium Fluoride Material Safety Data Sheet". Science Labs. May 21, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
- ^ "Magnesium fluoride". CAS DataBase List. ChemicalBook. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
- ^ a b Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 413, 441. ISBN 978-0-19-965763-6.
- ^ a b Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ a b Aigueperse, Jean; Mollard, Paul; Devilliers, Didier; Chemla, Marius; Faron, Robert; Romano, René; Cuer, Jean Pierre (2000). "Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_307. ISBN 3527306730.
- ^ Haines, J.; Léger, J. M.; Gorelli, F.; Klug, D. D.; Tse, J. S.; Li, Z. Q. (2001). "X-ray diffraction and theoretical studies of the high-pressure structures and phase transitions in magnesium fluoride". Phys. Rev. B. 64 (13): 134110. Bibcode:2001PhRvB..64m4110H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.64.134110.
- ^ J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1996, 92, 2753 - 2757. doi:10.1039/FT9969202753
- ^ "Magnesium Fluoride Material Safety Data Sheet". ESPI Metals. August 2004. Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved October 13, 2017.