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The Ministry of Public Security (MPS, Vietnamese: Bộ Công an (BCA))[1] is a public agency and one of the biggest ministry of the Government of Vietnam, performing the function of state management of security, order and social safety; counterintelligence; crime prevention investigation; fire prevention and rescue; execution of criminal judgments, judgment enforcement not subject to imprisonment, custody or temporary detention; legal protection and support; State management of public services in sectors and fields under the Ministry's state management. It is headed by the Minister of Public Security.
| Bộ Công an | |
 Emblem of the Vietnam People's Public Security | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | 19 August 1945 (de facto) 29 August 1953 (official) |
| Preceding agency |
|
| Jurisdiction | Government of Vietnam |
| Headquarters | 47 Pham Van Dong Street, Mai Dich Ward, Cau Giay District, Hanoi |
| Employees |
|
| Annual budget | 4.19 billion USD (2021) |
| Minister responsible | |
| Deputy Minister responsible | |
| Agency executive | |
| Child agency | |
| Website | bocongan.gov.vn |
The Ministry of Public Security is the agency that manages the Vietnam People's Public Security, the Vietnamese uniformed police forces - while also responsible for domestic civilian administrative management, similar to the role of a standard Ministry of Interior (however, not to be confused with the Vietnam Ministry of Home Affairs).
Col. Gen Lương Tam Quang is the current head of the Vietnamese MPS.[2]
History
editThe foundation of the MPS started on August 19, 1945 when the Indochinese Communist Party formed three departments, consisting of the Security Service Bureau in Northern Vietnam, the Surveillance Service in central Vietnam and the National Self-Defense Force Bureau in southern Vietnam.[3][4] The three departments provided protection for Ho Chi Minh and other CPV leaders in time for September 2, 1945 when independence was declared for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[4] On February 21, 1945, Ho Chi Minh signed Decree 23, which unified the three bureaus into the Vietnam People’s Police Department under the Ministry of Internal Affairs.[3] Le Gian served as the first head of the MIA.[3]
The Sub-Ministry of Public Security was established in February 1953 when it was under North Vietnamese control[5] after Ho Chi Minh signed Decree 141/SL.[4] At the time of establishment, it formally had seven departments and divisions.[4] After the Government Council was presided from August 27 to 29 of 1953, the Sub-Ministry was updated to the Ministry of Public Security.[4]
In 1957, it first made official connections to the Stasi, the secret police of the German Democratic Republic.[5] From 1972, Stasi head Erich Mielke provided technical assistance to the MPS in improving its intelligence and surveillance state operations throughout Vietnam, particularly after selected MPS personnel were sent to East Germany for further training.[5]
On 12 June 1981, Decree 250/CP was signed, which defined the mandate of the Ministry of Interior. The Interior Minister then signed Decision 12-QD/BNV to prescribe the powers of the General Department of Police (GDP) with 12 subordinate units.[4]
The Ministry of Public Security received many titles such as Hero of the People's Armed Forces 13 times, Gold Star Order (Vietnam) and 88 Ho Chi Minh Orders.[3]
Controversies
edit[6] Following the Fall of Saigon, the MPS imprisoned at least 200,000 to 300,000 former South Vietnamese military officers, government employees, and supporters of the former government of South Vietnam in re-education camps,[7][8] where both physical torture and mental abuse were common.[9] The MPS has also played a role in the surveillance and persecution of dissident poets, writers, and political prisoners, and in the ongoing efforts to repress the Vietnamese democracy movement, especially since the 2006 foundation of Bloc 8406. For example, lawyer and labor union activist Trần Quốc Hiền was sentenced in 2007 to five years imprisonment for "endangering state security", membership in Bloc 8406, and writing online articles titled, "The Tail", which critically described life under MPS surveillance.[10]
Structure
editThe MPS is structured according to the following as of 2018:
- Office of the Ministry of Public Security (V01)
- Department of Foreign Affairs (V02)
- Department of Legal Affairs and Judicial Reform (V03)
- Department of Science, Strategy and History of the Public Security (V04)
- Department of Construction of the all-people movement to protect national security (V05)
- Department of Professional Records (V06)
- Department of Organization and Personnel (X01)
- Training Department (X02)
- Department of Party and Political Work (X03)
- Communication Department of the People's Public Security (X04)
- Inspector of the Ministry of Public Security (X05)
- Central Public Security Party Committee Inspection Committee Organ (X06)
- Department of Foreign Security (A01)
- Department of Homeland Security (A02)
- Department of Internal Political Security (A03)
- Department of Economic Security (A04)
- Department of Cybersecurity and High-Tech Crime Prevention and Control (A05)
- Department of Professional Technology (A06)
- Offline Department (A07)
- Administration of Immigration (A08)
- Bureau of Investigation Security (A09)
- Department of Information Processing and Intelligence Support (B01)
- Asia Intelligence Bureau (B02)
- US, Europe, Africa Intelligence Service (B03)
- Bureau of Secret Intelligence (B04)
- Bureau of Economic, Scientific, Technical and Environmental Intelligence (B05)
- Office of the Police Investigation Agency (C01)
- Criminal Police Department (C02)
- The Police Department investigates crimes related to corruption, economy, and smuggling (C03)
- Police Department investigating drug crimes (C04)
- Environmental Crime Prevention Police Department (C05)
- Police Department for administrative management of social order (C06)
- Police Department of Fire Prevention and Rescue (C07)
- Traffic Police Department (C08)
- The Police Department manages prisons, compulsory education institutions, reform school (C10)
- The Police Department manages custody, temporary detention and criminal judgment execution in the community (C11)
- Department of Planning and Finance (H01)
- Department of Equipment and Logistics (H03)
- Department of Construction Management and Barracks (H02)
- Department of Telecommunications and Cipher (H04)
- Information Technology Department (H05)
- Department of Health (H06)
- Logistics Department (H07)
- Security Industry Bureau (H08)
- Security Command (K01)- (It is equivalent to the Department level with the task of protecting key people and state-level officials)
- Mobile Police Command (K02)- (it is equivalent to Department level)
- (Vietnam) International Technical Academy- (B06)Logistics People
- Vietnam People's Security Academy (T01/C500)
- Vietnam People's Police Academy (T02/T18/T32)
- Vietnam People's Public Security Political Academy (T03/T29)
- Vietnam People's Security University (T04/T47)
- Vietnam People's Police University (T05/T48)
- Vietnam Police Fire Prevention and Fighting University (T06/K56)
- Vietnam Technical - Logistics People's Public Security University (T07/T36)
- Vietnam People's Security College I (T08)
- Vietnam People's Police College I (T09)
- Vietnam People's Police College II (T10)
- Institute of Criminal Science (C09)
- Institute of Science and Technology (H09)
- Hospital August,19
- Hospital April, 30
- Hospital One Nine Nine - 199
- Traditional Medicine Hospital
References
edit- ^ http://www.sice.oas.org/tpd/tpp/Final_Texts/English/VNM_Annex15A.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Vietnam appoints new public security minister". VnExpress.
- ^ a b c d "News".
- ^ a b c d e f "The Office of Investigation Police Agency Ministry of Public Security Socialist Republic of Viet Nam".
- ^ a b c "Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police | Wilson Center".
- ^ https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/3794136/Nguyen-Quoc-Tan-Trung.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Porter, Gareth; Roberts, James (Summer 1988). "Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation: A Review of A Methodology for Estimating Political Executions in Vietnam, 1975–1983, Jacqueline Desbarats; Karl D. Jackson". Pacific Affairs. 61 (2): 303–310. doi:10.2307/2759306. JSTOR 2759306.
At this point, Desbarats and Jackson make a major factual error which makes it even more difficult to make sense of their methodology. They assert that there were one million Vietnamese who experienced incarceration in reeducation camps, based primarily on an alleged admission by then Prime Minister Pham Van Dong, quoted in their unpublished preliminary draft as 'in over three years, I released over a million prisoners from the camps.' But what Dong actually said was rather different, as Desbarats and Jackson confirm in a different version of the article: 'In over three years, we returned to civilian life and to their families more than a million persons who in one way or another had collaborated with the enemy.' The difference between the two translations is important, because Dong was clearly referring to those who were released after only a few days of reeducation in their own home towns—not released from longterm reeducation in distant camps. The actual number of Re-education cam internees, according to both official communist sources and former officials of the regime who later fled to the West, was between 200,000 and 300,000.
- ^ Sagan, Ginetta; Denney, Stephen (October–November 1982). "Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death". The Indochina Newsletter. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
- ^ Hoang, Tuan (1 August 2016). "From Reeducation Camps to Little Saigons: Historicizing Vietnamese Diasporic Anticommunism". Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 11 (2): 43–95. doi:10.1525/jvs.2016.11.2.43. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ Not yet a workers' paradise: Vietnam's suppression of the independent workers' movement. Human Rights Watch. 2009. p. 24. ISBN 9781564324764. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
